Salsifies areforbs growing asbiennial orperennial plants. They have a strong taproot and milkysap. They generally have few branches, and those there are tend to be upright. Their leaves are somewhat grass-like. Flower colour varies within the genus, with some yellow species, and some bronze or purple. Seeds areachenes and are borne in a globe like that of adandelion but larger, and are dispersed by the wind.
The salsifies are mostly natives ofEurope andAsia, but several species have been introduced intoNorth America andAustralia and have spread widely there. There is one species sometimes considered native to North America,Tragopogon mirus, but it is in fact a hybrid of two non-native species.[5]
Some of the more common species ofTragopogon are known, in the regions where they are most common, by the common names goat's beard, goatsbeard, salsify, or common salsify, without further qualification. These names are therefore inherently ambiguous, and best avoided, or reserved for the genus collectively. In the species list below, the first common name given is the one that seems to be most widely used for that species and is not in significant use for any other species.
The vegetable called salsify is usually the root of the purple salsify,Tragopogon porrifolius; the root is described as having the taste ofoysters (hence the alternative common name "oyster plant" for some species in this genus), but more insipid with a touch of sweetness. The young shoots of purple salsify can also be eaten, as well as young leaves[1]. Other species are also used in the same way, including the black orSpanish salsify,Scorzonera hispanica, which is closely related though not a member of the genusTragopogon.
Salsifies are one example wherehybrid speciation has been observed.[7][8] In the early 1900s, humans introduced three species of goatsbeard into North America. Thesespecies, the western salsify (T. dubius), themeadow salsify (T. pratensis), and the oyster plant (T. porrifolius), are now common in urban areas. In the 1950s, botanists found two new species in the regions ofIdaho andWashington, where the three already known species overlapped. One new species,Tragopogon miscellus, is atetraploidhybrid ofT. dubius andT. pratensis. The other species,Tragopogon mirus, is also anallopolyploid, but its ancestors wereT. dubius andT. porrifolius. These new species are usually referred to as "the Ownbey hybrids" after the botanist who first described them. TheT. mirus population grows mainly by reproduction of its own members, but additional episodes of hybrid speciation continue to add to theT. mirus population.[9]
^Neill, Amanda (2005).A Dictionary of Common Wildflowers of Texas & the Southern Great Plains. Fort Worth: TCU Press. p. 155.
^Ownbey, M. 1950. Natural hybrid speciation and amphiploidy in the genusTragopogon. American Journal of Botany 37:487–499.
^S.J. Novak, D.E. Soltis, &P.S. Soltis. 1991. Ownbey's Tragopogons Forty Years Later. American Journal of Botany 78:1586–1600.
^Soltis, D. E.,Soltis, P. S., Pires, J. C., Kovarik, A., Tate, J. A., & Mavrodiev, E. (2004). Recent and recurrent polyploidy inTragopogon (Asteraceae): cytogenetic, genomic and genetic comparisons.Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 82, 485–501.
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