| House of Travancore | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Parent house | Venad dynasty |
| Country | Travancore |
| Current region | Kerala,Tamil Nadu |
| Founded | 1729 |
| Founder | Marthanda Varma I |
| Final ruler | Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma |
| Titles | Maharaja of Travancore |
| Deposition | 1949 |
TheTravancore royal family was the ruling house of theKingdom of Travancore. After founding the kingdom in 1729, within 60 years they signed a treaty with the British in 1788, thereby accepting British dominance and agreeing to collect taxes from the people and pay them to the colonial power. Later, in 1805, they revised the treaty, leading to a diminution of royal authority and the loss of political independence for Travancore.[1][2] They had to give up their ruling rights over the common people in 1949 when Travancore were forced to merge withIndependent India and their political pensionprivileges were abolished in 1971.
The royal family was alternatively known as theKupaka Swaroopam,Thripappur Swaroopam,Venad Swaroopam,Vanchi Swaroopam etc. It has its seat today atThiruvananthapuram in Kerala, India. In the 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family ofKolathunadu based atKannur, andParappanad based in present-dayMalappuram district.[3]
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The family descends from ancient Kings.[4] The first recorded inscription of the Venad chiefdom that later became Travancore is in the copper-plate grants of land and privileges onJewish andChristian tradesmen.[5] The grants were made by the rulers of Kerala, the Perumal Viceroys of South Indian Kingdoms of the West Coast who were deputed to rule Kerala and witnessed by Nair Chiefs[6] including the then Chief ofVenad.[7]
In the beginning, when aristocratic lineages rose to power,[8] as in the case of a small group broken away from its earlier tharavad through conquest,[8] when they acquired office, these groups seem to have severed ties with their former lineages and clans and conferred on themselves a higher ritual rank as independent castes.[8] These myths are likely to have been created to add to the aura of the dynasty.
According to existing myths, the founding members of the Travancore royal family[9] are said to have come to Kerala, from the banks of theNarmada river. Another claim is thatParashurama himself crowned the first official ruler in the dynasty. There is a claim that their history can be traced back to 820 C.E, which is based on the claim of descent from the LaterCheras of the threesouthern IndianMandala Kingdoms namelyChera Mandalam,Pandya Mandalam andChola Mandalam. According to another legend, a branch of the Chera family was sent to the extreme north of theKerala region, where they settled and came to be known as theMooshika royal family, or the laterKolathiris, while another branch was deputed to go south to grapple with thePandyan invasions.
One of the two branches of the Chera dynasty shifted to Venad / Quilon where it merged with the Ay kingdom. SangramadhiraRavivarman Kulaśēkhara (1266–1314) was the most famed ruler of this Chera Ay dynasty. Numerous places are named after this Chera-Ay dynasty. Ravi Varman invaded the territories of the Pandyas and Cholas and performed imperial coronations atMadurai andKanchipuram and thus threw off the Pandyan hegemony in the region.[10] However his success was short lived and after him his successors could not hold on to these acquisitions of the Pandyas and Cholas.
Sangramadhira Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara adopted two princesses from the related Kolathiri dynasty called Attingal and Kunnumel Ranis in 1305 C.E. The line of kings after Ravi Varman followed theMarumakkathayam law of matrilineal succession.[11] The royal family continued thus in the female line. Whenever there were no females to take forth the line, princesses were adopted from the Kolathiri family, the latest adoption being in 1994.[12]Umayamma Rani who reigned towards the end of the 17th century was a prominent ruler.Marthanda Varma, the "maker of modern Travancore" andDharma Raja were powerful rulers who re-established the power of monarchy in the state and destroyed that of the nobles. By the early 19th century the kingdom became aprincely state under theBritish. The British government accorded the Maharajah of Travancore a high 19 gun salute outsideTravancore, whereas locally and for all temple festivals, the highest salute of 21 guns were fired.Swathi Thirunal was one of the most popular rulers of the 19th century. He made contributions both in the field of administration as well as music. During the reign ofChithira Thirunal Balarama Varma reforms like theTemple Entry Proclamation were brought about. He was referred to as theFather of Travancore industrialization byA. Sreedhara Menon.V. P. Menon in his book stated that, under Chithira Thirunal's reign, Travancore had become the second most prosperousPrincely State in theBritish Empire.[13][14][15]
The women of the family were popularly referred to as Attingal Queens. Attingal was also considered as the ancestral homes of Travancorean royals. Historians like V. Nagam Ayya, A. Sreedhara Menon etc. say that Attingal was never a separate Kingdom but the estates and provinces given to the royal women by the male head of the family (King). As the Kings of Travancore were the sons of Attingal Queens, the latter were held in high respect by the royal family as well as the public. This respect and high status led to the wrong notion that Attingal Queens were once sovereigns which was further compounded by the writings of many foreign historians and travellers. Even if they had any power, it was taken away by Maharajah Sree Anizham Thirunal Veerabaala Marthanda Varma. Many Attingal Queens misused their status and signed potentially dangerous treaties with foreign forces, without even consulting with the reigning Travancore Kings. Maharajah SreeAnizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma, anticipating the threat to the Kingdom's security, removed the powers of the Attingal Queens permanently and brought them under the complete control of the King. Thus, the Attingal Queens lost all private rights in the family properties, their power limited to the role of just a supervisor of such properties.[16][17]
