Tracy Anne Stockwell,OAM, (born January 11, 1963), néeTracy Anne Caulkins, is an American former competitionswimmer, three-time Olympic gold medalist, five-time world champion, and former world record-holder in three events.
Caulkins was noted for her versatility and ability in all four major competitive swimming strokes: thebutterfly,breaststroke,backstroke andfreestyle. Caulkins won forty-eight national championships and setAmerican records in all four strokes over a range of distances as well as in the individual medley (IM) events, which combine all four strokes over the course of a single race. Her versatility brought Caulkins many titles and awards, and as a result she is considered one of the greatest swimmers of all time. By the time she retired from competitive swimming in 1984, Caulkins had set fiveworld records and sixty-three American records (more than any other American swimmer, male or female).[1]
Caulkins was born inWinona, Minnesota, in 1963.[2] She swam for the Westside Victory Swim club and later the Nashville Aquatic Club (NAC) inNashville, Tennessee, where she was trained by future University of Texas and U.S. Olympic coachPaul Bergen.[3] For her high school education, she attended the all-girlsHarpeth Hall School in Nashville.[4] Caulkins's older sisterAmy was also a competition swimmer and water polo player.[3]
As a 9-year-old, Caulkins had been training as a swimmer for a little over a year when she watched the1972 Munich Olympics on television, and decided that she wanted to swim in the Olympics and win a gold medal.[5] In a 1997 interview, Caulkins credited her Olympic dream as her inspiration and motivation.[5]
Thirteen-year-old Caulkins competed in her first U.S. national swimming championships in 1976. A year later, she returned to the 1977 U.S. Short-Course Championships to set U.S. records in the 200-yard and 400-yard individual medley events.[6] She set a third U.S. record while finishing second behind Canadian swimmerRobin Corsiglia in the 100-yard breaststroke.[6]
At the age of 15, Caulkins won five gold medals and a silver medal at the1978 World Championships in West Berlin.[7] She won the 200-meter individual medley, the 400-meter individual medley, and the 200-meter butterfly, and was a member of the winning U.S. teams in the 4×100-meter medley relay, and the 4×100-meter freestyle relay.[7] In the process, she set four world records and one American record.[7] Largely as a result of her performance in Berlin, Caulkins won the 1978James E. Sullivan Award, given by theAmateur Athletic Union in recognition of the most outstanding American amateur athlete of the year.[8][9] At 15 years old, she was the youngest-ever recipient of the Sullivan Award.[10]
She followed her World Championship success with a series of dominating finishes in U.S. competition. At the 1979 U.S. Short-Course Championships in East Los Angeles, California, she set five U.S. records in the 100-yard breaststroke, 500-yard freestyle, the 400-yard individual medley, the 200-yard individual medley, and the 100-yard freestyle on the first leg of the 400-yard relay.[11] She also helped her club team, Nashville Aquatic, win the 400-yard medley relay and place second in the 800-yard freestyle relay.[11] Despite setting the new records, however, she was not at her physical best; she was suffering from the after-effects of a viral infection.[11] Three months later, she won four gold medals and two silvers at the1979 Pan American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico.[12]
Following her gold-medal performance at the 1978 World Championship, Caulkins was expected to win multiple medals at the1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR,[4][13] and qualified to compete in five individual events at the U.S. Olympic Trials, and likely would have been selected as a member of one of the relay teams as well.[14] However, the U.S. Olympic team and 65 other nationsboycotted the 1980 Games following theSoviet Union's 1979invasion ofAfghanistan. Caulkins's dream of Olympic gold was deferred by war and politics, so she quietly looked ahead to 1984.[4][15]
As an 18-year-old high school senior, she set four American short-course records at the 1981 U.S. Short-Course Championships in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[16] In each of the four events, she bettered her own previously set American record: the 100-yard breaststroke, 200-yard backstroke, the 200-yard individual medley, and the 400-yard individual medley.[16]
She's the greatest swimmer that has ever been so far, men or women.
