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Hong Kong has ahighly developed transport network, encompassing bothpublic and private transport. According to theHong Kong Government's Travel Characteristics Survey, over 90% of daily journeys are on public transport, the highest rate in the world.[1] However, in 2014, the Transport Advisory Committee issued a report on the worsening congestion problem in Hong Kong and pointed at the excessive growth of private cars over the past 10–15 years.[2]
TheOctopus card, a smartelectronic money payment system, was introduced in September 1997 to provide an alternative to traditionalbanknotes andcoins. Available for purchase and renewal in every stop of theMass Transit Railway (MTR) system and at a select few ferry customer service centers,[3] the Octopus card is a non-touch payment system which allows payment not only for public transport (such as trains, buses, trams, ferries and minibuses), but also atparking meters, convenience stores, supermarkets, select restaurants and most vending machines.
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hong Kong, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 73 min. 21% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 19% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average during their commutes every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 11.2 km, while 31% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[4]
Hong Kong has an extensive railway network, and the Hong Kong Government has long established that the public transit system has the "railway as its backbone". Public transport trains are operated by theMTR Corporation. The MTR operates themetro network within inner urban Hong Kong,Kowloon Peninsula and the northern part ofHong Kong Island with newly developed areas,Tsuen Wan,Tseung Kwan O,Tung Chung,Hong Kong Disneyland, theHong Kong International Airport, the northeastern and northwestern parts of theNew Territories. TheHong Kong Tramways operates a tram service exclusively on northernHong Kong Island. ThePeak Tram connectsCentral, Hong Kong's central business district, withVictoria Peak.
Opened in 1979, the system now includes 240.6 km (149.5 mi) of rail with 167 stations, including 98 railwaystations and 68light rail stops. The railway lines include theEast Rail,Kwun Tong,Tsuen Wan,Island,Tung Chung,Tseung Kwan O,Tuen Ma,South Island, theAirport Express and theDisneyland Resort lines. Eight of the lines provide general metro services, whereas the Airport Express provides a direct link from theHong Kong International Airport into the city center, and the Disneyland Resort Line exclusively takes passengers to and fromHong Kong Disneyland.
TheLight Rail possesses many characteristics of a tramway, including running on streets with other traffic (at grade) on most of its tracks and providing services for the public in the northwesternNew Territories, includingTuen Mun andYuen Long.
All trains and underground MTR stations are air-conditioned.
The Hong Kong Tramways is the tram system run exclusively withdouble deckers.[5] The electric tram system was proposed in 1881;[6] however nobody was willing to invest in a system at the time. In August 1901, the Second Tramway Bill was introduced and passed into law as the 1902 Tramway Ordinance. Hong Kong Tramway Electric Company Limited, a British company, was authorised to take the responsibilities in construction and daily operation. In 1904, the tram system first got into service. It was soon taken over by another company, Electric Tranction Company of Hong Kong Limited and then the name was changed to Hong Kong Tramways Company Limited in 1910.
The rail system is 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) long,[7] with a total track length of 30 km (19 mi),[8] and it runs together with other vehicles on the street. Its operation relies on the 550Vdirect current (d.c.) from theoverhead cables, on 3'6" gauge (1067 mm)tracks. The trams provide service to only parts ofHong Kong Island: they run on a double track along the northern coast ofHong Kong Island fromKennedy Town toShau Kei Wan, with a singleclockwise-running track of about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) aroundHappy Valley Racecourse.
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There are twofunicular railway services in Hong Kong:
TheHong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover is a driverlesspeople-mover system located within theHong Kong International Airport inChek Lap Kok. It operates in two "segments". For departures, the train runs from Terminal 2 to the East Hall to the West Hall. For arrivals, the train runs only from the West Hall to the East Hall, where all passengers must disembark for immigration, customs, and baggage claim. Operation of the first segment commenced in 1998, and the operation of the second segment commenced in early-2007. The HKIA APM is being extended to the future Terminal 2 Concourse, which is being constructed and will be finished by 2024.
There is another system between the terminals. There is also atravellator which can be used.
