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Tourism in Russia

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St. Basil's Cathedral inRed Square

Tourism in Russia plummeted in 2022. Only 200,100 foreigners visited Russia in 2022, a drop of 96.1% from pre-pandemic/pre-Russian invasion of Ukraine years.[1] Earlier, Russia had seen rapid growth since the late Soviet times, first domestic tourism and theninternational tourism as well.[2] Russia had formerly been among themost popular tourist destinations in the world, though it fell off that list in 2022. Not includingCrimea, the countrycontains 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, while more are on UNESCO's tentative lists.[3]

Tourist routes in Russia include a travel around theGolden Ring of ancient cities, cruises on the rivers including theVolga, and long journeys on theTrans-Siberian Railway. Diverse regions and ethnic cultures of Russia offer different foods and souvenirs, and show a variety of traditions, includingRussianMaslenitsa,TatarSabantuy, orSiberianshamanist rituals. In 2013, Russia was visited by 33 million tourists, making it the ninth-most visited country in the world and the seventh-most visited in Europe.[4]

History

[edit]
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(June 2023)

After theRussian invasion of Ukraine, several governments, including the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada have issued travel advisories calling on their nationals to avoid travel to Russia.[5] For the same reason, airline routes between Russia and Western countries were closed, and supply of spare parts for some domestic airline traffic inside Russia became a challenge.[6]

Only 200,100 foreigners visited Russia in 2022, a drop of 96.1 percent from the pre-pandemic period.[1] Most of Europe closed its airspace to Russian planes a few days after Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022.[1] Foreign-issued Visa and Mastercard cards no longer work in Russia, further impacting tourism.[1]

Cultural tourism

[edit]
Kizhi in north-west Russia
Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street inNizhny Novgorod

Tourist destinations in Russia include Saint Petersburg (which appeared in the list of top visited cities of Europe in 2010) and Moscow, the current and the former capitals of the country. Moscow and Saint Petersburg museums such asHermitage andTretyakov Gallery, theaters includingBolshoi andMariinsky, churches such asSaint Basil's Cathedral,Cathedral of Christ the Saviour,Saint Isaac's Cathedral andChurch of the Savior on Blood, fortifications such as theKremlin andPeter and Paul Fortress, squares such asRed Square andPalace Square, and streets such asTverskaya andNevsky Prospect. Palaces and parks are found in the formerimperial residences in the suburbs of Moscow (Kolomenskoye,Tsaritsyno) and Saint Petersburg (Peterhof,Strelna,Oranienbaum,Gatchina,Pavlovsk Palace,Tsarskoye Selo). Moscow contains Soviet-era buildings along withmodern skyscrapers, while Saint Petersburg has classical architecture, rivers, channels andbridges.[citation needed]

Grand Cascade inPeterhof inSaint Petersburg

Nizhny Novgorod is the capital of theVolga region. Nizhny Novgorod is divided into two parts by theOka River. TheUpper City is its historical part. TheLower City is its industrial and commercial part. Here are theFair, the oldSormovo and Kanavino,GAZ and Sotsgorod (the so-called "city in the city"), therailway terminal, and theairport.[citation needed]

Kazan, the capital ofTatarstan, shows a mix of Christian Russian andMuslimTatar cultures.[citation needed]

Sakha Republic proposes to use former forced labour camps as a tourist attraction.[7] Poles visit places of Communist crimes, e.g., of theKatyn massacre andSolovetsky Islands.[8][9]

Museums

[edit]

Russia is home to museums that include theTretyakov Gallery, theKremlin Armoury and theState Historical Museum in Moscow, theHermitage Museum, and theRussian Museum in St Petersburg, theKazan Kremlin in Kazan, etc.[citation needed] Russia has museums related to its literary and classical music heritage, such asYasnaya Polyana associated withLeo Tolstoy, theMikhaylovskoye Museum Reserve associated withAlexander Pushkin, theDostoyevsky Museum, theTchaikovsky State House-Museum, and theRimsky-Korsakov Apartment and Museum.[citation needed]

Museums related to Russia's military history and military hardware include theCentral Museum of the Great Patriotic War onPoklonnaya Hill, theCentral Naval Museum in St Petersburg, theBattle of Stalingrad Museum in Volgograd.[citation needed] Museums related to science and technology include thePolytechnic Museum of Moscow, and theMemorial Museum of Cosmonautics.

