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Tourism in Turkey

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pamukkale in Turkey is aWorld Heritage Site. Turkey has 622national parks.

Tourism inTurkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along itsAegean andMediterranean Sea coasts. Turkey has also become a popular destination forculture, spa, and health care.[1] In 2023, Turkey was the fifth most visited country in the world.[2]

At its height in 2024, Turkey attracted around 52.6 million foreign tourists with a record tourism revenue of $61.1 billion.[3] The total number fluctuated between around 41 million in 2015, and around 30 million in 2016.[4][5] However, recovery began in 2017, with the number of foreign visitors increasing to 37.9 million, and in 2018 to 46.1 million visitors.[6][7][8]

Yearly tourist arrivals in millions[9][2][10]

Destinations

[edit]

Istanbul

[edit]
Galata Tower inIstanbul
Dolmabahçe Palace is a popular tourism destination in Turkey.
Ortaköy Mosque and theBosphorus Bridge

Istanbul is one of the most important tourist spots not only inTurkey but also in the world. There are thousands of hotels and other tourist-oriented industries in the city. Turkey'slargest city, Istanbul has a number of major attractions derived from its historical status as the capital of theByzantine andOttoman Empires. These include theSultan Ahmed Mosque (the "Blue Mosque"), theHagia Sophia, theTopkapı Palace, theBasilica Cistern, theDolmabahçe Palace, theGalata Tower, theGrand Bazaar, theSpice Bazaar, and thePera Palace Hotel. Istanbul has also recently become one of the biggest shopping centers of the European region by hosting malls and shopping centers, such asMetroCity,Akmerkez andCevahir Mall, which is the biggest mall in Europe and seventh largest shopping center in the world. Other attractions include sporting events, museums, and cultural events.

In January 2013, the Turkish government announced that it would build the world's largest airport inIstanbul. The operation has an invested 7-billion euros and was planned to have the first part of a four-part plan completed by 2017.[11]

Ankara

[edit]

Ankara is the country's capital and second most populated city.[12] It is rich with Turkish history and culture that have roots in the founding of Turkey along with the history of ancient civilizations. The most popular landmark is theAnıtkabir,[13] a mausoleum forAtatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey. Another landmark would be theMuseum of Anatolian Civilizations, a museum that possesses works fromPaleolithic,Neolithic,Hatti,Hittite,Phrygian,Urartian, andRoman civilizations.[14]

Izmir

[edit]

Izmir is a city with historical and geopolitical importance in ancient civilizations such asMacedonia,Persia,Lydia, and theOttomans.[15] The city has a memorable history in the early years of Turkey as it was the main city that was affected by theGreco-Turkish War (1919–1922).[16] Izmir is home to many ancient cities such asEphesus,Pergamon, andKlazomenai.[17] Besides historical significance, Izmir also possesses many locations for coastal tourism for international travelers. Frequently visited regions that have tourist beaches for local and international tourists would beÇeşme,Mordoğan, andFoça.[18][19]

Other destinations

[edit]
Ölüdeniz beach
Butterfly Valley, Fethiye

Beach vacations andBlue Cruises, particularly for Turkish delights and visitors fromWestern Europe, are also central to the Turkishtourism industry. Most beach resorts are located along the southwestern and southern coast, called theTurkish Riviera, especially along the Mediterranean coast nearAntalya. Antalya is also accepted as the tourism capital of Turkey.[20] Major resort towns includeBodrum,Fethiye,Marmaris,Kuşadası,Didim andAlanya. Also, Turkey has been chosen second in the world in 2015 with its 436 blue-flagged beaches, according to the Chamber of Shipping.[21]

Attractions elsewhere in the country include the sites ofEphesus,Troy,Pergamon,House of the Virgin Mary,Pamukkale,Hierapolis,Trabzon (where one of the oldest monasteries is theSümela Monastery),Konya (where the poetRumi had spent most of his life),Didyma,Church of Antioch, ancient Pontic capital and king rock tombs with its acropolis inAmasya, religious places inMardin (such asDeyrülzafarân Monastery), and the ruined cities and landscapes ofCappadocia.