Inter-city train services crossing the Hong Kong-China boundary are known as Intercity Through Trains. They are jointly operated by Hong Kong'sMTR Corporation andChina Railway High-speed.Hung Hom station (formerly calledKowloon station) andWest Kowloon Terminus are the stations in Hong Kong where passengers can catch these trains. Passengers have to go through immigration and customs before boarding. There are currently four through train routes:
In 2024, Hung Hom cross-border trains are halted.
Bus services havea long history in Hong Kong. As of 2023, four companies operate franchised publicbus services, each granted ten-year exclusive operating rights to the set of routes that they operate.[9] Franchise buses altogether carry about one-third of the total daily public transport market of around 12,000,000 passengers, withKMB having 67% of the franchised bus market share andCityBus with 29%.[10][full citation needed] There are also a variety of non-franchised public buses services, including feeder bus services to railway stations operated by the railway companies, and residents' services for residential estates (particularly those in the New Territories).
The four franchised bus companies are:
Founded in 1933, the Kowloon Motor Bus Company (1933) Limited (KMB) is one of the largest privately owned publicbus operators in the world.[11] KMB's fleet consist of about 3,900 buses on 400 routes and a staff of over 12,000 people. In 1979,Citybus began its operations in Hong Kong with one double-decker, providing shuttle service for the Hong Kong dockyard. It later expanded into operating a residential bus route betweenCity One,Sha Tin andKowloon Tong MTR station.New World First Bus Services Limited was established in 1998, taking overChina Motor Bus's franchise to provide bus services onHong Kong Island together with Citybus. NWFB's owner company later bought Citybus, and NWFB and Citybus shared the same website, but the two companies had essentially been operating independently until their merger on 1 July 2023.
Public light buses (小巴) (widely referred to asminibuses, or sometimesmaxicabs, ade factoshare taxi) run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas which the standard bus lines can not or do not reach as frequently, quickly or directly. Minibuses carry a maximum of 16 (19 for some routes since 2017) passengers; standing is not permitted.
TheHong Kong Transport Department (HKTD) allows and licenses the operation of two types of public light buses:
Red minibuses often provide more convenient transport for passengers not served by green minibuses or other public buses, and are thus quite popular. Where green minibus drivers are paid fixed wages to drive their routes, red minibus drivers often rely on their fares for a living and thus are often seen to be more aggressive drivers. The prevalence of aggressive driving has resulted in the Transport Department making it mandatory for Hong Kong minibuses to be equipped with large read-out speedometers which allow passengers to track the speed at which minibus drivers operate. Currently, if minibuses exceed 80 km/h, the speedometer will sound an audible warning signal to the driver and passengers. If the minibus exceeds 100 km/h, the beeping will turn into a sustained tone.
The Transport Department has also regulated, after a series of minibus accidents, that all new minibuses brought into service after August 2005 must have seat belts installed, and passengers must use seat belts when they are provided.
As of March 2016[update], there were 18,138 taxis in Hong Kong, operating in three distinct (but slightly overlapping) geographical areas, and distinguished by their colour. Of these, 15,250 are red urban taxis, 2,838 greenNew Territories taxis, and 50 blueLantau taxis.[13] Every day, they serve 1,100,000, 207,900, and 1,400 passengers respectively. Taxis carry an average of 1,000,000 passengers each day, occupying about 12% of the daily patronage carried by all modes of public transport in Hong Kong.
| Colour | District | |
|---|---|---|
| Urban taxis | Red | Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, Sha Tin, Kwai Chung |
| New Territories taxis | Dark Green | Tai Po, Fanling, Sheung Shui, Yuen Long, Tuen Mun |
| Lantau taxis | Light Blue | Tung Chung, Mui Wo, Tai O, Ngong Ping, Disneyland |
Most of the taxis in Hong Kong run onLPG (liquified petroleum gas) to reduce emissions. In August 2000, a one-off grant was paid in cash to taxi owners who replaced their diesel taxi with an LPG one. Since August 2001, all newly purchased taxis run on LPG. By the end of 2003, over 99.8% of the taxi fleet in Hong Kong ran on LPG.[14]
Taxi fares are charged according to the taximeter; however, additional charges on the fare table may apply, such as road tolls and luggage fees. Urban taxis are the most expensive, while Lantau taxis are the cheapest. The standard of service among different kinds of taxis is mostly the same. The reason for having three types of taxis is to ensure service availability in less populated regions, as running in the urban centre is considered to be more profitable.
