Atractor unit, also known as atruck unit,lorry unit,power unit,prime mover,ten-wheeler,semi-tractor,semi-truck,semi-lorry,tractor cab,truck cab,lorry cab,big rig tractor,big rig truck orbig rig lorry or simply atractor,truck,lorry,semi,big rig orrig, is a characteristically heavy-duty towing engine that provides motive power for hauling atowed ortrailered load. The largest such vehicles are similar tolocomotives. These fall into two categories: heavy- and medium-duty military and commercialrear-wheel-drive semi-tractors used for haulingsemi-trailers, and very heavy-duty typicallyoff-road-capable, often6×6, military andcommercial tractor units, includingballast tractors.
It should not be confused with atractor-trailer which is a combination of a tractor unit andsemi-trailer, whereas atractor unit describes only the tractor portion.
Tractor units typically havelarge-displacementdiesel engines for power, durability, and economy; severalaxles; and amulti-ratio transmission (10, 13, or 18 gears) for maximum flexibility in gearing.
Thetractor–trailer combination distributes a load across multiple axles while being more maneuverable than an equivalently sized rigidtruck. The most common trailer attachment system is afifth-wheel coupling, allowing a rapid shift between trailers performing different functions, such as abulk tipper andbox trailer. Trailers containing differingcargos can be rapidly swapped between tractors, eliminating downtime while a trailer is unloaded or loaded.
Drawbar couplings are also found, particularly in dedicated exceptionally heavy-duty ballast tractors and as a means to connect intermediate fifth-wheel dollies for pulling multiple semi-trailers.
Most tractor units are based on the chassis of a large truck (Class 8 in North America) minus the cargo body, with shorter frames used for cabovers and day-cab tractors, and longer frames used forsleeper cab tractors, to accommodate the longer cabin.
There have been three common cab configurations used in tractors, two are still widely used.
A tractor unit can have manyaxles depending onaxle load legislation. The most common varieties are those of 4×2, 6×2, and6×4 types[a]. However, some manufacturers offer 4×4, 6×6, 8x4, 8×6, 8×8, 10×8, and 10×10 axle configurations. A 6×4 has three axles, normally an undriven front steer axle and the two rear axles driven. 6×4 units are more common in long-distance haulage in larger countries such as the United States and Australia. InEurope, the 4×2 and 6×2 variants are more commonplace.
Tractors with three axles or more can have more than onesteering axle, which can also be driven. Most 6×2 units allow the undriven rear axle to be raised when lightly loaded, or running without a trailer, to savetire wear, savetoll road fees, and increasetraction on the driven axle. The 6×6 units have three axles, all can be driven, and 8×6 units have four axles, with either the rear three driven and the front axle not, or the front and rear-most two axles powered and an unpowered lifting center axle to spread the load when needed. The 8×8 units also have four axles, but with all of them driven, and 10×8 units have five axles with the rear four usually driven and the front axle for steering. All five axles of 10×10 units are driven. The front two axles are usually both steer axles. The axle configurations are usually based on axle load legislation, and maximumgross vehicle weight ratings (BDM).
Heavier versions of tractor units, such as those used in heavy haulage androad trains, tend to have four or more axles, with more than two axles driven. In certain countries (such as Switzerland), a certain amount of weight must be spread over driven axles, which led to heavier varieties havingsix-wheel drive, otherwise, another tractor unit would have to be used. Heavy haulage variants of tractor-units are often turned into aballast tractor by fitting temporary ballast, which may require special permitting.[2][3][4]
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