The GULAG History Museum tells the story about theGULAG camps inSiberia.[10]

Nature tourism

[edit]

In Russia, Nature Reserves have history and it has its own word of definition Zapovedniks (Russian:заповедник, plural заповедники) more than100 Nature Reserves exist in Russia and more than50 National Parks.

National parks and sanctuaries of Russia include theBaikal Nature Reserve, theAltai Nature Reserve, theLazovsky Nature Reserve, theKedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, theCuronian Spit National Park, theValdaysky National Park, theBaikal-Lena Nature Reserve, theIlmen Nature Reserve.

TheSeven Wonders of Russia includeLake Baikal,Valley of Geysers,Manpupuner rock formations,Kizhi Island, andMount Elbrus.

Other areas includeRepublic of Adygea whereFisht Mountain is located, Chechnya Republic whereLake Kezenoyam is located.[11]

Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world and the biggest fresh-water lake by volume
Mount Elbrus with its two peaks

Health tourism

[edit]
Narzan Gallery building in Kislovodsk housing a dozen fountains of both hot and cold mineral-rich water

Mineral spa resorts have been established across Russia in such regions asKamchatka Krai,Altai Krai,Krasnodar Krai,Stavropol Krai,North Caucasus region of Russia.[12] Some cities have natural hot spring water during winter and some of Russian cities are called Russian Spa town, includingPyatigorsk,Yessentuki,Kislovodsk,Zheleznovodsk andMineralnye Vody; these towns are jointly known as theCaucasian Mineral Waters.

Russia has one of the largest water borders in world, but only the more Southern regions are suitable for resort tourism. The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for some seaside resorts such asSochi andTuapse.[citation needed]

Winter sport

[edit]

A vast part of Russian territory is inSubarctic climate andhumid continental climate, and that is why it is cold. In addition, Russia is mountainous in regions likeNorthern Caucasus,Altai Krai and Kamchatka Peninsula. The highest peak in Europe, Mount Elbrus, is in Russia, which makes Russia a place for winter sports.Ski resorts are in Russia. A ski resort in Russia is Sochi and itsKrasnaya Polyana. Other ski resorts in Russia areDombay inKarachay–Cherkessia inNorthern Caucasus.[13]

Medical tourism

[edit]

Russia is a destination for medical tourism. A factor in its popularity was the relatively weak rublepost-2014, which saw the industry grow from some 110,000 clients in 2017[14] to some 728,000 clients in the first five months of 2020.[15] Stomatology is the most used (44% of patients), genecology and urology follow (25% taken together), the other services are plastic surgery (10%), ophthalmology (10%), and cardiology (5%).[14] Most clients come fromthe CIS states, where receiving high-tech medical assistance can be problematic, particularly from Central Asia, which amounts for 62% of all patients; but also from Eastern Europe (32%), South and East Asia (5%).[16] In addition to price and accessibility of complex manipulations, the difference in regulations between Russia and the clients' own nations is a driving factor for receiving care in Russia: for instance,in vitro fertilization is illegal in China, but legal in Russia.[15]

Religious tourism

[edit]

Religious tourism has two main subtypes: pilgrimage, as travel done for religious or spiritual purposes, and the viewing of religious monuments and artefacts, as a kind of sightseeing. The former is relatively insignificant for the Russian tourism industry, amounting for approximately 100 thousands pilgrims yearly.[17] The latter is more important.[citation needed] Orthodox Christianity being the most common religion in Russia, it also accounts for most religious monuments across the country.[citation needed]

Multiple pieces of Islamic religious architectural art are scattered across the country, from mosques tomaqāms. They are mostly clustered in the historically Muslim regions.[citation needed]

Russia has a Buddhist minority, notably in Kalmykia.[18]

Foreign travel statistics

[edit]

In 2013, 27 million international tourists arrived in Russia, generating US$11.2 billion in international tourism revenue for the country.[19][failed verification] Including domestic and international tourism, the industry directly contributed RUB860 billion to the Russian GDP and supported 966,500 jobs in the country.[20]

However, only 200,100 foreigners visited Russia in 2022, a drop of 96.1 percent.[1]

This section istranscluded fromVisa policy of Russia.(edit |history)
Visitor statistics