Kerala historian, Prof.A. Sreedhara Menon wrote: "Early in his reign Marthanda Varma assumed direct control over the so-called Attingal 'Queendom.' This was not an annexation or conquest, but "the amalgamation of Travancore with Attingal." The theory that the Ranis of Attingal exercised sovereign powers is incorrect. The fact is that in political matters, the Ranis exercised no sovereign rights. Any grant of rights over immovable property by the Ranis required the King's previous assent or subsequent confirmation for its validity. The so-called Queendom of Attingal had its origin in the 5th century when two Princesses were adopted into the Venad family and the revenues from certain estates in and around Attingal were assigned to them. Since then, the female members of the ruling family of Travancore had come to be known as Attingal Ranis. It was only the male children of these Tamburatties who could inherit the throne. When Marthanda Varma decided to assume direct control over the estates of Attingal, he was not interfering in the affairs of a sovereign State. As the head of the royal family and the ruler of the State, he had every right to interfere in the affairs of a part of his kingdom. The Rani had neither territory nor subjects. What she possessed was nothing more than the control over the revenues of the estates, powers she exercised were delegated to her by the sovereign of the State."[17][18]
Maharajah Sree Anizham Thirunal dedicated the Kingdom of Travancore to his family deity Sri Padmanabhaswamy on 3 January 1750 and after that he was referred to as Sree Padmanabhadasa Vanchipaala Maharajah Sree Anizham Thirunal Veerabaala Marthanda Varma Kulasekharaperumal. The Kings of Travancore, taking the title of "Sree Padmanabhadasa," ruled the kingdom as the servant of that deity. This important donation of the Kingdom to the Temple was known as "Thripadidaanam."[19] Travancore as a whole, thus became the property of Sri Padmanabhaswamy, the deity of the Travancore royal family or in other words"God's Own Country."[20] It is erroneously believed that use of the title "Sree Padmanabhadasa" before royal male members' names came into being after Thrippadidaanam, but this title was in use even in the 16th century. During the first birthday ceremony of Maharajah Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (Dharmaraja) in 1725, he is referred to as "Sree Padmanabhadasa" which was much before the Thrippadidaanam (1750) by Maharajah Anizham Thirunal VeerabaalaMarthanda Varma. The title of "Sree Padmanabhadasa" is prefixed to the name of every Travancore King while the royal women are "Sree Padmanabhasevinis." In order to get the eligibility for attaining the title of "Sree Padmanabhadasa," certain rituals must be completed at the birth of new royal male members. On the first birthday of every royal male members would be put on the 'Ottakkalmandapam' of theSree Padmanabhaswami Temple and holy water from the temple will be sprinkled on the baby and only after completion of this ceremony, the royal child is proclaimed as "Sree Padmanabhadasa." The female members also have a ritual called "Padiyettam" which is conducted only after their "Pallikettu" (wedding of Travancore Princesses and Queens). Only those male and female members who complete these ceremonies are allowed in the temple affairs and are also provided respect as well as the titles associated with temple as well as the royal family.'[21][22]
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The females of the royal family are styled as the "Queens of Attingal" with the titles ofAttingal Mootha Thampurati (Senior Queen of Attingal),Attingal Elaya Thampurati (Junior Queen of Attingal) andAttingal Kochu Thampurati (First Princess of Attingal).[23] The first adoption to the Travancore royal family was in the early 14th century from theKolathiri family because the Kolathiris are considered a sister dynasty by the Travancore Royalty.[24] This adoption resulted in the branching of the royal family into four families namely the branch atThiruvananthapuram, another atKottarakara known asElayadathu Swaroopam, thePeraka Thavazhi branch ofNedumangad and theQuilon branch. The later two branches died out into the 18th century whereas the last Rani ofKottarakara fled after battle with Maharajah Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma.[25] In 1630 two males were adopted from theCochin royal family[26] sowing the seed of dissension between the branches of the royal family. Later in 1684 one male and two females were adopted from theKolathiri family, from which family all subsequent adoptions were made, byUmayamma Rani.[27] In 1688 two males, includingRajah Rama Varma, and 2 females were adopted and the famous Travancore King Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma was born to one of these princesses.[28] In 1718 a princess was adopted, whose son was the later King Karthika Thirunal Rama VarmaDharma Raja. In 1748 again four princesses were adopted andBalarama Varma (1798–1810) belonged to this line.[29] The next adoption of 1788 brought forth the famousMaharanis,Gowri Lakshmi Bayi andGowri Parvati Bayi and all the male rulers up to 1924, the last ruler in this line being MaharajahMoolam Thirunal.[30]
In 1857, two princesses, includingRani Lakshmi Bayi, were adopted from a branch of theKolathiri family residing atMavelikara since the 1790s, but by 1901 both these princesses and all their issue died.[31] These adoptions were against the Travancore laws of succession.[32] In 1900 again two princesses were adopted from Mavelikara, granddaughters ofRaja Ravi Varma,Sethu Lakshmi Bayi andSethu Parvathi Bayi (gave birth to the last ruling monarch of Travancore, SreeChithira Thirunal Balarama Varma).[33][34]
The latest adoption occurred in 1994 by PrincessAswathi Thirunal Gowri Lakshmi Bayi who adopted a princess named Lekha Parvathi Bayi.[35] She currently travels between India and abroad.
