Thetransport network of theRussian Federation is one of the world's most extensive transport networks. The national web of roads, railways andairways stretches almost 7,700 km (4,800 mi) fromKaliningrad in the west to theKamchatka Peninsula in the east, and major cities such asMoscow andSaint Petersburg are served by extensiverapid transit systems.

The export of transport services is an important component of Russia'sGDP. The government anticipates that between 2007 and 2030, the measures included in its 2008 transport strategy will increase the export of transport services to a total value of $80 billion, a sevenfold increase on its 2008 value. Foreign cargo weight transported is expected to increase from 28 million tonnes to 100 million tonnes over the same period.

In 2012, thecableway connectingNizhny Novgorod andBor was launched.^[1] The length of the cableway is 3.5 km (2.2 miles). It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is 861 metres (2,825 feet). The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses.

Russia has the world's third-largestrailway network, behind only theUnited States andChina,^[2] with a total track length of 85,600 kilometres (53,200 mi) as of 2019.^[3] It uses a broadrail gauge of1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in). Electrified track accounts for around half of the Russian railway network — totalling 43,800 kilometres (27,200 mi)^[3] — but carries the majority of railway traffic.^[4]

Russian Railways, the state-owned national rail carrier, is one of the world's largest transport companies, enjoying amonopoly over rail transport in Russia. Established in 1992, it employs an estimated 950,000 people, and accounted for 2.5% of the entire national GDP in 2009.^[5][6] In 2007 alone, Russian Railways carried a total of 1.3 billion passengers^[7] and 1.3 billion tons of freight^[8] on its common-carrier routes.

• Moscow Metro – 13 lines, 207 stations, 349.5 km
• Saint Petersburg Metro – 5 lines, 69 stations, 113.2 km
• Novosibirsk Metro – 2 lines, 13 stations, 15.9 km
• Nizhny Novgorod Metro – 2 lines, 14 stations, 18.8 km
• Samara Metro – 1 line, 10 stations, 12.7 km
• Yekaterinburg Metro – 1 line, 9 stations, 12.7 km
• Kazan Metro – 1 line, 10 stations, 15.8 km

Also, there is aMetrotram system inVolgograd and three more cities with metro systems under construction:

• Omsk
• Chelyabinsk
• Krasnoyarsk

Voltage ofelectrification systems not necessarily compatible.

• Norway – No – But Proposed ViaFinland &Sweden –break of gauge1,524 mm (5 ft)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), orMurmansk –Kirkenes (10 km of1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) on the Norwegian side will probably be widened to1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)^{[citation needed]}
• Finland – Yes —same gauge of1,524 mm (5 ft)/1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Estonia – Yes — same gauge of1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Latvia – Yes — same gauge of1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Lithuania – Yes – same gauge of1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Poland – Yes – ViaKaliningrad Oblast^{[note 1]} –break of gauge1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
• Belarus – Yes – same gauge of1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Ukraine – No – same gauge of1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Georgia – Yes – same gauge of1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Azerbaijan – Yes – same gauge of1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Kazakhstan – Yes – same gauge of1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• China – Yes –break of gauge1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
• Mongolia – Yes – same gauge of1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• North Korea – Yes –break of gauge1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)

As of 2006 Russia had 933,000 km of roads, of which 755,000 were paved.^[9] Some of these make up theRussian federal motorway system. With a large land area the road density is the lowest of all theG8 andBRIC countries as of 2009.^[10]

The state of Russia's road system ranks 136th out of 144 countries evaluated.Rustam Minnikhanov, the president of Tatarstan and head of the State Council working group on roads, told the Novosibirsk meeting that 53 percent of federal highways and 63 percent of regional ones are substandard and that the situation is growing worse: Every year, the number of cars in Russia rises by six percent, but the highway system expands only 2200 kilometers. The Kremlin leader blamed this on corruption, the lack of oversight, and the failure to update standards set 30 years ago.^[11] According to theRussian Federal State Statistics Service the road network expanded by 504,000 kilometers between 2003 and 2015, though this is largely due to the registration of previously ownerless roads.^[12]

Traffic-related death rate was 10.6 per 100,000 inhabitants which washigher than in most of other European countries or in the United States.^[13] Increasingly harsher penalties for traffic violations were imposed after 2008, but the level of corruption among traffic law enforcement authorities limits their effectiveness in reducing the number of accidents.^[14]Dashcams are widespread, inasmuch as Russian courts prefer video evidence toeyewitness testimony, but also as a guard againstpolice corruption andinsurance fraud.^[15]

