 | The examples and perspective in this articledeal primarily with the United States and do not represent aworldwide view of the subject. You mayimprove this article, discuss the issue on thetalk page, orcreate a new article, as appropriate.(September 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
[1]Atrade association, also known as anindustry trade group,business association,sector association orindustry body, is an organization founded and funded by businesses that operate in a specificindustry. Through collaboration between companies within asector, a trade association coordinatespublic relations activities such asadvertising, education, publishing and, especially,lobbying andpolitical action. Associations may offer other services, such as producing conferences, setting industry standards, holding networking or charitable events, or offering classes or educational materials. Many associations arenon-profit organizations governed bybylaws and directed by officers who are also members. (FEC: Solicitable Class of Trade Association,Library of Congress).
In countries with asocial market economy, the role of trade associations is often taken byemployers' organizations, which also take a role insocial dialogue.
One of the primary purposes of trade groups, particularly in the United States, is to attempt to influencepublic policy in a direction favorable to the group's members. It can take the form of contributions to the campaigns of political candidates and parties throughpolitical action committees (PACs); contributions to "issue" campaigns not tied to a candidate or party; andlobbyinglegislators to support or oppose particular legislation. In addition, trade groups attempt to influence the activities ofregulatory bodies.[citation needed]
In the United States, direct contributions by PACs to candidates are required to be disclosed to theFederal Election Commission or state and local election overseers; are considered public information; and have registration requirements for lobbyists (FEC: Lobbyist). Even so, it can sometimes be difficult to trace the funding for issue and non-electoral campaigns.[citation needed]
InSlovenia, thegovernment's approach to consulting business associations has been noted by theEuropean Commission as a good practice example.[2]
Almost all trade associations are heavily involved in publishing activities in print and online. The main media published by trade associations are as follows:
The opportunity to be promoted in such media (whether by editorial or advertising) is often an important reason why companies join a trade association in the first place.
Examples of larger trade associations that publish a comprehensive range of media includeEuropean Wind Energy Association (EWEA),Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) and theConfederation of British Industry (CBI).
Industry trade groups sometimes produce advertisements, just as normal corporations do. However, whereas typical advertisements are for a specific corporate product, such as a specific brand of cheese or toilet paper, industry trade groups advertisements generally are targeted to promote the views of an entire industry.[1]
These ads mention only the industry's products as a whole, painting them in a positive light in order to have the public form positive associations with that industry and its products. For example, in the US the advertising campaign "Beef. It's what's for dinner" is used by theNational Cattlemen's Beef Association to promote a positive image of beef in the public consciousness.
These are adverts targeted at specific issues. For example, in the US in the early 2000s theMotion Picture Association of America (MPAA) began running advertisements before films that advocate against movie piracy over the Internet.
Trade associations have faced frequent criticism due to allegations that they operate not as profit-making organizations, but rather as fronts forcartels involved inanti-competitive practices andprice fixing.[3][4] Critics contend that these associations engage in activities such asprice-fixing, the creation and maintenance of barriers to entry in the industry, and other subtle self-serving actions that are detrimental to the public interest. These criticisms raise concerns about the true nature and intentions of trade associations, questioning their commitment to fair competition and the welfare of the broader economy.
Jon Leibowitz, a commissioner at theFederal Trade Commission in the United States, outlined the potentially anti-competitive nature of some trade association activity in a speech to theAmerican Bar Association inWashington, DC, in March 2005 called "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Trade Associations andAntitrust". For instance, he said that under the guise of "standard setting", trade associations representing the established players in an industry can set rules that make it harder for new companies to enter a market.[5]
In September 2007, the German trade association for Fachverband Verbindungs- und Befestigungstechnik (VBT) and five fastener companies were fined 303 million euros by theEuropean Commission for operating cartels in the markets for fasteners and attaching machines in Europe and worldwide. In one of the cartels, theYKK Group,Coats plc, thePrym group, the Scovill group, A. Raymond, and Berning & Söhne "agreed [...] on coordinated price increases in annual 'price rounds' with respect to 'other fasteners' and their attaching machines, in the framework of work circles organised by VBT".[6]