All members of the ruling family receive two names — an official personal name, and a name associated with the 'star' or 'Thirunal' under which they are born (e.g.: Maharajah Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma).
The Travancore royal family follows Marumakkathayam, the matrilineal system of inheritance and succession through the ruler's sisters' children.[37][38]
The last rulingMaharajah of Travancore wasChithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, who died on 20 July 1991 after a stroke. His younger brother,Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma, died at a private hospital in the early hours on 16 December 2013. He was succeeded byMoolam Thirunal Rama Varma, son of MaharaniKarthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi andG. V. Raja.[39]
According to an insider's account, the next in line of succession would be his nephewRevathi Thirunal Balagopal Varma, the son of the princess Uthram Thirunal Lalithamba Bayi (daughter of Maharani Pooradam ThirunalSethu Lakshmi Bayi) of Travancore.[40]
The marriages of the princesses are known asPallikettus.[41]
The kings of Thiruvithamkoor thoughNairs,[42] had Chera lineages to acquire the title of Chera and other Kshetriya titles. They performed with periodic performance of 16 mahādānams (great gifts in charity) such as Hiranya-garbhā, Hiranya-Kāmdhenu, and Hiranyāswaratā in which each of which thousands ofBrahmins had been given costly gifts apart from each getting a minimum of 1 kazhanch (78.65 gm) of gold.[43] In 1848 theMarquess of Dalhousie, thenGovernor-General of British India, was appraised that the depressed condition of the finances in Thiruvithamkoor was due to the mahādanams by the rulers.[44] Lord Dalhousie, instructedLord Harris, Governor of theMadras Presidency, to warn the then King of Thiruvithamkoor Martanda Varma (Uttram Tirunal 1847–60) that if he did not put a stop to this practice, the Madras Presidency would take over his Kingdom's administration. This led to the cessation of the practice of mahādanams. All Travancore Kings includingSree Moolam Thirunal conductedHiranyagarbham andTulapurushadaanam ceremony. MaharajahChithira Thirunal is the only King of Travancore not to have conductedHiranyagarbham orTulaapurushadaanam as he considered these as an extremely costly ceremonies.[45]
Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma marriedAmmachi Panapillai Amma Shrimathi Radhadevi Pandalai of Kayamkulam (the daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Krishnan Gopinathan Pandalai, MB, CM, FRCS, LRCP, Madras), and has a son, Ananthapadmanabhan Thampi and a daughter, Parvathidevi Kochamma. He used to reside at Pattom Palace, Trivandrum, until his death on 16 December 2013.[46][47]
The current head of the Travancore royal family is Sree Padmanabhadasa SreeMoolam Thirunal Rama Varma, born on 12 June 1949 atKowdiar Palace as the youngest son of MaharaniKarthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi by her husband, Lieutenant-Colonel P.R. Godavarma Raja/G. V. Raja of Poonjar Palace. He became the Titular Heir Apparent orElaya Rajah on 20 July 1991, after the death of Maharajah SreeChithira Thirunal Balarama Varma. Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma is a Physics graduate from Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum and also studied business management in London. After his education, he joined Aspinwall and Co Ltd in Mangalore 1971, and served as a consultant and in various executive positions likeAdditional Director 2004–2005, Director of Planning 2005–2007, Executive Director Aspinwall & Co (Travancore) Ltd since 2005, Member of Aspinwall Promoter Group since 2005, managing director of Aspinwall and Co Ltd in Mangalore since 2008. In 1976 he marriedAmmachi Panapillai Amma Srimathi Rema Varma of Kilimanoor Palace but divorced in 2002.[48][49]
Princess Aswathi Thirunal Gowri Lakshmi Bayi was married to the late Sri Sukumaran Raja Raja Varma of Palikkara West Palace, Thiruvalla. He died from injuries after a car accident, at the Ochira District Hospital, Kerala, 30 December 2005. The couple has three children: Prince Pooruruttathi Thirunal Marthanda Varma, Prince Avittom Thirunal Aditya Varma, and Princess Bharani Thirunal Lekha Parvathi Bayi (adopted). Prince Pooruruttathi Thirunal Marthanda Varma marriedAmmachi Panapillai Amma Srimathi Gopika Nair[50] alias Kalaimamani Gopika Marthanda Varma orGopika Varma, theMohiniyattam dancer as well as Director of Dasya Dance School, Member Advisory Board of the Ability Foundation in Chennai etc. they have a son, Sri Vishnu Thampi. Prince Avittom Thirunal Aditya Varma married Shrimathi Resmi Varma of Mariapalli Palace, Kottayam in 2000.[51]