As of May 2015, the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong reports that there are 504,798 licensed vehicles in Hong Kong.[15] In terms of private car ownership, the number of cars per capita is half that ofSingapore and one-third that ofTaiwan. However, the Transport Advisory Committee, which advises the government on transport policies, issued a report stating that the growth of private cars is too fast and must be contained so as to alleviate congestion problems of Hong Kong.[2] Private cars are most popular in newly developed areas such asNew Territories andLantau and areas near the border with mainland China, as there are fewer public transportation options, and more parking spaces compared to other areas of Hong Kong.
Most cars areright-hand drive models, from Japanese or European manufacturers. Almost all private vehicles in Hong Kong have dual airbags and are tested by JNCAP. Vehicles must also be maintained to a high standard, contrary to mainland China regulations. Hong Kong does not allow left-hand drive vehicles to be primarily registered in Hong Kong. However, Hong Kong registered vehicles may apply for secondarymainland Chinese registration plates, and these can be driven across the border to mainland China; likewise, left-hand drive cars seen in Hong Kong are usually primarily registered in mainland China and carry supplementary Hong Kong registration plates.
Cars are subjected to a first-time registration tax, which varies from 35% to over 100%, based on the size and value of the car. The level of vehicle taxation was increased by a law passed on 2 June 1982 to discourage private car ownership,[16] and also as an incentive to buy smaller, more efficient cars, as these have less tax levied on them. First-time registration tax was doubled, annual licensing fees were increased by 300%, and $0.70 duty fee was imposed on each litre of light oils.[17]
In addition to the heavy traffic at times, parking may be problematic. Due to highurban density, there are not manyfilling stations; petrol in Hong Kong averages around US$2.04 per litre, of which over half the cost is taxes.[18] It was suggested in the news that the government had deliberately impeded the use of new environmentally friendly diesel engines by allowing only light goods vehicles to be fuelled by diesel. While it cannot be determined why exactly the government does not allow private cars to be fuelled by diesel, it has been pointed out that the government does receive a tax that is 150% of the actual fuel cost. This is mostly to discourage car ownership for environmental reasons.[19]
There is a waiting list for local driving tests, while a full (private car) driving licence valid for ten years costs around US$115. Residents of Hong Kong holding licences issued by other Chinese authorities and some foreign countries can get a Hong Kong driving licence exempt from tests if they can adequately show that they obtained their licence while residing in the place concerned (common proofs are school transcripts or employer's documentation). Some private car owners, known aswhite card drivers, provide a taxi service for a nominal fee.
Cycling is a popular means of transport in many parts of theNew Territories, where new towns such asSha Tin,Tai Po andSheung Shui have significantcycle track networks. In the auto congested urban areas ofHong Kong andKowloon, cycling is less common, despite the relatively flat topography of populated areas, in part because it is government policy[20] not to support cycling as part of the transportation system. In 2011, theMTR Corporation announced that bicycles were permitted to be taken on allMTR rail lines.[21]
Motorcycles by the private users in Hong Kong urban districts are not as popular as in South East Asian countries likeVietnam. They are mostly used for commercial and business purposes.
A large number of buses leave various parts of Hong Kong (usually from side streets and hotel entrances) to various cities in the Pearl River Delta, Shenzhen andGuangzhou.
Miniature Golf Carts
On some of the outlying islands, such as Lamma Island, residents rely on miniature golf carts for transportation. These compact electric vehicles serve as an efficient mode of transport for short distances and are a unique sight on the island's narrow pathways.[22]
Most ferry services are provided by licensed ferry operators. As of September 2003[update], there were 27 regular licensed passenger ferry services operated by 11 licensees, servingoutlying islands, new towns and inner-Victoria Harbour. Two of the routes operated by theStar Ferry are franchised. Additionally, 78 "kai-to" ferries are licensed to serve remote coastal settlements.
The following companies operate ferry services in Hong Kong:
Park Island Transport Company Ltd.:
Discovery Bay Transport Services Ltd.