One of the most important and famous cities in the east andsoutheast of Turkey is calledDiyarbakır. This city is considered one of the important options for traveling to the east of Turkey due to its numerous historical, religious and cultural places. For researchers who are interested incultural studies, this city is a favorable option for study and research due to the accommodation of different ethnic groups (Kurds, Turks,Arabs,Assyrians,Armenians) and religious groups (Muslims,Christians). Due to the civil wars between thePKK group and thecentral government of Turkey in the 90's, the number of tourists in this region decreased. With the beginning of the 21st century and after the establishment of relative peace and security in these areas, tourism has been increasing again in these areas.[27]

Cumalıkızık is an old town fromearly Ottoman era inBursa

Gallipoli and Anzac Cove – a smallcove on theGallipoli peninsula, which became known as the site ofWorld War I landing of the ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) on 25 April 1915. Following thelanding at Anzac Cove, the beach became the main base for the Australian and New Zealand troops for the eight months of theGallipoli campaign.

Cappadocia is a region created by the erosion of soft volcanic stone by the wind and rain for centuries.[28] In the picture is the classic hot air ballon showing.The area is a popular tourist destination, having many sites with unique geological, historic, and cultural features.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

[edit]
Main article:List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Safranbolu was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1994 due to its well-preserved Ottoman era houses and architecture.

As of 2023, Turkey hosts 21UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 cultural and 2 mixed.[29]

Göbeklitepe is a neolithic archaeological site from around 9500 BCE to at least 8000 BCE inŞanlıurfa
Göreme,Nevşehir

Turkey's World Heritage Sites, as per their official UNESCO names, are as follows:

  1. Aphrodisias
  2. Archaeological Site of Ani
  3. Archaeological Site of Troy
  4. Arslantepe Mound
  5. Bursa andCumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire
  6. City of Safranbolu
  7. Diyarbakır Fortress andHevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape
  8. Ephesus
  9. Gordion
  10. Göbekli Tepe
  11. Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia
  12. Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği
  13. Hattusha: the Hittite Capital
  14. Hierapolis-Pamukkale
  15. Historic Areas of Istanbul
  16. Nemrut Dağ
  17. Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük
  18. Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape
  19. Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
  20. Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
  21. Xanthos-Letoon

Medical tourism

[edit]
Main article:Health care in Turkey
Acıbadem Hospital in Altunizade,Istanbul

An emerging branch of tourism in Turkey ismedical tourism. Commonly performed medical procedures arehair transplant operations,rhinoplasty,cosmetic dentistry,bariatric surgery,buttock augmentation,mammaplasty andmastopexy as it draws in thousands of foreigner tourists every year.[30][31] In 2021, the revenue generated from medical tourism was given as $1.05 billion with 642,000 people that visited for the purpose of getting medical service.[32] This is due to Turkey offering high-quality clinics for affordable pricing compared to the rest of Europe and its central location between Asia and Europe.[33] Other reasons for the high demand for healthcare in Turkey are foreigners having easy visa procedures and immediate scheduling for operations.[1]

Development of tourism

[edit]

Turkey issued 16,199,968 electronic visas between April 2013 and January 1, 2017. The acceptance rate was 87.79% as 18,452,733 applications were filed in this period. Most visas were issued to nationals of theUnited Kingdom (4.6 million),Iraq (2 million) and theNetherlands (1.8 million).[34]

Most tourist arrivals in Turkey come from the following countries:[35][36][8][37][38]

