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Toxochelys

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Extinct genus of turtles

Toxochelys Temporal range: Coniacian toMaastrichtian89–66 Ma^[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Fossil specimen, Houston Museum of Natural Science
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Clade:	Panchelonioidea
Family:	†Toxochelyidae Baur, 1895
Genus:	†Toxochelys Cope, 1873
Species
T. latiremis Cope, 1873 (type) T. moorevillensis Zangerl, 1953

Toxochelys (/tɒksəˈkɛliːz,tɒksoʊ-,-lɪs/) is anextinct genus of marine turtle from the LateCretaceous period. It is the most commonly found fossilized turtle species in theSmoky Hill Chalk, in westernKansas.^[2]

Description

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Toxochelys had carapace about 90 centimetres (3.0 ft) in length.^[3] Two species in the genus are recognized,Toxochelys latiremis andToxochelys moorevillensis.^[4]Phylogenetic analysis shows thatToxochelys belong to an extinct lineage of turtles transitional between modernsea turtles and other turtles.^[5]

Toxochelys bauri Williston, 1905, based on the skeleton YPM 1786, is a synonym ofCtenochelys stenoporus.^[6]

Toxochelys are currently thought to be the oldest member and the last common ancestor of all extinctmarine turtles.^[7] Even thoughToxochelys shared similar limb characteristics with other species asCheloniidae andProtostegidae, they evolved independently to pass down new limb features to future generations. These features allowed for advanced mobility of the hand.^[8]

Phylogeny

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Toxochelys latiremis in acladogram from the analysis of Gentry et al., 2019:^[9]

Pan-Chelonioidea

†Angolachelonia

†Protostegidae

†Toxochelys latiremis

	Chelonioidea

	†Ctenochelyidae

References

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^"PBDB Taxon".
^www.oceansofkansas.com Retrieved on May 12, 2008
^Hirayama, Ren (1994)."Phylogenetic systematics of chelonioid sea turtles".Island Arc.3 (4):270–284.Bibcode:1994IsArc...3..270H.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1738.1994.tb00116.x.ISSN 1038-4871.
^Nicholls, E.L. 1988. New material ofToxochelys latiremis Cope, and a revision of the genusToxochelys (Testudines, Chelonoidea).Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8(2):181–187.
^Kear BP, Lee MS (March 2006)."A primitive protostegid from Australia and early sea turtle evolution".Biol. Lett.2 (1):116–9.doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0406.PMC 1617175.PMID 17148342.
^R. Zangerl. 1953. The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama. Part IV. The turtles of the family Toxochelyidae.Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs 3(4):145–277.
^Gentry, Andrew D.; Ebersole, Jun A. (January 12, 2018)."The first report of Toxochelys latiremis Cope, 1873 (Testudines: Panchelonioidea) from the early Campanian of Alabama, USA".PaleoBios.35.doi:10.5070/P9351037558.ISSN 0031-0298.
^Gerheim, Isadora; Romano, Pedro S. R. (May 4, 2015)."The evolution of the flippers and the paleoecology of Panchelonioidea (Testudines, Cryptodira)".doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1039v1.ProQuest 1960129443.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
^Andrew D. Gentry; Jun A. Ebersole; Caitlin R. Kiernan (2019)."Asmodochelys parhami, a new fossil marine turtle from the Campanian Demopolis Chalk and the stratigraphic congruence of competing marine turtle phylogenies".Royal Society Open Science.6 (12) 191950.Bibcode:2019RSOS....691950G.doi:10.1098/rsos.191950.PMC 6936288.PMID 31903219.

External links

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Testudines

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Clade:Diapsida
Order:Testudines

Genus

Chelonioidea
(Sea turtles)

Cheloniidae	†Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka
Dermochelyidae	†Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus
	†Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus

Kinosternoidea

Dermatemydidae	Dermatemys
Kinosternidae	Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus

Testudinoidea

Emydidae	†Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys
Geoemydidae	Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys
Platysternidae	Platysternon
Testudinidae	Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo

Trionychia

Carettochelyidae	†Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys
Trionychidae	Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx
	†Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes

Chelydridae	Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra
†Nanhsiungchelyidae	†Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys
†Protostegidae	†Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys
	†Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys

Pleurodira

†Araripemydidae	†Araripemys
†Bothremydidae	†Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah
Chelidae	Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa Pelusios
Podocnemididae	†Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys
†Sahonachelyidae	†Sahonachelys †Sokatra