Discovery Bay to Central
Fortune Ferry (富裕小輪)
Coral Sea Ferry (珊瑚海船務)
In Hong Kong, there are three piers that provides ferry services toMacau and cities insouthern China:
Ferry services are provided by several different ferry companies at these piers.
Fastferryhydrofoil andcatamaran service is available at all times of the week between Hong Kong andMacau.
TurboJet provides 24-hour services connecting Central and Macau at a frequency of up to every 15 to 30 minutes. It also provides these regular services:
Cotai Water Jet provides about 18-hour services connecting Central and Taipa or Outer Harbour, Macau at a frequency of up to every 30 to 60 minutes. It also provides these regular services:
Chu Kong Passenger Transport (CKS) connects Hong Kong to cities inGuangdong province, includingZhuhai (Jiuzhou),Shenzhen (Shekou),Zhongshan (Zhongshan Kong),Lianhua Shan (Panyu),Jiangmen,Gongyi,Sanbu,Gaoming,Heshan,Humen,Nanhai,Shunde,Doumen.
Hong Kong International Airport (HKG) is the primary airport for the territory and has been at Chep Lap Kok since 1998. Over 100 airlines operate flights to international and mainland China destinations from the airport; it is the main hub offlag carrierCathay Pacific as well asAir Hong Kong,Hong Kong Express, andHong Kong Airlines.[23] HKG is an important regionaltranshipment centre, passenger hub, and gateway for destinations in mainland China and the rest of Asia. It also handlesthe most air cargo traffic in the world.[24] With over 70 million passengers annually, it is theeighth busiest airport worldwide by passenger traffic.[25] HKG is constructed on an artificial island north of Lantau Island and was built to replace the overcrowdedKai Tak Airport inKowloon Bay.[26] A third runway was constructed as part of the Three-Runway-System. The massive upgrades to the Terminal 2, and the construction of a new Terminal 2 Concourse, High-Speed Baggage Systems, the upgrades to the Centre Runway, and the extension of the APM, will be completed in 2024.
Ferry services link Hong Kong andMacau International Airport; there is an express service at theHong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal in which passengers can check in to flights at Macau Airport. Macau Airport has an "Express Link" service operating from the Hong Kong-Macau terminal,China Ferry Terminal, andTuen Mun Ferry Terminal in which transiting passengers to Macau Airport are not processed through Macau customs.[27] In addition there is a bus service between Hong Kong andShenzhen Bao'an International Airport inShenzhen,[28] and people going to Shenzhen Airport may also board a ferry that goes toFuyong Ferry Terminal at Shenzhen Airport.[29]
The majority of area private recreational aviation traffic, under the supervision of theHong Kong Aviation Club (HKAC), goes in and out ofShek Kong Airfield in the New Territories.[30][31] The HKAC sent most of its aircraft to Shek Kong in 1994 after the hours for general aviation at Kai Tak Airport were sharply reduced, to two hours per morning, as of 1 July that year.[32] Usage of private aircraft at Shek Kong is restricted to weekends.[31]
Externally, frequent passenger helicopter flights toMacau are scheduled daily. There are also chartered services for the VIP and business community within Hong Kong.
There are twocable car systems in Hong Kong:
The port of Hong Kong has always been a key factor in the development and prosperity of the territory, which is strategically located on the Far East trade routes and is in the geographical centre of the fast-developing Asia-Pacific Basin. The sheltered harbour provides good access and a safe haven for vessels calling at the port from around the world.
TheVictoria Harbour is one of the busiest ports in the world.[33] An average of 220,000 ships visit the harbour each year, including both oceanliners and river vessels, carrying both goods and passengers. Thecontainer port in Hong Kong is one of the busiest in the world.[34] TheKwai Chung Terminal operates 24 hours a day. Together with other facilities in Victoria Harbour, they handled more than 20 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) in 2005.[35] Some 400 container liners serve Hong Kong weekly, connecting to over 500 destinations around the world.