Country11/20252024202320222021202020192018
Russia6,678,6476,710,1986,313,6755,232,6114,694,4222,128,7587,017,6575,964,631
Germany6,479,5136,620,6126,193,2595,679,1943,085,2151,118,9325,027,4724,512,360
United Kingdom4,173,8464,433,7823,800,9223,370,739392,746820,7092,562,0642,254,871
Iran2,795,2873,277,8522,504,4942,331,0769,618385,7622,102,8902,001,744
Bulgaria2,550,1132,918,5812,893,0922,882,5121,402,7951,242,9612,713,4642,386,885
Poland1,892,3121,866,9861,539,1231,135,903585,076145,908880,839646,365
United States1,503,9531,442,1911,334,3371,013,478371,759148,937578,074448,327
Netherlands1,226,5801,303,2621,232,2201,244,756645,601271,5261,117,2901,013,642
Georgia1,221,5351,466,1891,633,9781,514,813291,852410,5011,995,2542,069,392
Romania1,116,6271,173,358990,005886,555496,178269,076763,320641,484
France1,039,4381,088,3801,031,824986,090621,493311,708875,957731,379
Ukraine977,975941,614839,729675,4672,060,008997,6521,547,9961,386,934
Iraq957,250968,8341,051,7211,208,895836,624387,5871,374,8961,172,896
Saudi Arabia875,275869,453820,683497,91410,08367,490564,816747,233
Azerbaijan862,975956,178855,445683,834470,618236,797901,723858,506
Italy750,344719,668602,176420,661116,80672,619377,011284,195
Kazakhstan732,244863,542826,319712,136366,076137,213455,724426,916
Uzbekistan604,184569,818470,644419,673272,604102,598252,138241,235
Belgium586,888625,263596,355596,173339,529138,729557,435511,559
Greece570,240707,133686,480569,795157,723136,305836,882686,891
Austria530,941548,794496,482454,638284,095112,126401,475353,628
Spain417,226382,896324,690298,165104,84854,381257,342178,018
Czech Republic398,119410,280384,158295,45489,73415,642311,359228,251
 Switzerland397,180406,357390,044382,835219,591127,643311,107269,649
China392,724409,733248,11989,51533,64140,264426,344394,109
Sweden386,128397,201364,984415,696192,87293,703444,285384,397
Moldova328,710329,796288,377274,257192,441109,137198,867194,268
Denmark327,113345,198319,835356,127111,49944,694335,877326,278
Belarus313,950334,796309,216239,966220,932106,426258,419245,254
Algeria307,974324,042292,505210,47848,82750,121295,512288,207
Lithuania303,521285,026277,810251,619114,22714,194229,704199,371
Canada303,506302,728248,868197,41672,03434,210139,164108,272
Serbia301,369342,002311,738357,787238,852129,284282,347225,312
Northern Cyprus271,491261,608215,137182,94568,35359,808268,341266,859
Jordan265,325301,641384,680494,629326,63393,750474,874406,469
Slovakia264,938266,978228,407196,46237,9638,648207,108157,003
Hungary259,392252,066222,327165,84276,25716,563149,523123,448
India231,312330,985274,159231,57952,65144,707230,131147,127
North Macedonia226,736246,626251,066266,184182,045115,483222,862209,519
Lebanon225,687261,713257,781272,844191,76889,337376,721338,837
Ireland213,579195,899163,165136,60836,94726,17696,88671,221
South Korea211,459206,931159,03999,86915,20636,636212,970159,354
Morocco210,845236,764262,124251,708121,33367,775234,264176,538
Australia210,104205,874192,770118,84715,67415,109120,83796,488