AfterWorld War II, trucks and buses were manufactured for the socialist countries of Eastern Europe:Ikarus urban, intercity and tourist buses, Skoda buses and trucks,Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde andRobur trucks,Tatra,LIAZ,Praga V3S,Csepel,Avia andZSD Nysa passenger vans andZuk cargo vans). During the late 1950sOAF trucks were imported from the West, andBerliet T60 dump trucks were imported in 1969 to open the mine and ore-processing plant of Ai in theOrenburg Oblast. Tractors fromVolvo andMercedes-Benz NG were imported during the 1970s for the road-transport organization Sovtransavto.Unic-Fiat tractors were imported in the mid-1970s for the port ofLeningrad, andUnit Rig andInternational Harvester Paystar dump trucks and cement mixers were used for the construction of irrigation canals from 1979 to 1983. Fawnballast tractors were imported from 1970 to the 1980s, andKomatsu dump trucks began to be imported in 1979.Magirus bonneted flatbed trucks and dump trucks were used in 1975 for the construction of theBaikal–Amur Mainline (BAM).

By the1980 Summer Olympics inMoscow, priority was given to smaller cars (such as theMercedes-Benz S-Class W116) as police cars, taxis and vans. However, most vehicles were Soviet-made cars:Moskvitch,GAZ-M20 Pobeda,GAZ,ZiL,VAZ,Izh andZAZ automobiles,UAZ andLuAZ jeeps,RAF andErAZ vans,GAZ,Kamaz,ZiL,MAZ,KrAZ,UralAZ,BelAZ andKAZ (Colkhides) trucks,KAvZ,PAZ,LiAZ andLAZ buses andZiUtrolleybuses.

In 1988, the free sale of trucks and buses was permitted. Since the 1990s, many new and used cars have been imported. During the 2000s, foreign companies began to build factories in Russia or enter into agreements with existing assembly plants.

Currently,European andAsian parts of Russia have different fleets. European Russia primarily contains Russian, European, Japanese, American, and Chinese cars and trucks; the Asian side contains used vehicles from theJapanese domestic market, concentrated inVladivostok. The largest share of Russian auto brands is in theNorth Caucasus regions ofDagestan andChechnya.

GAZellemarshrutkas andFord Transit,Peugeot Boxer,Fiat Ducato,Renault Master,Iveco Daily,Mercedes-Benz Sprinter andVolkswagen Crafter vans and Russian (PAZ), Ukrainian (Bogdan, South Korean (Hyundai County) and Chinese (BAW) minibuses, painted in one color, are used asshare taxis. City buses are primarily the Russian (PAZ,KAvZ,LiAZ,MARZ,NefAZ,Volzhanin) and BelarusianMAZ. European buses are used in Vladivostok (51MAN A78 Lion's City LE buses, Moscow (oneMercedes-Benz Turk O345 Connecto LF, fourIkarus 435, 71Scania OmniLink assembled in Russia and oneMAN A23 Lion's City GL), Kolomna (16Mercedes-Benz Turk O345 Connecto H and one Mercedes-Benz Türk O345 Conecto LF) and St. Petersburg (16MAN Lion's Classic and 52 busesScania OmniLink buses). Other cities run new Chinese and used German, Swedish, Finnish, and Dutch buses. In July 2014, Prime MinisterDmitry Medvedev issued a decree banning foreign technical purchases (including public transport) for state and municipal needs.^{[citation needed]} Intercity buses are Chinese, Korean, and Russian and large companies are buying European buses.

Grey market vehicles, such as theFord Mustang,Lincoln Town Car,Ford F-Series,Dodge Viper,Toyota Sienna,Toyota 4Runner,Acura,Toyota Highlander,Toyota Venza,Infiniti,Chevrolet Corvette andChevrolet Camaro, are sold by special dealers. Grey-market US trucks includeFreightliner,International,Peterbilt andVolvo. In late 2013 International began selling a Russian version of theInternational ProStar tractor, and sales ofWestern Star 6900XD dump trucks were scheduled to begin in 2014.

