| Type | Border treaty |
|---|---|
| Signed | 25 June 1728 (1728-06-25) |
| Location | Kyakhta |
| Negotiators | |
| Signatories | |
| Parties | |
| Languages | Latin Russian Manchu |
TheTreaty of Kyakhta (orKiakhta),[a] along with theTreaty of Nerchinsk (1689), regulated the relations betweenImperial Russia and theQing Empire of China until the mid-19th century. It was signed byTulišen and CountSava Lukich Raguzinskii-Vladislavich at the border city ofKyakhta on 23 August 1727.
Qing subjects are referred to as those from "Dulimbai gurun" in Manchu in the Treaty.[1][2]
By the 1640s Russian adventurers had taken control of the forested area north of Mongolia and Manchuria. From 1644, the rule of theQing dynasty established its capital in Beijing and took control of the Central Plains region. In 1689 the Treaty of Nerchinsk established the northern border of Manchuria north of the present line. The Russians retainedTrans-Baikalia betweenLake Baikal and theArgun River north of Mongolia.
At the time of Nerchinsk what is now Mongolia had just been captured by theOiratDzungar Khanate. These people were gradually pushed back westward. This raised the question of the Russo-Manchu border in Mongolia and opened the possibility of trade from the Lake Baikal area to Peking. The Manchus wanted an agreement because they were worried about possible Russian support for the Oirats and did not want disobedient subjects fleeing to the Russians. Many of the Cossacks in Siberia were rather close to bandits and could cause trouble if not restrained by the Tsar. The Russians had neither a reason nor the means to push south and were more interested in profitable trade. The Russians had no hope of sending a serious army this far east and the Manchus had no interest in the frozen forests of Siberia.
From the 1710s theKangxi Emperor began to put pressure on Saint Petersburg for an agreement, largely by interfering with the caravan trade. The Lev Izmailov mission in 1719/22 to Peking produced no results.
Just before his death, Peter the Great decided to deal with the border problem. On 23 October 1725Sava Vladislavich, a Serb in the Russian service, left Saint Petersburg with 1,500 soldiers and 120 staff including map-makers and priests. Before reaching Peking in November 1726, he picked upLorenz Lange and Ivan Bucholz and sent out cartographers to survey the border. The negotiators on the Manchu side wereTulishen andDominique Parrenin. After six months a draft treaty was worked up, but it became clear that neither side had adequate maps. In May Vladslavich and Tulishen went back toSelenginsk near Lake Baikal to get the waiting maps. By 31 August a draft treaty was drawn up ('Treaty of Bura' after a nearby river). Work quickly began setting up border markers starting fromKyakhta on theSelenga River.[3] The 'Abagaitu Letter' listed 63 markers from Kyakhta east to theArgun River. The 'Selenginsk Letter' listed 24 markers west from Kyakhta to the "Shabindobaga River on the northwest slopes of theAltay Mountains". The 'Treaty of Bura' was sent to Peking to be combined with work already done there. The result was sent back to the frontier and theTreaty of Kyakhta was signed on 25 June 1728. The treaty had three official versions, in Russian, in Latin and in Manchu. No official Chinese version of the treaty exists.
The treaty had eleven articles, the core of which dealt with commercial relations and diplomatic immunities. (This list, probably from Perdue, differs somewhat from the list given by March.)
On 18 October 1768 a Convention was signed modifying Article X of the original treaty making punishments more explicit. This was due to the Qing extermination of theDzungar Khanate, which caused rebels includingAmursana to flee across the border, and other problems which led the Chinese to curtail trade in 1762 and suspend it in 1765.
The Kyakhta trade between Qing and Russia was very important to Russia as one of its main sources of income. The Qing was aware of this and occasionally used to suspend the trade to exert pressure on the Russian rulers. In 1784 some RussianBuryats and theUriankhais of the Qing together robbed the Chinese merchant in theKhövsgöl region. The Russian way of punishing the robbers irritated the Qing side and became a new reason to suspend the trade for 7 years. Over these seven years before the two empires came to mutual agreement many events occurred that expose problems in the relations between them.[4] On 8 February 1792, they signed the "International Protocol" (known as "恰克圖市約" inChinese) in Kyakhta which confirmed the validity of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Kyakhta.[5]
