| Treaty of Lake Melno | |
|---|---|
 Map of the State of the Teutonic Order between 1260 and 1410. | |
| Context | Gollub War |
| Signed | 27 September 1422 |
| Location | Lake Melno |
| Ratified | 9–18 May 1423 |
| Condition | Approval byPope Martin V |
| Parties | |
TheTreaty of Melno (Lithuanian:Melno taika;Polish:Pokój melneński) orTreaty of Lake Melno (German:Friede von Melnosee) was apeace treaty ending theGollub War. It was signed on 27 September 1422, between theTeutonic Knights and an alliance of theKingdom of Poland and theGrand Duchy of Lithuania atLake Melno (German:Melnosee, Meldensee; Polish:Jezioro Mełno), east of Graudenz (Grudziądz). The treaty resolved territorial disputes between the Knights and Lithuania regardingLithuania Minor andSamogitia, which had dragged on since 1382, and determined the Prussian–Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for about 500 years. A portion of the original border survives as a portion ofthe modern border between theRepublic of Lithuania andKaliningrad Oblast, Russia, making it one of the oldest and most stable borders in Europe.[1]
TheFirst Peace of Thorn of 1411 did not resolve long-standing territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and thePolish–Lithuanian union. The peace transferredSamogitia to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but only for the lifetimes of Polish KingJogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło) and Lithuanian Grand DukeVytautas. At the time both rulers were aged men. Soon disagreements arose as to the Samogitian borders: Vytautas claimed that the entire northern bank of theNeman River, including the port of Memel (Klaipėda), was Samogitian territory.[2] The dispute was mediated at theCouncil of Constance and bySigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. When Sigismund delivered an unfavorable judgment to the Lithuanians, Jogaila and Vytautas invaded themonastic state of the Teutonic Knights in July 1422, starting theGollub War.[3] The Teutonic Knights, led byGrand MasterPaul von Rusdorf, were unable to mount a suitable defense. However Poland–Lithuania decided to end the conflict before reinforcements from theHoly Roman Empire could arrive throughFarther Pomerania.[4] A truce was signed on 17 September 1422. Each side named eight representatives,[nb 1] gave them full authority to negotiate, and sent them to the Polish Army camp near Lake Melno.[5] The Treaty of Melno was concluded ten days later, on 27 September.[6]
According to the terms of the treaty, the Teutonic Knights for the first time renounced all territorial, political, and missionary claims against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[3]Samogitia was permanently ceded to Lithuania. The Prussian–Lithuanian border ran from sparsely inhabited wilderness inSuvalkija, through the triangle north of theNeman River, toNemirseta on theBaltic Sea. Thus the Knights still controlled Neman's lower reaches and Memel (Klaipėda), an important seaport and trade center. Lithuania retained access to the Baltic Sea between the towns ofPalanga (Polangen)[nb 2] andŠventoji (Heiligen Aa) – a distance of about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi).[7] However, Lithuania failed to develop harbors in Palanga or Šventoji as there was stiff competition with the nearby established ports of Memel and Libau (Liepāja)[8] and unfavorable natural conditions.[9] Thus it could not be considered a real access to the sea.[10] For the Knights this short coastline strip was a major sacrifice as it separated the Teutonic Knights inPrussia fromtheir branch inLivonia. The treaty is often described as a mutual Prussian–Lithuanian compromise.[3] The Kingdom of Poland receivedNieszawa and half of theVistula channel from the mouth of theDrwęca River; in return Poland renounced any territorial claims toPomerelia,Culmerland, and theMichelauer Land.[7] The treaty also stipulated the demolition of the Teutonic Commander's Castle in Nieszawa.[11] These results were described as a "disappointment" for Poland.[10]
At the time of the treaty, the parties did not have their official seals and therefore it was not immediatelyratified.[5] Grand Master Rusdorf attempted to exploit the recess and renegotiate the treaty because his subjects were not satisfied with the terms. He hoped to wage a war with assistance from the Holy Roman Emperor. However, Sigismund and Jogaila met in Käsmark (Kežmarok) and agreed to an alliance: Sigismund would end his support to the Knights and Poland–Lithuania would stop their assistance to theHussites in theHussite Wars.[5] This meant that Vytautas had to abandon his interventions in Bohemia.[12] The agreement was signed on 30 March 1423.[7] The Treaty of Melno was subsequently ratified on 9–18 May inVeliuona and approved byPope Martin V on 10 July 1423.[13] Poland–Lithuania affixed some 120 official seals to the treaty.[14] The first Lithuanian signatories werevoivode of VilniusAlbertas Manvydas,starosta of VilniusKristinas Astikas,voivode of Trakai Jonas Jaunius,elder of Samogitia Mykolas Skirgaila.[15]
The treaty effectively ended warfare between the Teutonic Knights and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which had continued with brief interruptions since the 13th century. The last volunteer crusaders arrived in October 1422, after that the Knights had to rely on their own men or on mercenaries.[16] It was a welcome development to Lithuania, as the treaty allowed it to direct its attention towards its Eastern territories and to internal reforms.[3] War-devastated border regions in Samogitia andSuvalkija began to recover. However, the Polish–Teutonic disputes were not resolved. In a telling episode shortly after the treaty had been signed, the Knights and the Poles disputed a watermill inLubicz, a strategic post which had been turned into a fortress.[17] Vytautas was angered by the dispute and threatened to give up Palanga to the Knights if Poland did not surrender its claims to Lubicz. The Knights won this dispute.[17]
The treaty put an effective end to the Polish–Lithuanian cooperation against the Knights.[18] The Teutonic Knights attempted to befriend the Lithuanians, offering a royal crown to Vytautas in hopes of breaking up the Polish–Lithuanian union. During theLithuanian Civil War (1431–1435), Lithuanian DukeŠvitrigaila was able to employ the Polish–Teutonic animosity for his own advantages – the Knights invaded Poland, starting thePolish–Teutonic War. The two states battled again during theThirteen Years' War (1454–66), a civil war that tore Prussia in half.
The agreement drew the Prussian–Lithuanian border roughly and imprecisely, resulting in local demarcation disputes. The border was redrawn with greater detail and precision in 1532 and 1545.[19] The border survived without major changes until World War I. In 1919, theTreaty of Versailles detached theKlaipėda Region (Memel Territory) from Germany as aLeague of Nations mandate.Lithuania annexed the region in 1923. The southern portion of the border, with small modifications, still survives as the border between Lithuania andKaliningrad Oblast, Russia.[1]
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53°25′56″N18°59′15″E / 53.43222°N 18.98750°E /53.43222; 18.98750 (Grodzisko Mełno)