According to theBorder Service of the Federal Security Service and theFederal State Statistics Service, most visitors arriving to Russia were from the following countries of nationality:[21][22]

Total visitors by year
2019Increase 32,866,265
2018Increase 32,550,677
2017Increase 32,035,443
2016Decrease 31,466,538
2015Increase 33,729,187
2014Increase 32,421,490
2013Increase 30,792,091
2012Increase 28,176,502
2011Increase 24,932,061
2010Increase 22,281,217
2009Decrease 21,338,650
2008Increase 23,676,140
200722,908,625

Visitor statistics 2024-2021

Country2024202320222021
 Kazakhstan3,407,7063,163,214
 Uzbekistan3,360,4233,109,445
 Tajikistan1,701,5432,153,956
 China1,695,873794,387
 Kyrgyzstan1,195,3921,140,239
 Abkhazia718,101764,766
 Armenia621,015616,659
 Azerbaijan533,020476,743
 Belarus519,591414,677
 Mongolia367,451311,479
Visitor statistics 2020-2016
NationalityTotal (includes all types of purposes of visits)
20202019201820172016
 UkraineDecrease 3,648,972Decrease 8,646,295Decrease 9,177,272Increase 9,817,008Decrease 9,737,405
 KazakhstanDecrease 1,426,727Increase 4,324,856Increase 4,241,244Decrease 4,137,613Decrease 4,686,059
 UzbekistanDecrease 720,041Increase 2,588,922Increase 2,354,642Increase 2,350,007Decrease 2,116,480
 AbkhaziaDecrease 414,927Increase 600,399Increase 492,310Increase 436,368Decrease 415,606
 TajikistanDecrease 401,888Increase 1,557,148Decrease 1,340,975Increase 1,350,356Increase 1,293,270
 KyrgyzstanDecrease 299,611Increase 959,130Increase 859,735Increase 836,946Decrease 792,042
 AzerbaijanDecrease 269,807Increase 1,175,045Increase 1,145,327Decrease 1,143,243Increase 1,156,703
 ArmeniaDecrease 209,812Decrease 816,454Decrease 825,200Increase 857,212Decrease 833,577
 FinlandDecrease 180,110Decrease 938,693Decrease 994,098Decrease 1,063,348Decrease 1,376,646
 BelarusDecrease 176,601Increase 440,438Increase 403,597Increase 382,022Decrease 320,372
 ChinaDecrease 155,594Increase 2,257,039Increase 2,030,319Increase 1,780,200Increase 1,565,524
 MoldovaDecrease 154,766Decrease 614,043Decrease 698,027Increase 803,916Decrease 699,112
 PhilippinesDecrease 133,414Increase 193,031Increase 179,672Increase 172,278Decrease 160,734
 PolandDecrease 133,014Decrease 680,382Decrease 728,546Decrease 765,544Decrease 1,056,013
 TurkeyDecrease 132,372Decrease 187,612Increase 196,061Increase 181,285Decrease 120,035
 EstoniaDecrease 105,584Increase 540,062Increase 496,582Decrease 432,803Increase 433,926
 LatviaDecrease 93,865Increase 365,783Increase 355,641Decrease 330,266Increase 360,603
Stateless personsDecrease 74,215Decrease 303,851Increase 327,613Decrease 318,393Decrease 321,383
 South OssetiaDecrease 70,470Increase 147,355Increase 143,501Increase 137,427Decrease 115,382
 GermanyDecrease 69,456Increase 744,473Increase 701,576Increase 629,082Increase 613,370
 LithuaniaDecrease 57,883Increase 253,950Decrease 243,190Decrease 256,009Increase 281,168
 MongoliaDecrease 56,625Decrease 394,994Decrease 401,485Decrease 416,293Increase 542,196
 GeorgiaDecrease 56,266Decrease 120,086Increase 123,732Increase 117,204Decrease 65,378
 IndiaDecrease 46,025Increase 180,567Increase 159,865Increase 130,400Increase 108,498
 South KoreaDecrease 42,297Increase 453,796Increase 386,413Increase 276,560Increase 181,024
 FranceDecrease 38,391Increase 249,410Increase 236,583Increase 211,673Increase 201,260
 IsraelDecrease 32,402Increase 260,472Increase 228,530Increase 185,426Increase 182,438
 ItalyDecrease 28,432Increase 251,751Increase 225,776Decrease 206,860Increase 208,689
 SerbiaDecrease 26,731Decrease 84,852Increase 96,730Increase 87,899Increase 79,575
 United KingdomDecrease 22,471Decrease 194,956Increase 216,029Increase 193,522Decrease 190,278
 TurkmenistanDecrease 21,680Increase 92,616Increase 82,675Increase 65,749Increase 56,258
