34°48′34.7″N135°31′56.3″E / 34.809639°N 135.532306°E /34.809639; 135.532306 (Tower of the Sun)
TheTower of the Sun (太陽の塔,Taiyō no Tō) is anavant-garde sculpture and building created by Japanese artistTarō Okamoto. It was known as the symbol ofExpo '70 and is currently preserved and located inExpo '70 Commemorative Park inSuita,Osaka Prefecture,Japan. The tower has multiple faces on its front and back.
It was designated aTangible Cultural Property of Japan in 2020.[1][2]
The tower was designed by Tarō Okamoto and built forExpo '70. It was housed the central Festival Plaza building known as "Big Roof", itself designed by Japanese architectKenzo Tange. The tip of the tower projected out of a circular hole cut in Big Roof's ceiling due to its height. After the completion of the tower, Expo '70 organizer andscience fiction writerSakyo Komatsu said to Okamoto that it reminded him of a scene in the 1955 novelSeason of the Sun where a character sticks his penis through asliding paper door, and suggested the name "Tower of the Sun".[3]
During the Expo, the tower was open to the public and visitors were able to enter inside. The interior featured escalators and elevators surrounding a 41-meter-tall artwork titled the "Tree of Life" (生命の樹Seimei no Ki), representing the evolution of all creatures.[4]Tsuburaya Productions produced figurines that featured in the artwork. One elevator led up to the ceiling of Big Roof, accessible through an open wall; this was closed after the Expo ended.
Two other artworks by Tarō Okamoto, "The Tower of Mother" and "The Tower of Youth", were originally placed in the east and west areas of the Expo park, and were later removed.
Big Roof was dismantled in 1979, causing the tower to be further exposed to the elements. Due to deterioration of the outside and abandonment of the inside, a proposal was made for demolition, resulting in efforts to instead preserve the sculpture; repair work began in November 1994 and lasted until March 1995.[5]
On October 11 and 12, 2003, the inside of the Tower of the Sun was opened to a selected 1,970 people (due to the year the World Expo was hosted). The lottery process drew over 24,000 applicants, resulting in the Commemorative Organization for the Japan World Exposition '70 opening the tower again in November and December of the same year.[5] These events and subsequent, similar openings of the tower, held at irregular intervals until October 2006, were attended by over 40,000 people.[6] Due to significant repairs and renovation in preparation for the 40th anniversary event for Expo '70, held in 2010, access to the tower's interior was once again closed.[6] The inside was scheduled to be re-opened to the public starting in 2014.[4] After four years of delays, the tower was permanently reopened in March 2018, featuring earthquake reinforcement, a restored Tree of Life, and a reconstructed "Sun of the Underworld".[7][8]
.jpg)
The tower is approximately 70 meters tall, 20 meters wide at its base, and has two 25-meter-long arms.[3] The tower currently has three faces:[9]
A fourth face, titled the "Underground Sun" or "Sun of the Underworld", was present during Expo '70 in a subterranean space titled "PRAYER". Rather than representing a temporal aspect, this face was said to express "the inner spiritual world of humans." When the Expo closed, the face "disappeared" and was moved to an unknown location. A reconstruction was created and has been exhibited since 2018, but the original sculpture has never been found.[8][9]
The tower's outside was constructed usingshotcrete and is bumpy, a style that was chosen in order to come across as a "natural texture" rather than an industrial surface.[10]
Lights are installed in the eyes of the Golden Mask and are lit up at night.Xenon arc floodlights were originally used during Expo '70, but were later turned off due to electrical problems and concerns that they may disrupt aircraft operations at the nearbyOsaka Itami Airport. On September 25, 2004, an external battery was connected and the lights were lit to advertise a countdown toExpo 2005.[11] In 2010, the floodlights were replaced with 148 lower brightness LEDs.[12]
The original Golden Mask was constructed from 337 steel plates. Due to deterioration from wind and rain, it was replaced with a second-generation stainless steel replica in 1992. Around half of the original plates that were mostly undamaged remain in storage within Expo '70 Commemorative Park.[13]
The jagged red paintings on the front of the tower representthunder.[citation needed]
Inside of the tower, a gigantic artwork called the "Tree of Life" is exhibited. Attached to the trunk and branches of the Tree are 292 different models of living organisms of various species and sizes. Large lit-up amoebas appear on the bottom while humans appear at the top, smallest.[9]
A miniature version of the Tower of the Sun is located in the Taro Okamoto Museum of Art. The tower has also been listed as one of the Best 100 Media Arts in Japan by theAgency for Cultural Affairs.[5]
"Progress functions backwards. We are losing our real lives, the integrity of our lives, our bodies and physicality. I myself have deep doubts about progress. You sayApollo is progress. Progress to what?"
Art historianFumihiro Sunahara [ja] has said that the Tower was Okamoto's way of rebelling against or reinterpreting the theme of Expo '70, "Harmony and Progress for Mankind". Sunahara claims that Okamoto instead believed that mankind had not yet achieved either progress or harmony – or, had achieved these only on a superficial level – and thought that unchecked technological advancement and progress was naïve.[10]
Akiomi Hirano, director of the Taro Okamoto Memorial Museum, believes that Okamoto and the Tower of the Sun completely opposed ideas such as "optimistic futurism" and "the cult of technology", and disagreed with the Expo's messaging thatindustrialization and technical progress were the best ways for humans to be happy.[10]
According to art criticNoi Sawaragi [ja], the Tower of the Sun is related tomushroom clouds, with the theme of atomic bombs also present in other of Okamoto's artworks such as the mural "Myth of Tomorrow", which was created concurrently with the Tower of the Sun.[10]
The 1970 Japanesekaiju film,Gamera vs. Jiger, features Expo '70 prominently, including location shots, voice-over descriptions, and scale models.
The Tower of the Sun and Expo '70 play a central role inNaoki Urasawa's 1996–2006 manga20th Century Boys. In the series, the tower becomes one of the main symbols of the "cult of the friend", an evil association that wants to conquer the world.
In 1997,Naoko Yamano, guitarist and founding member of the Osaka-basedpop/punk bandShonen Knife, wrote a song called "Tower of the Sun" which appears on the band's 1997 albumBrand New Knife.[14]
The Tower of the Sun and other sculptures at Expo '70 feature prominently and served to inspire the 2001 animated filmCrayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Adult Empire Strikes Back.
Tomihiko Morimi, author ofThe Tatami Galaxy, entitled his 2003 debut novel "Tower of the Sun". The edifice features prominently throughout the book.
In 2007, the tower was briefly shown in the animeMoonlight Miles season 1 and 2.
The Tower of the Sun (along with Okamoto's other works) was used as homage in the character ofDeidara from theNaruto series, with an explosion caused by the character's suicidal attack "C0" taking the shape of the tower.
According toPokémon Black and White art directorKen Sugimori, thePokémonLarvesta is partially inspired by the Tower of the Sun; specifically, the red growths surrounding Larvesta's head.[15]
InPokémon the Series: Diamond and Pearl, Sunyshore Tower resembles the Tower of the Sun.
The Tower of the Sun shows up as a pilotable giant mecha in the 2010 Shingo Honda's mangaCreature!, and is depicted on the cover of volume 18.
The Tower appears inHirokazu Kore-eda's 2011 filmI Wish.
In 2014,Bandai created Taiyō no Tō no Robo (太陽の塔のロボ), a 288 mmChogokin toy replica of the Tower of the Sun that transforms into a giant robot. As part of ad campaign for the model, the tower is shown in a short animated sequence in which transforms and briefly fight a monster, in the style oftokusatsu programs.[16][17]
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
