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Atownship is a form ofhuman settlement oradministrative subdivision. Its exact definition varies among countries.
Although the term is occasionally associated with anurban area, this tends to be an exception to the rule. InAustralia,Canada,Scotland, and parts of theUnited States, the term refers to settlements too small or scattered to be considered urban.
The Australian National Dictionary defines a township as "a site reserved for and laid out as atown; such a site at an early stage of its occupation and development; a small town".[1]
The term refers purely to the settlement; it does not refer to a unit of government. Townships are governed as part of a larger council (such as that of ashire,district orcity) or authority.[2]
InCanada, two kinds of township occur in common use:
InChina, townships are found at the fourth level of theadministrative hierarchy, belowcounties,districts, and county levelcities but abovevillages and communities, together withethnic townships,towns andsubdistricts.
InIndia, townships are found at the fourth level of the city.
InJersey,township is a redundant term, as the only surviving local government level at present are the 12parishes of the island.
InMalaysia, townships are found at the third level of theadministrative hierarchy, is asubdivision of adaerah (district orcounty) or autonomous sub-district (daerah kecil), while abovekampung (village) andtaman (residential neighbourhood) as defined in theNational Land Code, adopted in 1965.
InNew Zealand, towns and townships no longer exist; all land is part of either acity, which is mostly urban, or adistrict, which is mostly rural. Since 1979, municipalities have existed in New Zealand but are rare and not formally defined legally.
As a term, however, townships are still in common usage in New Zealand, used in referring to a small town or urban community located in a rural area. The term is generally comparable to that of a village in England.[3]
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In thePhilippines, townships refer to administrative divisions established during theAmerican Civil Government in the country. Many of these political divisions were originally established asrancherias during theSpanish Regime. The term was later replaced with "municipal district".[4] Most municipal districts would later be converted intoregular municipalities byexecutive orders from the Philippine president.[5]
Mambukal, ahill station geographically located inMurcia, Negros Occidental, is the only legally constituted township in the Philippines, created under Republic Act No. 1964, approved in June 1957.[citation needed]
As a term, the word "township" in the Philippines is used to refer to new developments with their own amenities, including both vertical and horizontal projects. The modern and largest townships in the Philippines areNew Clark City with 9,450 hectares inCapas ofTarlac, Hamilo Coast with 5,900 hectares inNasugbu ofBatangas, Nuvali with 2,290 hectares inSanta Rosa ofLaguna, Lancaster New City with 2,000 hectares in Kawit Imus GenTri ofCavite, Vista City with 1,500 hectares in Las Piñas Muntinlupa ofMetro Manila, andDasmariñas of Cavite, Twin Lakes with 1,149 hectares inTagaytay of Cavite and Alviera with 1,125 hectares inPorac ofPampanga. The majority of the current townships are near Metro Manila, which permits faster access to the capital region by road or rail transport.
The formerRussian Empire,Soviet Union, andCommonwealth of Independent States states is sometimes used to denote a small semi-urban, sometimes industrial, settlement and used to translate the termsпоселок городского типа (townlet),посад (posad),местечко (mestechko, from Polish "miasteczko", a small town; in the cases of predominantJewish population the latter is sometimes translated asshtetl).[citation needed]
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InSouth Africa underapartheid, the term "township" was used to describe residential developments that confined non-Whites, including Blacks, Coloureds, and Indians, living near or working in White-only communities.Soweto andMdantsane were both prominent townships under apartheid. The term also has a precise legal meaning and is used on land titles in all areas regardless of the demographics of the respective region.[6]
InTaiwan, townships are administered by acounty together with acounty-administered city. There are three types of townships in Taiwan: urban townships, rural townships, and mountain indigenous townships. Mountain indigenous townships are those with significant populations ofTaiwanese aborigines.
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InEngland, the term "township" is no longer in official use, but still maintains some meaning, typically used to describe subdivisions of largeparishes for administrative purposes.[7] This definition became legally obsolete at the end of the 19th century when local government reform converted many townships that had been subdivisions of ancient parishes into the newercivil parishes, which formally separated the connection between the ecclesiastical functions of ancient parishes and the civil administrative functions that had been introduced in these areas beginning in the 16th century. As of the 21st century, some councils, mostly inNorthern England, have revived the term.
InScotland, the term is still used for some rural settlements. In parts of theHighlands and Islands, atownship is acrofting settlement. In the Highlands generally the term may describe a very smallagrarian community.
InWales, the term "township" is used to describe a population center created by an Act of Parliament in 1539, such as theTownships in Montgomeryshire.
In theUnited States, a township is a subdivision of acounty and is usually 36 square miles (about 93 square kilometres) in area.[8] There are two types of townships in theUnited States: civil and survey. Astate may have one or both types. In states that have both, the boundaries often coincide in many counties.
In the first U.S. census ofPuerto Rico, the population centers known as townships were referred to as "barrios," a term first used when Puerto Rico was underSpanish colonialrule.[9]
Like townships in most U.S. states, barrios are subdivisions and function asmunicipalities.[10][11]
InVietnam, acommune-level town (thị trấn) is similar to a township; it is a subdivision of a rural district (huyện) and is the lowest administration subdivision in the country.[citation needed]
InZimbabwe, the term township was used for segregated parts of suburban areas. During colonial years inRhodesia, the termtownship referred to a residential area reserved for Black citizens within the boundaries of a city or town and is still commonly used colloquially. This reflected theSouth African usage.
In present-day Zimbabwe, the term is also used to refer to a residential area within close proximity of a rural growth point.[12]
To those unacquainted with Australian colloquialisms the word 'township' is misleading. One is reluctant to give to a littlehamlet, containing barely a dozen houses, a title which would more properly apply to a town of moderate size. But, nevertheless, of that character are the majority of colonial townships.
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)page 3: In an urban area, the basic unit of land is an erf. And page 5: A general plan is registered as a "township" in the Deeds Office and in the case of Durban. Hence the trend now is to frame diagrams for townships that should really be depicted on general plans.