— Randy Reese, University of Florida and U.S. Olympic
Games swim coach, on Tracy Caulkins,[17]
Over the next three years, Caulkins maintained her training regimen while attending theUniversity of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where she swam for coachRandy Reese'sFlorida Gators swimming and diving team inNational Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1982 to 1984.[18] Caulkins followed her older sister Amy to the University of Florida, where Amy was already an established member of the Florida Gators swim team.[3][18] With Caulkins leading the way as a freshman, the Gators won the NCAA team championship in 1982; the Gators finished second in 1983 and third in 1984.[18] Individually, in three years as a Gator swimmer, she won sixteen NCAA championships and twelveSoutheastern Conference (SEC) individual titles, and received twenty-oneAll-American honors.[18] She was the SEC's Female Swimmer of the Year in 1983 and 1984, and was recognized as the SEC's Female Athlete of the Year in 1984.[18] She was the recipient of theHonda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving for three consecutive years, recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of the year.[19][20][21]
At the 1982 U.S. Short-Course Championships in Gainesville, the 19-year-old again won national championships in the 200-yard backstroke, 400-yard individual medley, the 200-yard individual medley, and the 100-yard breaststroke.[22] With thirty-nine national championships to date, Caulkins surpassed the legendaryJohnny Weissmuller's record total of thirty-six.[22]
Even as she continued to win against fellow Americans in 1982 and 1983, however, she was slumping and falling behind her international competition.[17] She set no new international records, and was increasingly frustrated with her own performances.[17][23] At the1982 World Championships in Guayaquil, Ecuador, she finished a distant third in both the 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley events against her East German competition, and failed to place in the third event in which she was entered.[17] At the 1983 U.S. Long-Course Championships in Fresno, California, she finished five seconds slower than her own American record in the 400-meter individual medley and finished second behindMary T. Meagher in the 200-meter butterfly.[23] At the1983 Pan American Games in Caracas, Venezuela, held later the same month, she likewise won her two signature events in the 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley, but did not approach her own personal bests.[17]
Afterward, Caulkins rededicated herself to coach Randy Reese's rigorous training methods.[17] In an international invitational meet of 26 nations held in Austin, Texas, in January 1984, she defeated her East German rivals in both individual medley events.[24] At the NCAA national championships later that spring, she won four individual titles in the 200- and 400-yard individual medleys, 100-yard breaststroke, and 200-yard butterfly, and was a member of the Gators' winning relay teams in the 4×100-yard and 4×200-yard freestyle events.[18] She set new NCAA records in three events, and a new American record in the 200-yard individual medley.[18]
At the1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, Caulkins served as the captain of the U.S. women's swim team,[25] and finally realized her childhood dream of winning an Olympic gold medal. On July 29, she won her first gold medal in the400-meter individual medley, beating AustralianSuzie Landells by over nine seconds.[26] On August 3, she won her second gold medal in the200-meter individual medley with an Olympic record time of 2:12.64, besting fellow AmericanNancy Hogshead by over two and a half seconds.[27] And later that same day, she won her third gold medal by swimming the breaststroke leg as a member of the winning U.S. team in the400-meter medley relay, together with teammatesTheresa Andrews (backstroke),Mary T. Meagher (butterfly), andNancy Hogshead (freestyle).[28][29][30] She also finished fourth in the100-meter breaststroke, one second behind winnerPetra van Staveren.[31]
Caulkins ended her competition swimming career having set five world records and sixty-three American records, and having won forty-eight national championship titles.[25][32]
In the aftermath of the 1984 Olympics, the 21-year-old Caulkins decided to forgo her senior year of NCAA eligibility at the University of Florida to focus on completing her degree requirements, and announced her retirement from competition swimming.[33] She graduated from Florida with her bachelor's degree in broadcasting in 1985,[34] and was inducted into theUniversity of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great."[35] Caulkins was inducted into theFlorida Sports Hall of Fame in 1983,[36] theInternational Swimming Hall of Fame in 1990,[1] and the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.[37]
She marriedMark Stockwell, an Olympic Swimming Medalist fromAustralia and a fellow University of Floridaalumnus, and has lived in Australia since shortly after graduating from the University of Florida.[38] They live inQueensland, Australia, with their five children.[38]
Caulkins is now an American-Australian dual citizen.[39] In 2008, she was recognized, under her married name, Tracy Anne Stockwell, "For service to sport as an administrator and proponent of sporting opportunities for women" with theMedal of the Order of Australia by the Australian government.[38][40] After receiving the medal, the American transplant described herself as "one proud Australian."[38]
Women's 200-meter butterfly
| Time | Date | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2:09.87= | August 26, 1978 | FINA World Championships | West Berlin, West Germany |
Women's 200-meter individual medley
| Time | Date | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2:15.09 | August 2, 1978 | AAU Long-Course National Championships | The Woodlands, Texas |
| 2:14.07 | August 30, 1978 | FINA World Championships | West Berlin, West Germany |
| 2:13.69 | January 5, 1980 | USA Women's International Swimming | Austin, Texas[41] |
Women's 400-meter individual medley
| Time | Date | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4:40.83 | August 23, 1978 | FINA World Championships | West Berlin, West Germany |
Women's 4×100-meter freestyle relay
| Time | Date | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3:43.43 | August 26, 1978 | FINA World Championships | West Berlin, West Germany |
Note: All record times and locations are sourced to USA Swimming's list of world records.[42]
| Records | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Women's 200-meter individual medley world record-holder (long course) August 2, 1978 – May 24, 1980 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Women's 400-meter individual medley world record-holder (long course) August 23, 1978 – March 30, 1980 | Succeeded by |
| Awards | ||
| Preceded by | United Press International Athlete of the Year 1978 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Swimming World World Swimmer of the Year 1978 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Swimming World American Swimmer of the Year 1980–1982 1984 | Succeeded by |
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