The city lies in theTrebišnjica river valley, at the foot ofLeotar, in southeastern Herzegovina, some 30 km (19 mi) by road fromDubrovnik,Croatia, on theAdriatic coast. There are severalmills along the river, as well as several bridges, including three in the city of Trebinje itself, as well as a historicOttoman Arslanagić Bridge nearby. The river is heavily exploited for hydro-electric energy. After it passes through thePopovo Polje area southwest of the city, the river – which always floods in the winter – naturally runs underground to the Adriatic, nearDubrovnik. Trebinje is known as "the city of the sun and plane-trees", and it is said to be one of the most beautiful cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is the economic and cultural center of the region ofEast Herzegovina.
The Trebinje municipality is located in the most southern part of Republika Srpska and borders the municipalities ofBileća,Ljubinje, andRavno inHerzegovina-Neretva Canton of theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Trebinje municipality has an area of 904 km2 and makes up 3.68% of the total territory of the Republic of Srpska.
Tribulium was the original name for this settlement, and the etymology of it may be analyzed astri-bulium, or the place of the 'three hills', from the numeral 'three' (*trei-) and an appellative derived from the IE root *b(h)eu- 'to swell, puff.[2]
Under Bosnian rule, Trebinje became part ofKosača noble family domains. It was conquered by Ottoman forces for the first time in 1465, but already in 1470 it was returned toVlatko Hercegović Kosača.[8] By 1478, the town was finally captured and incorporated into theOttoman Empire. The Old Town-Kastel was built by the Ottomans on the location of the medieval fortress of Ban Vir, on the western bank of theTrebišnjica River. The city walls, the Old Town square, and two mosques were built in the beginning of the 18th century by the Resulbegović family. The 16th-centuryArslanagić bridge was originally built at the village of Arslanagić, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the town, byMehmed-Paša Sokolović, and was run by Arslanagić family for centuries. The Arslanagić Bridge is one of the most attractive Ottoman-era bridges inBosnia and Herzegovina. It has two large and two small semicircular arches.
The hajduks in Herzegovina had in March 1655 carried out one of their greatest operations, raiding Trebinje, taking many slaves and carrying with them out much loot.[12]
On 26 November 1716, Austrian general Nastić with 400 soldiers andc. 500 hajduks attacked Trebinje, but did not take it over.[13] A combined Austro-Venetian-Hajduk force of 7,000 stood before the Trebinje walls, defended by 1,000 Ottomans.[13] The Ottomans were busy near Belgrade and with hajduk attacks towardsMostar, and were thus unable to reinforce Trebinje.[13] The conquest of Trebinje andPopovo field were given up to fight in Montenegro.[13] The Venetians took overHutovo and Popovo, where they immediately recruited militarily from the population.[13]
Ottoman rule lasted from 1466 until 1878. The Trebinje region suffered especially in the 16th century, mostly from the hand of uskoks of Senj and varioushajduk bands.[14] The calmer period during the Ottoman rule was the 18th century.[14] TheSerb elders from Trebinje, together with the people ofNikšić, planned a great uprising in the summer of 1805, under the influence of theFirst Serbian Uprising. Their project was suppressed by the Ottoman pasha and probably with the help from the local Slavic Muslims.[14]
The Christians of Trebinje, together with the Montenegrins, fought againstNapoleon's troops and in several conflicts they managed to defeat the French troops, such as the knife fight which took place on 2–3 October 1806 leaving several thousands of French soldiers dead, after which the French withdrew for a while.[14]
During theHerzegovina Uprising (1875–77), the Bileća and Trebinje region was led byserdar Todor Mujičić, Gligor Milićević, Vasilj Svorcan and Sava Jakšić.
