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Treaty of Dunkirk

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1947 treaty between France and the UK

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Treaty of Dunkirk
Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the United Kingdom and France
Type	Mutual defence treaty
Signed	4 March 1947 (1947-03-04)
Location	Dunkirk,France
Effective	8 September 1947
Expiration	8 September 1997 (1997-09-08)
Signatories	Georges Bidault René Massigli Ernest Bevin Alfred Duff Cooper
Parties	France United Kingdom
Languages	English French
Full text
Treaty of Dunkirk atWikisource

TheTreaty of Dunkirk was signed on 4 March 1947, betweenFrance and theUnited Kingdom atDunkirk inFrance, as aTreaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance against a possibleGerman attack in the aftermath ofWorld War II. It entered into force on 8 September 1947 and according with article VI paragraph 2 of itstext, it remained in force for a period of fifty years.

According toMarc Trachtenberg, the German threat was a pretext for defence against theUSSR.^[1]

This Treaty preceded theTreaty of Brussels of 1948 (also known as the "Brussels Pact"), which established theWestern Union amongBelgium,France,Luxembourg, theNetherlands and theUnited Kingdom, that becameWestern European Union in 1955, after the entry into force of the Treaty of Brussels of 1954 (also known as"Modified Brussels Treaty (MBT)"), whenItaly andWest Germany were admitted.

Since theend of World War II, mostsovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (orpooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in theEuropean integration project or theconstruction of Europe (French:la construction européenne). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of theEuropean Union (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its presentorganizations,institutions, and responsibilities from theEuropean Communities (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of theSchuman Declaration.

Legend:
  S: signing
  F: entry into force
  T: termination
  E: expiry
   de facto supersession
  Rel. w/ EC/EU framework:
   de facto inside
   outside

European Union(EU)

[Cont.]

European Communities(EC)

(Pillar I)

European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or EURATOM)

[Cont.]

European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC)

(Distr. of competences)

European Economic Community(EEC)

Schengen Rules

European Community (EC)

TREVI

Justice and Home Affairs(JHA,pillar III)

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation(NATO)

[Cont.]

Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters(PJCC,pillar III)

Anglo-French alliance

[Defence arm handed toNATO]

European Political Co-operation (EPC)

Common Foreign and Security Policy
(CFSP,pillar II)

Western Union (WU)

Western European Union (WEU)

[Tasks defined following the WEU's 1984reactivation handed to theEU]

[Social, cultural taskshanded toCoE]

[Cont.]

Council of Europe(CoE)

Entente Cordiale
S: 8 April 1904

Dunkirk Treaty^[i]
S: 4 March 1947
F: 8 September 1947
E: 8 September 1997

Brussels Treaty^[i]
S: 17 March 1948
F: 25 August 1948
T: 30 June 2011

London andWashington treaties^[i]
S: 5 May/4 April 1949
F: 3 August/24 August 1949

Paris treaties:ECSC andEDC^[ii]
S: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952
F: 23 July 1952/?
E: 23 July 2002/—

Protocol Modifying and
Completing the Brussels Treaty^[i]
S: 23 October 1954
F: 6 May 1955

Rome treaties:EEC andEAEC
S: 25 March 1957
F: 1 January 1958

WEU-CoE agreement^[i]
S: 21 October 1959
F: 1 January 1960

Brussels (Merger) Treaty^[iii]
S: 8 April 1965
F: 1 July 1967

Davignon report
S: 27 October 1970

European Council conclusions
S: 2 December 1975

Single European Act (SEA)
S: 17/28 February 1986
F: 1 July 1987

Schengen Treaty andConvention
S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990
F: 26 March 1995

Maastricht Treaty^[iv]^[v]
S: 7 February 1992
F: 1 November 1993

Amsterdam Treaty
S: 2 October 1997
F: 1 May 1999

Nice Treaty
S: 26 February 2001
F: 1 February 2003

Lisbon Treaty^[vi]
S: 13 December 2007
F: 1 December 2009

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eAlthough not EU treatiesper se, these treaties affected thedevelopment of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty wasde facto superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955Modified Brussels Treaty (MBT). The Brussels Treaty wasterminated in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as themutual defence clause that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thusde facto superseded the WEU.
^Plans to establish aEuropean Political Community (EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify theTreaty establishing the European Defence Community (EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC.
^TheEuropean Communities obtained common institutions and a sharedlegal personality (i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right).
^The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU'slegal basis, and are also referred to as theTreaty on European Union (TEU) and theTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties.
^Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted ofthree pillars, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit.
^The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities'legal personality and that thepillar system was abolished, resulting in the EU framework as such covering all policy areas. Executive/legislative power in each area was instead determined by adistribution of competencies betweenEU institutions andmember states. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required andqualified majority voting is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partlysupranational and partlyintergovernmental nature.

References

[edit]

^Trachtenberg, Mark (1998)."A Constructed Peace: Appendices".sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/. Archived fromthe original on 11 January 2002.

Authority control databases
International	VIAF GND
National	United States France BnF data

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Treaty of Dunkirk

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