 VietnamDecrease 19,477Increase 90,565Increase 84,612Increase 77,391Increase 66,939
 United StatesDecrease 19,306Decrease 300,933Increase 337,395Increase 293,011Increase 248,990
 JapanDecrease 16,048Increase 127,696Increase 119,240Increase 114,207Increase 95,675
 NetherlandsDecrease 14,663Increase 84,651Increase 80,540Increase 73,729Increase 68,017
 EgyptDecrease 13,481Decrease 28,039Increase 39,402
 IranDecrease 12,725Decrease 54,469Decrease 61,007Increase 91,862Increase 75,203
 ThailandDecrease 12,183Increase 72,031Increase 64,898Increase 52,697Increase 32,222
 GreeceDecrease 11,732Increase 44,784Increase 42,967Decrease 41,205Increase 46,730
 BulgariaDecrease 10,255Increase 41,083Increase 40,836Decrease 39,191Increase 41,290
 AustriaDecrease 9,977Increase 67,429Increase 64,500Increase 59,501Decrease 56,663
 Czech RepublicDecrease 9,874Increase 57,835Increase 53,739Increase 49,232Increase 47,288
 IndonesiaDecrease 9,671Increase 40,284Increase 31,695Increase 25,425Increase 20,211
 SpainDecrease 9,565Increase 140,181Increase 123,652Increase 118,642Increase 116,032
 RomaniaDecrease 9,335Increase 32,779Increase 29,920Increase 26,330Decrease 23,684
 NorwayDecrease 8,506Increase 52,022Decrease 51,003Increase 53,197Decrease 46,631
 SwedenDecrease 8,308Decrease 43,198Increase 55,329Decrease 32,095Decrease 39,153
 BelgiumDecrease 7,534Decrease 42,473Increase 48,270Increase 38,868Increase 37,492
 CroatiaDecrease 7,480Decrease 19,243Increase 36,045
 SwitzerlandDecrease 7,407Decrease 55,747Increase 59,828Increase 53,167Increase 52,656
 CubaDecrease 6,631Increase 29,169Decrease 27,882Increase 30,711Increase 26,667
 HungaryDecrease 5,680Increase 35,541Increase 32,998Increase 25,659Increase 25,313
 DenmarkDecrease 5,01624,662Increase 31,308
TotalDecrease n/aIncrease 32,866,265Increase32,550,677Increase32,035,443Decrease 31,466,538
Visitor statistics 2015-2010
NationalityTotal (includes all types of purposes of visits)
201520142013201220112010
 UkraineIncrease 10,314,757Increase 9,842,990Increase 7,080,991Increase 6,502,543Increase 6,072,7754,198,030
 KazakhstanIncrease 5,180,246Increase 4,215,161Increase 3,848,899Increase 3,630,342Increase 3,049,4062,747,358
 UzbekistanDecrease 2,163,256Decrease 2,353,140Increase 2,967444Increase 2,677,322Increase 2,086,3591,584,086
 PolandDecrease 1,766,612Increase 1,823,143Increase 1,644,657Increase 1,190,003Increase 704,610394,872
 FinlandIncrease 1,476,412Increase 1,446,169Increase 1,388,036Increase 1,375,614Increase 1,211,5201,012,621
 ChinaIncrease 1,353,051Increase 1,125,098Increase 1,071,515Increase 978,988Increase 845,588747,640
 TajikistanDecrease 1,200,972Decrease 1,202,260Increase 1,348,868Increase 1,134,150Increase 955,455830,160
 AzerbaijanIncrease 1,071,324Decrease 1,021,204Increase 1,196,759Increase 1,116,238Increase 1,045,525979,778
 ArmeniaIncrease 850,137Decrease 794,098Increase 882,864Increase 700,332Increase 550,349459,040
 KyrgyzstanIncrease 842,396Decrease 725,664Increase 763,418Increase 623,970Increase 592,960552,909
 MoldovaDecrease 770,965Decrease 923,625Increase 1,374,690Increase 1,194,291Increase 1,073,637988,084
 GermanyDecrease 595,200Decrease 635,153Increase 686,557Increase 671,676Increase 629,391611,367
 MongoliaIncrease 505,429Decrease 225,972Decrease 226,673Increase 365,236Increase 212,117157,367
 BelarusDecrease 424,531Increase 495,999Increase 418,207Increase 372,942Increase 267,233259,191
 AbkhaziaIncrease 422,130Increase 362,811Increase 293,429Increase 273,964Increase 202,44052,289
 EstoniaIncrease 382,031Decrease 363,942Decrease 430,164Decrease 494,282Increase 519,402474,949
 Latvia Decrease 348,338Decrease 374,701Decrease 391,304Decrease 461,162Increase 571,374569,300
Stateless personsDecrease 326,841Decrease 349,400Decrease 463,640Decrease 523,333Decrease 618,705679,757