According to theRussian Federal State Statistics Service, in 2013 the number of individually-owned cars per 1,000 of population was 304.1 in theUral Federal District, 312.6 inSverdlovsk Oblast, 202.5 in theNorth-West Federal District, 345.3 inPskov oblast, 298.5 in theFar Eastern Federal District, 484.8 inKamchatka Krai, 284.6 in theCentral Federal District, 340.5 in theBelgorod Oblast, 274.3 in theSouthern Federal District (289.5 inKrasnodar Krai), 261.8 in theSiberian Federal District (292.5 in theRepublic of Khakassia andNovosibirsk Oblast), 258 in theVolga Federal District (298.1 inOrenburg Oblast) and 197 in theNorth Caucasian Federal District (267.2 inStavropol Krai). The regions with the greatest car ownership areKamchatka Krai in Asiatic Russia (484.8) andBelgorod Oblast in European Russia (340.5). Those with the least areChukotka Autonomous Okrug in Asiatic Russia (73.1) and theRepublic of Ingushetia in European Russia (130.0).^[17]

According to the data from the Maritime Board (Morskaya Kollegiya) of the Russian Government, in 2004,^[18] 136.6 million tons of cargo were carried that year over Russia's inland waterways, the total cargo transportation volume being 87,556.5 million ton-km. During that same year, 53 companies were engaged in carrying passengers over Russia's inland waterways; they transported 22.8 million passengers, the total volume of river passenger transportation being 841.1 million passenger-km.

Novorossiysk,Rostov-on-Don,Sochi,Tuapse,Yeysk.

Baltiysk,Kaliningrad,Primorsk,St. Petersburg,Vyborg,Vysotsk.

Arkhangelsk,Dudinka,Igarka,Murmansk,Tiksi,Vitino.

Kholmsk,Magadan,NakhodkaVostochny Port,Nevelsk,Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky,Vanino,Vladivostok

Astrakhan,Makhachkala.

Russia is home to the world's longestoil pipeline, theDruzhba pipeline and in fact one of the biggest oil pipeline networks in the world. It carries oil some 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) from the eastern part of EuropeanRussia to points inUkraine,Belarus,Poland,Hungary,Slovakia, theCzech Republic andGermany. The network also branches out into numerous pipelines to deliver oil throughout Eastern Europe and beyond. The name "Druzhba" means "friendship", alluding to the fact that the pipeline supplied oil to the energy-hungry western regions of theSoviet Union, to its "fraternal socialist allies" in the formerSoviet bloc, and to western Europe. Today, it is the largest principal artery for the transportation of Russian (and Kazakh) oil across Europe.

On 29 October 2012 presidentVladimir Putin instructed the general manager of Gazprom to start the construction of the pipeline. On 21 May 2014, Russia and China signed a 30-year gas deal that was needed to make the project feasible. Construction was launched on 1 September 2014 inYakutsk by Putin and Chinese deputy premier ministerZhang Gaoli.^[19][20]

As of 2002, there were 2,743 airports in Russia.

Between 2013 and 2022, the Russian government subsidized around 140 domestic air routes covering 12 airports.^[21] The subsidies are managed byRosaviatsia and cover the Crimea, Kaliningrad and Far East regions of Russia.^[22]

Aircraft manufacturing is an important industrial sector inRussia, employing around 355,300 people. The dissolution of theSoviet Union led to a deep crisis for the industry, especially for the civilian aircraft segment. The situation started improving during the middle of the first decade of the 2000s due to growth in air transportation and increasing demand. A consolidation programme launched in 2005 led to the creation of theUnited Aircraft Corporation holding company, which includes most of the industry's key companies. According to the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, as of 2012, there were 6,200 civil aircraft in Russia.^[16]

Total:630
over 3,047 m:54
2,438 to 3,047 m:202
1,524 to 2,437 m:108
914 to 1,523 m:115
under 914 m:151 (1994 est.)

Total:1,887
over 3,047 m:25
2,438 to 3,047 m:45
1,524 to 2,437 m:134
914 to 1,523 m:291
under 914 m:1,392 (1994 est.)

• Bering Strait bridge/tunnel
• Ministry of Transport (Russia)
• Plug-in electric vehicles in Russia
• Production of urban electric transport in Russia

Wikimedia Commons has media related toTransport in Russia.

• "Russian, CIS and Baltic Railway Map". Archived fromthe original on 2012-12-08. (with place names in Russian, but legend in English).
• Search Engine of Russian intercity buses
• Search Engine of Moscow city transport. This engine provides the fastest and the most comfortable routes of Moscow's transport with detailed information about every route.
• Russian Transport Daily Report

• Transport in Russia

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