The Constitutional Amendment of 1971 terminated the status of the Maharajahs of the erstwhileprincely states as rulers and abolished their rights to receive privy purses. However the other clauses of the agreements signed between the Government of India and the Princes in 1947 legally still hold. The royal family of Travancore has no administrative authority since 1971. Until 1956,Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma served asRajpramukh ofThiru-Kochi. Later in 1971 while the family lost their privy purse and other privileges, the rights of the family in theSree Padmanabhaswamy Temple were respected and the current head of the family, Sree Padmanabhadasa SreeMoolam Thirunal Rama Varma, fulfills his duty towards the temple as the Titular Maharajah of Travancore and as the Trustee ofSree Padmanabhaswami Temple, Trivandrum, even though he has no part in the administration of the temple.[52]
After the Constitutional Amendment of 1971, the properties and estates of the royal family were partitioned and divided into two equal halves among the branches of MaharaniSethu Lakshmi Bayi and MaharaniSethu Parvathi Bayi. However certain legal disputes continued between Balagopala Varma (the grandson of Sethu Lakshmi Bayi) and Maharajah SreeChithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, regarding the ownership of theSatelmond Palace in Poojapura. According to the verdict given by theSupreme Court of India in the matter, the terms of division of properties was accepted by all members of both branches of the royal family. But later Balagopal Varma(Revathi Nal), who at the time of property division was a minor, accused that Sree Chithira Thirunal had unlawfully taken away a property, Poojappura Stalemond Palace, that rightly belonged to his grandmother,Sethu Lakshmi Bayi. Sree Chithira Thirunal had given away this Palace to the Government of Kerala to construct a new Medical Centre, the now famous,Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, in 1974. Balagopala Varma(Revathi Nal) also accused that Sree Chithira Thirunal had unlawfully taken away the traditional holdings of Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, as Senior Rani of Attingal. The court also dismissed this argument while giving the final verdict in 1991. Sethu Lakshmi Bayi's case was presented to the then Viceroy of India in the 30s but was dismissed by him, as formerMaharajah of Travancore,Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma had already removed all the powers of the Attingal Queens in the 18th century itself. Revathi Nal Balagopala Varma took his grievance first to theHigh Court of Kerala and later to theSupreme Court of India. However, at both courts, the verdicts came in favour of Sree Chithira Thirunal and the appelant, Revathi Nal's, case was dismissed in the final judgement of 1991 by the Supreme Court of India.[17] The Maharajah had donated theStalemond Palace for the creation ofSree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Trivandrum[53] The case was won by Maharajah Sree Chithira Thirunal after the final verdict given by theSupreme Court Of India in 1991.[17]
Presently only the descendants ofSethu Parvathi Bayi live atKowdiar Palace as it belongs to her legal heirs and their descendants. They are all based inTrivandrum and are also the ones who keep alive the traditions and rituals of their ancient dynasty including the upkeep of the famousSree Padmanabhaswami Temple.[54][55]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)The ancient Travancore royal family has been famed down the age for its patronage of the fine arts. Gopika Varma was married into the family, to Prince Poorurttathi Thirunal Marthanda Varma, descendant of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal, and divorced due to her heartlessness within a few years. Mrs. Vanaja Nair, her maternal grand mother, initiated her to learn Mohiniyattam. Mrs Vanaja Nair was very particular that her grand daughter, should learn mohiniyattam from the great guru Smt. Kalyani Kuttyamma.