Norway204,637222,994203,325191,78954,63325,100208,330161,789
Egypt199,781231,097187,053227,850124,48368,936177,655148,943
Kosovo199,670209,853174,681193,823145,93170,462152,048139,500
Kuwait198,903264,440363,070480,123246,249120,221374,191298,620
Indonesia186,604202,456178,800152,99549,31936,690127,149119,337
Turkmenistan184,023153,688120,92845,24918,97943,236297,706252,911
Kyrgyzstan183,725195,899169,906147,487102,84052,142121,364114,926
Bosnia178,248197,388177,893200,698131,34761,651144,445120,480
Libya175,305220,497194,351220,179197,983107,251259,243188,312
Albania150,897159,828142,482145,03289,74849,667134,869125,935
Japan148,867135,65378,78230,6107,15319,122103,32081,931
Tunisia143,257182,053176,547206,714126,97057,563172,587142,372
Pakistan133,627135,653140,388173,62190,68151,326130,736113,579
Latvia133,059117,402112,16597,24044,7609,39286,05165,868
Mexico132,625142,963155,155114,26734,70512,77566,55736,737
Finland120,894123,414117,123117,28132,80915,003135,192128,860
Philippines118,984129,071120,34797,95455,39748,440139,12695,068
Portugal116,77999,83881,40174,81226,37912,89354,13039,948
Brazil113,071120,201106,71784,58217,78822,722101,16478,691
Estonia112,08898,40491,62593,20947,5975,11377,04161,707
Israel109,46785,949765,776843,028225,238129,677569,368443,732
Malaysia92,87093,13295,44489,7669,61817,892114,21495,591
United Arab Emirates85,09599,992120,819146,43852,5873,77237,50043,292
Colombia83,41562,44060,57977,86330,09410,60170,97456,031
Croatia74,24364,81556,61861,32729,46416,56656,46544,188
Argentina71,20250,59043,27841,7086,9927,22864,48368,668
South Africa65,18861,67358,67271,6366,08812,25174,65253,544
Slovenia54,49151,90347,80848,62218,5808,10850,41440,716
Bahrain47,18653,14454,89998,14762,73017,85290,29977,075
Thailand46,06239,52131,64629,8146,6878,16362,19254,098
Qatar45,68548,43261,24892,43983,83131,956108,49696,327
New Zealand39,02332,56228,32715,4482,7462,87920,91216,174
Chile32,63222,07323,38517,3333,8153,32018,50914,609
Singapore32,28327,08826,93530,6022,9514,91234,93028,382
Montenegro29,74928,06524,41929,41720,81211,44127,63924,183
Venezuela28,18923,16019,11518,39511,4463,47311,7389,246
Yemen28,17927,61531,58934,59921,85613,35441,67339,545
Armenia27,59027,03127,78836,44510,1789,30966,88251,880
Bangladesh26,97622,69119,79424,3358,2265,63420,60517,932
Tajikistan21,06930,03365,36774,10141,44016,97244,15540,879
Luxemburg18,50115,97914,58213,1868,4992,22810,9577,716
Malta14,85813,33912,26116,3217,1633,2588,7398,287
Cyprus14,40014,94012,44411,2542,4712,20712,35510,516
Sudan14,34113,07718,03243,19225,96510,55517,86315,661
Iceland6,9654,2973,6564,0709625413,9662,935
Total50,057,22552,629,28349,209,18044,564,39524,712,26612,734,21345,058,28639,488,401
Visa policy of Turkey
  Republic of Turkey
  Unlimited stay
  Visa not required (90 days and may enter with ID card)
  Visa not required (90 days)
  Visa not required (60 days)
  Visa not required (30 days)
  Visa not required (90 days - conditional)
  eVisa (30 days)
  eVisa (30 days - conditional)
  Visa required