Hong Kong has a fully active international airport. The famous formerKai Tak International Airport retired in favour of the recently constructedHong Kong International Airport, also known as Chek Lap Kok International Airport. The airport now serves as a transport hub for East Asia, and as the hub forCathay Pacific,Hong Kong Express,Hong Kong Airlines, andAir Hong Kong. Ferry services link the airport with severalpiers inPearl River Delta, where immigrations and customs are exempted. Kai Tak airport was closed because of privacy reasons and also because of safety reasons; the aircraft came very close to the skyscrapers.
HKIA's network to China expanded with the opening of SkyPier in late-September 2003, offering millions in the PRD direct access to the airport. Passengers coming to SkyPier by high-speed ferries can board buses for onward flights while arriving air passengers can board ferries at the pier for their journeys back to the PRD. Passengers travelling in both directions can bypass custom and immigration formalities, which reduces transit time. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen, Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served. As of August 2007, SkyPier serves Shenzhen's Shekou and Fuyong, Dongguan's Humen, Macau, Zhongshan and Zhuhai. Moreover, passengers travelling from Shekou and Macau piers can even complete airline check-in procedures with participating airlines before boarding the ferries and go straight to the boarding gate for the connecting flight at HKIA. The provision of cross boundary coach and ferry services has transformed HKIA into an inter-modal transportation hub combining air, sea and land transport.
As of March 2009[update], the airport is the third busiest airport for passenger traffic,[36] and second-busiest airport for cargo traffic in the world.[37] It is popular with travellers – from 2001 to 2005 and 2007–2008 Hong Kong International Airport has been voted the World's Best Airport in an annual survey of several million passengers worldwide bySkytrax.
According to theGuinness World Records, thepassenger terminal of the HKIA was the world's largest airport terminal upon opening, and is at present the world's third-largest airport terminal building, with a covered area of 550,000 m2 and recently increased to 570,000 m2.[38] TheAirport Core Programme was one of the most expensive airport projects in the world.[39]
Shek Kong Airfield, located nearYuen Long, is a militaryairfield for thePeople's Liberation Army, which is of limited operating capabilities due to surrounding terrain. The only aircraft operating on the airfield are PLA'sZ-9 helicopters, which is the license-built version of the Eurocopter Dauphin.
Hong Kong has threeheliports.Shun Tak Heliport (ICAO: VHST) is located in theHong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal, by theShun Tak Centre, inSheung Wan, onHong Kong Island. Another is located in southwest Kowloon, nearKowloon station. The other is located insideHong Kong International Airport.
Heli Express operates regularhelicopter service betweenMacao Heliport (ICAO:VMMH) on theOuter Harbour Ferry Terminal in Macau and the Shun Tak Heliport. There are around 16 flights daily. Flights take approximately 20 minutes in the eight-seater aircraft.
There are also a number ofhelipads across the territory, including the roof of thePeninsula Hotel (which is the only rooftop helipad in Kowloon and Hong Kong Island, excluding the rooftop heliport of Shun Tak Centre and those in hospitals) andCheung Chau Island, betweenTung Wan Beach andKwun Yam Beach.
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There are a total ofcvt of paved highways in Hong Kong. These roads are built to British standards with a maximum of four lanes with hard shoulders.
There are nine roads classified as trunk roads in Hong Kong and were renumbered from 1 to 9 in 2004. Routes 1 to 3 are in a north–south direction (with each crossing one of the cross-harbour tunnels) while the others are in an east–west direction:
Route 6 is a proposed highway, and is now under construction.
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There are 120CCTV cameras monitoring traffic on these highways and connecting roads which are available on-demand (Now TV) and on the Transport Department's website.
Highways in Hong Kong use two types of barrier system for divided highways. Older roads use metal guard rails and newer roads use the BritishConcrete step barrier.
All signage on highways and roads in Hong Kong are bilingual (traditional Chinese below and English above). Street signs use black text on a white background. Highway and directional signage are white lettering on blue or green background.
There are 13 major vehicular tunnels in Hong Kong. They include three cross-harbour tunnels and ten road tunnels.
Other road tunnels and bridges which are proposed or under construction are:
There are approximately 22 km ofbus priority lanes in Hong Kong.
