Tremella is agenus offungi in thefamilyTremellaceae. AllTremella species areparasites of other fungi and most produceanamorphicyeast states.Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Over 100 species ofTremella (in its wide sense) are currently recognized worldwide. One species,Tremella fuciformis, is commercially cultivated for food.
Tremella was one of the original genera created byLinnaeus in hisSpecies Plantarum of 1753. The name comes from theLatintremere meaning "to tremble".[1] Linnaeus placedTremella in thealgae, including within it a variety of gelatinous growths, includingseaweeds,cyanobacteria, andmyxomycetes, as well as fungi. Subsequent authors added additional species to this mix, untilPersoon revisedTremella in 1794 and 1801, repositioning the genus within the fungi.[2]
Molecular research, based oncladistic analysis ofDNA sequences, has shown thatTremella (as previously understood) ispolyphyletic (and hence artificial), with most species not closely related to thetype.[4][5][6][7] Accordingly, some species have been transferred to new genera and new families:Tremella foliacea and related species are now placed in the genusPhaeotremella within the familyPhaeotremellaceae;Tremella encephala and related species are now placed in the genusNaematelia within theNaemateliaceae;Tremella moriformis and related species are now placed in the genusPseudotremella within theBulleraceae; andTremella polyporina is now placed in the genusCarcinomyces within theCarcinomycetaceae.[8] Several other species groups have not yet been renamed, pending further research.[8]
More than 500 species have been described inTremella, but most of these are old names either of doubtful application or for species later transferred to other genera. In its strict sense the genusTremella now contains some 30-40 species, including the typeTremella mesenterica and the cultivated speciesT. fuciformis.[9]
Fruit bodies, when present, are gelatinous. In some species they are small (under 5 mm across) and pustular to pulvinate (cushion-shaped). In others they are much larger (up to 150 mm across) and may be variously lobed, cephaliform (like a brain, with folds and ridges), or foliose (with leaf-like or seaweed-like fronds). ManyTremella species, however, arehymenial parasites, producing spores within the fruit bodies of their hosts, and are only visible microscopically.[4]
Tremella species producehyphae that are typically (but not always)clamped and havehaustorial cells from which hyphal filaments seek out and penetrate the hyphae of the host.[10] Thebasidia are "tremelloid" (globose to ellipsoid, sometimes stalked, and vertically or diagonally septate), giving rise to long, sinuoussterigmata or epibasidia on which thebasidiospores are produced. These spores are smooth, globose to ellipsoid, and germinate by hyphal tube or byyeast cells.Conidiophores are often present, producingconidiospores that are similar to yeast cells.[4]
Species are mainly parasitic onwood-rotting fungi in thephylaAscomycota andBasidiomycota,[11] particularly on species that occur on dead attached branches. Hosts include members of thecorticioid fungi andDacrymycetales in the Basidiomycota and species ofDiaporthe, otherSordariomycetes, andlichens in the Ascomycota. SomeTremella species parasitize the fruit bodies of their hosts, others parasitize the mycelium within the wood.
As a group,Tremella species occur worldwide, though individual species may have a more restricted distribution.
The list below includes species ofTremella (in the wide sense) that have recently been described or redescribed based on fruit bodies. Species based on yeasts are not included. Some additional older species may also be valid, but lack a modern description. The type locality (but not the wider distribution) is given for each species together with the host fungus, where known. Species belonging toTremella in the strict sense are marked as such, as are those that have been transferred to new genera.
^Sampaio JP, Weiss M, Gadanho M, Bauer R (2002). "New taxa in the Tremellales:Bulleribasidium oberjochense gen. et sp. nov.,Papiliotrema bandonii gen. et sp. nov. andFibulobasidium murrhardtense sp. nov".Mycologia.94 (5):873–887.doi:10.2307/3761703.JSTOR3761703.PMID21156562.
^abcBandoni RJ, Oberwinkler F (1983). "On some species ofTremella described by Alfred Möller".Mycologia.75 (5):854–863.doi:10.2307/3792776.JSTOR3792776.
^abcdBandoni R, Carranza J, Bandoni AA (1996). "Four new species ofTremella (Tremellales: Basidiomycotina) from Costa Rica".Revista de Biología Tropical.44 (Suppl. 4):15–24.
^abcdefRoberts P, de Meijer AA (1997). "Macromycetes from the state of Paraná, Brazil. 6. Sirobasidiaceae & Tremellaceae".Mycotaxon.64:261–283.
^Bandoni RJ, Zang M (1990). "On an undescribedTremella from China".Mycologia.82 (2):270–273.doi:10.2307/3759859.JSTOR3759859.
^abLowy B. (1980).Flora Neotropica 6: Tremellales (supplement). New York: New York Botanical Garden.
^abcdLowy B. (1971).Flora Neotropica 6: Tremellales. New York: Hafner.ISBN0-89327-220-5.
^Bandoni RJ. (1958). "Some tremellaceous fungi in the C.G. Lloyd collection".Lloydia.21:137–151.
^Zamora JC. (2009). "Tremella dactylobasidia, una nueva especie deTremella con basidios de morfología peculiar".Boletín de la Sociedad Micológica de Madrid (in Spanish).33:49–58.
^Van de Put K. (2004). "Drie nieuwe heterobasidiomyceten uit Noord-België".Sterbeeckia.24:12–16.
^abRoberts P. (1999). "BritishTremella species II:T. encephala,T. steidleri &T. foliacea".Mycologist.13 (3):127–131.doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(99)80044-5.
^abPeng Y (1982). "Two new species ofTremella from China".Acta Mycologica Sinica.1:68–71.
^Lindgren, Hanna; Diederich, Paul; Goward, Trevor; Myllys, Leena (2015). "The phylogenetic analysis of fungi associated with lichenized ascomycete genusBryoria reveals new lineages in the Tremellales including a new speciesTremella huuskonenii hyperparasitic onPhacopsis huuskonenii".Fungal Biology.119 (9):844–856.Bibcode:2015FunB..119..844L.doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2015.06.005.PMID26321732.
^Diederich, Paul; Millanes, Ana; Coppins, Brian; Wedins, Mats (2020). "Tremella imshaugiae andT. tubulosae (Tremellomycetes, Basidiomycota), two new lichenicolous fungi onImshaugia aleurites andHypogymnia tubulosa".Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois.122:239–246.
^Diederich P. (2003). "Neue Arten und neue Funde von amerkanischen lichenicolen Pilzen".Herzogia.16:41–90.
^abcdeBandoni R, Ginns J (1993). "On some species ofTremella associated with Corticiaceae".Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan.34:21–36.
^abcDiederich P. (2007). "New or interesting lichenicolous heterobasidiomycetes".Opuscula Philolichenum.4:11–22.doi:10.5962/p.381941.
^Chen C-J.; Oberwinkler, Franz; Chen, Zuei-Ching (1999). "Tremella occultifuroidea sp. nov., a new mycoparasite ofDacrymyces".Mycoscience.40 (2):137–143.doi:10.1007/BF02464292.S2CID86538058.
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