Explain

[edit]

Foreign tourist arrivals increased substantially in Turkey between 2000 and 2005, from 8 million to 25 million, which made Turkey a top-10 destination in the world for foreign visitors. 2005 revenues wereUS$20.3 billion which also made Turkey one of the top-10 biggest revenue owners in the world. In 2011, Turkey ranked as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world and 4th in Europe, according toUNWTO World Tourism barometer.[39] SeeWorld Tourism rankings. At its height in 2014, Turkey attracted around 42 million foreign tourists, still ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world.[40] From 2015, tourism to Turkey entered a steep decline.[41][42] In 2016, only around 30 million people visited Turkey. 2016 is described as the second year of huge losses on both visitor numbers and income, a "year of devastating losses", with Turkish tourism businesses stating that they "cannot remember a worse time in the sector".[4] The number of foreign visitors started recovering in 2017 with 37.9 million visitors being recorded. The recovery was partly due to intense security campaigns and advertising. The number of Russian tourists increased by 444% after the recovery of bilateral relations, resulting in Russia becoming the top tourism market for Turkey once again.[6][7] Increases were also recorded in the British, Dutch and Belgian markets.[43]

In early 2017, the Turkish government urged Turkish citizens living abroad to take their vacations in Turkey, attempting to revive the struggling tourism sector[44] of an economy that went into contraction from late 2016.[45] After the April 2017constitutional referendum, another sharp drop in tourist bookings from Germany was recorded.[46] In 2018, however, the German Tourism Industry Association recorded a growth in German tourist bookings for Turkey, with a 70% increase being recorded by theTUI Group alone.[47]

Gallery

[edit]
Gölcük,Bolu

Government policy and regulation

[edit]

TheAKP government has been promoting "halal tourism" for years,[48] politically reaffirming this stance over the course of 2016.[49] In March 2017, a Turkish court banned global travel fare aggregator websiteBooking.com from offering services to Turkish tourists for lack of a national licence,[50] while the Hoteliers Association of Turkey campaigns for a lifting the ban of the enterprise on which its members relied for up to 90 percent of their turnover.[51] In April 2017, the police department of the prime resort city ofAntalya issued a directive banning the consumption of alcohol outside of buildings.[52]

Sex tourism

[edit]
Main article:Prostitution in Turkey

Prostitution is legal and regulated in Turkey. Thesecularization of Turkish society allowed prostitution to achieve legal status during the early 20th century.Sex tourism has been part of Turkey's tourism industry and has been growing over the decades both for foreigners and locals. Many foreigners come to Turkey to work for local Turks in the prostitution business, while many Turks travel abroad as consumers of sex tourism, mostly to Eastern Europe for the purpose. Sexual exploitation of children have also been reported.[53] Anyone who encourages someone to commit prostitution, facilitates it, or mediates or provides a place for prostitution is punished with imprisonment from two months to four years and a judicial fine of up to three thousand days.[54][55]

COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]

During theCOVID-19 pandemic, the number of tourists arriving inTurkey declined to around 16 million in 2020.[56] This was the lowest number of tourists in the last decade.[56] The revenue from international travel was reduced to $13.7 billion which only made up 1.91% of the total economy in 2020.[57][58] In 2021, Turkey's tourism recovered from the pandemic as it contributed $59.3 billion to the GDP, which made up 7.3% of the total economy.[59][60]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ab"World Tourism Barometer"(PDF).World Tourism Organization. May 2024. p. 19. Retrieved24 June 2024.
  3. ^Türkiye sees record $61B tourism revenue in 2024 as arrivals hit 52.6M
  4. ^ab"Turkey's tourism industry reels from a year to forget".The Guardian. 5 October 2016.
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  51. ^"Turkish hotelier association asks court to lift ban on Booking.com".Hürriyet Daily News. 6 April 2017.
  52. ^"Statement on alcohol ban in outdoor locations in Turkey's Antalya sparks debate".Hürriyet Daily News. 28 April 2017.
  53. ^"Tourism's dark side: Child sexual abuse in Turkey". 27 June 2016.
  54. ^"Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi".
  55. ^"Fuhuşa Teşvik Ve Aracılık Etme Suçu".
  56. ^ab"Turkey Tourist arrivals - data, chart".TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved3 October 2022.
  57. ^"Turkey International tourism revenue - data, chart".TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved11 October 2022.
  58. ^"Turkey International tourism revenue, percent of GDP - data, chart".TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved11 October 2022.
  59. ^"Travel & Tourism Economic Impact | World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)".wttc.org. Retrieved3 October 2022.
  60. ^THE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE TOURISM INDUSTRY .

Further reading

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External links

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Wikivoyage has a travel guide forTurkey.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toTourism in Turkey.
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