 TurkeyDecrease 323,039Decrease 361,416Increase 385,147Increase 305,429Increase 249,109196,704
 LithuaniaDecrease 270,600Decrease 487,206Decrease 539,308Decrease 553,896Decrease 622,740760,728
 United StatesDecrease 242,104Decrease 257,070Increase 305,954 286,551Increase 275,239262,060
 ItalyDecrease 204,710Decrease 219,976Increase 225,933Increase 212,411 207,476198,002
 FranceDecrease 191,643Decrease 219,210Increase 225,860Increase 225,343Increase 213,473194,248
 United KingdomDecrease 190,775Decrease 228,346Increase 259,676Increase 231,670Increase 221,418212,847
 IsraelIncrease 165,003Increase 152,853Increase 136,827Increase 123,974Increase 114,380100,291
 PhilippinesIncrease 163,010Increase 162,990Increase 149,213Increase 130,541Increase 99,40581,385
 South KoreaIncrease 153,189Increase 135,676Increase 107,942Increase 94,922Increase 91,33590,622
 South OssetiaIncrease 125,444Increase 117,283Increase 94,159Increase 73,863Increase 47,73933,409
 SpainIncrease 110,247Decrease 100,206Increase 109,089Decrease 101,536Increase 129,730110,601
 IndiaIncrease 95,527Decrease 94,259Increase 95,542Increase 80,127Increase 60,19153,364
 JapanDecrease 93,550Increase 105,220Increase 102,408Increase 86,806Decrease 76,20478,188
 SerbiaDecrease 79,406Decrease 87,048Increase 107,601Increase 70,371Increase 57,17747,939
 GeorgiaIncrease 69,095Increase 58,264Increase 48,440Increase 35,511Increase 30,41524,568
 NetherlandsDecrease 63,469Decrease 80,543Increase 86,402Decrease 81,212Increase 87,54980,720
 VietnamDecrease 60,882Decrease 75,840Increase 81,073Increase 62,961Increase 53,52950,823
 AustriaDecrease 57,242 67,392Increase 74,277Increase 71,863Increase 70,38867,606
 TurkmenistanIncrease 51,170Increase 47,002Decrease 40,238Increase 43,720Increase 39,57935,017
 NorwayDecrease 49,535Increase 57,423Increase 54,433Increase 50,115Increase 48,61445,340
 Iran.Increase 46,760Increase 29,743Decrease 20,657Increase 23,085Increase 21,57520,576
 Czech RepublicDecrease 46,432Decrease 68,875Increase 76,530Increase 62,980Increase 46,77640,565
 SwitzerlandDecrease 46,200Decrease 50,838Increase 54,898Increase 52,852Increase 47,97844,964
 CanadaDecrease 43,663Decrease 53,370Increase 61,234Increase 54,730Increase 52,23848,559
 GreeceDecrease 41,210Decrease 46,450Increase 48,280Increase 36,474Increase 33,56933,396
 SwedenDecrease 40,424Decrease 49,908Increase 53,340Decrease 58,900Increase 60,84054,253
 AustraliaDecrease 39,613Decrease 46,072Increase 46,861Increase 43,105Increase 34,86830,583
 BulgariaDecrease 37,035Decrease 42,230Increase 47,154Increase 45,312Increase 42,03138,446
 BrazilIncrease 35,531Decrease 33,301Increase 37,386Increase 33,647Increase 29,84021,950
 BelgiumDecrease 33,714Decrease 37,441Increase 40,316Increase 37,025Increase 36,43033,571
 ThailandIncrease 29,482Increase 25,585Increase 23,919Increase 19,375Increase 17,02315,192
 RomaniaDecrease 25,970Decrease 28,391Increase 30,886Increase 24,792Increase 21,99317,884
 HungaryDecrease 24,849Increase 28,421Increase 27,155Decrease 23,047Increase 23,24120,736
 MexicoIncrease 22,922Decrease 18,223Increase 21,527Decrease 16,431Increase 16,75913,767
 North KoreaDecrease 20,893Increase 23,902Increase 23,604Increase 22,071Decrease 18,90121,167
 Slovakia Decrease 19,876Decrease 24,962Increase 27,554Increase 24,161Increase 20,44518,512
 IndonesiaDecrease 18,100Decrease 20,330Increase 21,088Increase 18,572Increase 18,31314,448
 ArgentinaIncrease 17,322Decrease 13,614Increase 15,944Increase 13,976Increase 12,3169,044
 PortugalIncrease 15,475Increase 15,181Decrease 14,952Decrease 15,398Decrease 15,81418,434
 CubaIncrease 12,349Increase 11,609Increase 9,625Increase 5,293Increase 4,0994,053
TotalIncrease 33,729,187Increase 32,421,490Increase 30,792,091Increase 28,176,502Increase 24,932,016Increase 22,281,217
Visa statistics