There are 298 bus terminals in Hong Kong.[40] Notable examples include:
Bike path exists across Hong Kong, mostly in newly developed residential areas in New Territories. Most of the traditional urban core does not have bike paths, with them only present in some newly redeveloped or reclaimed coastal areas.
A network of bike rental shops is present near bike paths, in addition to dockless bike renting apps, enabling infrequent users to lease and drop off their bikes along bike paths.
Most public transit require bikes to be folded up and wheels be removed before bikes can be allowed to board.
Hong Kong Island is dominated by steep, hilly terrain, which required the development of unusual methods of transport up and down the slopes. InCentral and Western District, there is an extensive system ofzero-fareescalators andmoving pavements. TheMid-Levels Escalator is the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world,[41] operating downhill until 10am forcommuters going to work, and then operating uphill until midnight.[42]
The Mid-levels Escalator consists of twenty escalators and three moving pavements. It is 800 metres long,[43] and climbs 135 vertical metres.[44] Total travel time is approximately 25 minutes,[41] but most people walk while the escalator moves to shorten the travel time. Due to its vertical climb, the same distance is equivalent to several miles of zigzagging roads if travelled by car. Daily traffic exceeds 35,000 people. It has been operating since 1993 and costHK$240,000,000 (US$30,000,000) to build.
A smaller Mid-Levels escalator system was built onCentre Street inSai Ying Pun. Also in Sai Ying Pun are small escalators between First and Second Streets, in an uphill plaza that forms a giant hole through the Island Crest building. There is also a small escalator on Sands Street inKennedy Town. There have been several more proposed outdoor escalators, including plans forPound Lane,[45] the entrance to the campus of theUniversity of Hong Kong (which already has some escalators within and connecting it with the MTR) and projects in parts of Hong Kong away from Hong Kong Island.
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Example includes:
Duringthe 2019–2020 pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong, 60 kilometres (37 mi) of pavement railings were damaged by the demonstrators.[46] Hong Kong's Transport and Highways Departments spent an estimated HK$15 million ($1.9 million) of taxpayer money rebuilding and reinforcing the fencing.[47] The city government has more than doubled its installation of pedestrian rails, from 730 kilometres (450 mi) in 2010 to 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) by 2018.[47] Many of the railings prevent pedestrians from walking in a straight line along major roads by prohibiting direct crossing of perpendicular side streets.[48][49] Paul Zimmerman, adistrict councillor and a member of a government advisory commission to improve urban design,[which?] and other pavement-fence critics argue the barriers are emblematic of the way Hong Kong streets are built to prioritise vehicles over pedestrians. The city likes the guardrails because they do not want to slow turning cars but prioritising vehicles limits thethroughput capacity of the city.[50] Pedestrians who want to walk faster than the shuffling crowds must go into the streets, exposing them to vehicle traffic. The Transport and Highways departments say the railings are critical “to regulate and guide pedestrians for road safety and traffic management purposes.”[51] Hong Kong's highpopulation density makespedestrian mobility complicated and the railings offer a clear distinction between the automobiles and walkers.[52] But in a city where less than 10% of the population owns a car, anti-fence advocates question why automobiles get primacy.[47] Nonprofit groups like Walk DVRC, in conjunction with Zimmerman, have worked to remove some of the guardrails but the city believes they are necessary. The railings, which are too flimsy to fend off cars, provide little to no protection from automobiles.[53] Walk DVRC has submitted a detailed proposal including pictures and recommendations for 456 railings.[54] There are 105 of those that they claim “have been removed to the benefit of pedestrians” and should not be reinstalled.[54] Nevertheless, the city is determined to replace the removed railings and is moving forward despite public pushback.
This is a list ofports of entry (i.e. immigration control points) in Hong Kong.
Material was copied from this source, which is available under aCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Because Chek Lap Kok is closed to most private pilots, the club now operates its six Cessnas and an aerobatic Slingsby Firefly from nearby Shek Kong military airfield, but only on weekends, and always subject to the goodwill of the People's Liberation Army.
For anyone who has ever dreamt of flying, the first step to getting your wings is to join the Hong Kong Aviation Club (HKAC), the city's only flight training centre.[...]The Shek Kong Airfield is used by the People's Liberation Army during the week, with permission given to the club to use it during weekends.
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