With the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, many reforms took place. New administrative division was introduced and a large number of Austro-Hungarian troops were located in Trebinje, which was seen as a city of strategic value and position.[15] No factories or bigger investments were made in Trebinje during the AU rule.[15]
After theAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Croat-Muslim volunteer corps (German: Schutzcorp) terrorized Serb civilians of Bogojevići and other villages in Trebinje, which resulted in 83 children killed and 85 adults hanged.[16] Those and related actions resulted in migrations of the local population to Serbia.[17]
During the period ofAustro-Hungarian administration (1878–1918), several fortifications were built on the surrounding hills, and there was a garrison based in the town. The imperial administrators also modernized the town, expanding it westwards, building the present main street, as well as several squares, parks, schools, tobacco plantations, etc.
Monument dedicated to the fighters who died during the struggle against fascism in 1941–1945
Trebinje grew rapidly in the era ofJosip Broz Tito'sSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1980. It especially developed itshydroelectric potential with dams, artificial lakes, tunnels, and hydroelectric plants. This industrial development brought a large increase in the urban population of Trebinje.
Trebinje was the largest town in Serb-held eastern Herzegovina during theBosnian War. It was controlled by Bosnian Serb forces from the fall of 1991, and was used as a major command and artillery base byYugoslav People's Army (JNA) troops besieging the Croatian town ofDubrovnik. In 1992 Trebinje was declared the capital of the self-proclaimedSerbian Autonomous Region of Herzegovina (Serbian:Српска аутономна област Херцеговина).Bosniak residents were subsequently conscripted to fight with the JNA and if refused they were executed, and thus they fled the region.[18] Ten of the town'smosques were razed to the ground during the war.[19]
Trebinje is one of two municipalities created from the former Yugoslav municipality of Trebinje of the 1991 census, the other beingRavno in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2018, it has a total of 178 settlements that compose it (including city proper area of Trebinje):
TheSerbian Orthodox church in Trebinje,Saborna Crkva, was built between 1888 and 1908. TheHercegovačka Gračanica monastery, a loose copy of theGračanica monastery inKosovo, was completed in 2000. The churches are located above the city, on the historic Crkvina Hill. The 15th-centuryTvrdoš monastery is located two kilometres south-west of Trebinje, including a church which dates back to late antiquity. TheDuži Monastery is located 10 kilometres west of Trebinje. There is also theRoman CatholicCathedral of the Birth of Mary in the town centre, as well as monuments dedicated to acclaimed poetsNjegoš andJovan Dučić (who was from the town). The Osman-Paša Resulbegović mosque, located in the Old Town, was originally built in 1726 and fully renovated in 2005. The Old Town walls are well preserved. The Arslanagić Bridge (1574) is located 1 km north of the town center.
A banner emblazoned with ‘Music and More Summer Festival 2023’ adorns the road “Kralja Petra I Oslobodioca” in Trebinje, suspended at the level of a second-story building.
TheMusic & More SummerFest has recently become an annual tradition in Trebinje, spanning approximately two weeks in August. The festival is held at a variety of venues, including the Amphitheater Crkvina, KCT culture center Trebinje, local music school, Villa Lastva, and the Museum of Herzegovina.[20]
The headquarters ofElektroprivreda Republike Srpske, which is the largest employer inRepublika Srpska (as of 2016), is located in Trebinje. As of 2016, most of its economy is based on services.
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[21]
Activity
Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
152
Mining and quarrying
9
Manufacturing
1,440
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
1,286
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
214
Construction
362
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
1,157
Transportation and storage
151
Accommodation and food services
521
Information and communication
134
Financial and insurance activities
128
Real estate activities
1
Professional, scientific and technical activities
174
Administrative and support service activities
136
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security
^Muhamed Hadžijahić; (1985)Pitanje rasprostranjenosti Metodove nadbiskupije južno od Save (in Croatian) p.4; Croatica Christiana Periodica, Vol. 9 No. 15,[1]
^Ivica Puljić, 2015, Sedam stoljeća otoka Mrkana u naslovu trebinjskih biskupa,https://hrcak.srce.hr/153752, #page= 91
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