Tract housing, sometimes informally known ascookie cutter housing, is a type of housing development in which multiple similar houses are built on a tract (area) of land that issubdivided into smallerlots. Tract housing developments are found insuburb developments that were modeled on the "Levittown" concept and sometimes encompass large areas of dozens of square miles.[1][2]
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Tract housing came about in the 1940s when the demand for cheap housing skyrocketed.Economies of scale meant that large numbers of identical houses could be built in a "cookie cutter" fashion faster and more cheaply to fulfill the growing demand. Developers would purchase a dozen or more adjacent lots and conduct the building construction as an assembly-line process.[3]
Tract housing development makes use of few architectural designs, and labor costs are reduced because workers need to learn the skills and movements of constructing only those designs rather than repeat thelearning curve. In addition, as all houses in thedevelopment will be built at the same time, the cost of purchasing and transporting building supplies may be reduced due toeconomies of scale. Components such asroof trusses,plumbing, and stair systems are oftenprefabricated in factories and installed on-site. This allows builders to offer lower prices, which in turn can make houses affordable to a larger percentage of the population. Early tract houses were often identical, but many tracts since the late 20th century have several designs and other variations in footprint, roof form, and materials, along with options such as garage bays, for a more diverse appearance.[3]
The concept of tract housing is occasionally mocked in North Americanpopular culture as the basis ofsuburbia; notable examples are the songs "Little Boxes" byMalvina Reynolds, "Suburbia" by thePet Shop Boys and "Subdivisions" byRush. It is also often criticized by city planners and architects, as its construction tends to overlook required elements of successful community building, instead creating a homogeneous residential neighborhood with nowalkability, local employment, commerce, services, or attractions within close commuting distance. This leads to a heavy reliance on automobile travel, as residents are unable to address any of these needs locally.[4]
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