Most electronic visas were issued for citizens of the following countries (top-10):

Country20242023[Note 1]
 China311,83986,619
 Saudi Arabia63,2188,915
 Germany52,42511,335
 Turkey42,2029,865
 India32,1459,456
 Estonia25,40413,318
 Latvia19,4105,137
 Kuwait16,9823,924
 Iran16,9733,276
 Lithuania10,1213,107
Total670,947170,104

Most visas were issued in the following countries:

CountryNumber of visas issued in
202020192018201720162015
 Germany58,953410,780360,582336,423324,959299,791
 China41,280453,338406,831371,489339,030357,040
 Turkey34,16283,16981,17779,89845,20933,698
 France27,059172,870146,491145,576131,229119,314
 United Kingdom20,77092,57388,29096,24693,16987,863
 Italy18,272162,529139,797129,124129,038117,123
 United States16,736106,25098,93695,63094,68285,974
 Finland14,271110,480105,157108,792116,462112,655
 Latvia11,29578,72779,08274,38277,57470,328
 Poland10,53567,66662,84059,18754,88543,038
Total452 1613,090,5382,758,8932,687,1462,505,4572,283,850

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Russia started issuing e-Visas on 1 August 2023.

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcde"Tourism collapses in Russia following western sanctions".Al Arabiya English. 9 February 2023.
  2. ^"Number of inbound tourism visits to Russia from 2014 to 2022", Statista, 27 April 2023
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  4. ^"Tourism Highlights 2014"(PDF).E-unwto.org. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 12 January 2015. Retrieved16 December 2017.
  5. ^"Europe: Russia extends flight suspension at multiple southern and central airports until April 19 /update 40".Europe: Russia extends flight suspension at multiple southern and central airports until April 19 /update 40 | Crisis24.
  6. ^"Sanctions: Russia's commercial airlines face a slow death", Deutsche Welle, 18 November 2022
  7. ^Luhn, Alec (26 March 2014)."Russia's Sakha Republic proposes 'tourist camps' on former gulag sites".The Guardian.
  8. ^"Strona domeny katyn.pl".Katyn.pl. Archived fromthe original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved16 December 2017.
  9. ^Itaka, Biuro Podróży."Tajemnice Wysp Sołowieckich – ITAKA".Itaka.pl. Retrieved16 December 2017.
  10. ^"GULAG History Museum".gmig.ru.
  11. ^"40 most beautiful places in Russia".Russianblogger.me. Retrieved30 September 2015.
  12. ^"Hit the spa Russian style: Mineral springs and hot tub substitutes". 2 March 2016.
  13. ^"Ski resort Dombay".www.skiresort.info. Retrieved12 June 2025.
  14. ^ab"Медицинский туризм: почему иностранцы лечатся в России, а россияне — за границей" [Medical tourism: why foreigners seek treatment in Russia, and Russians abroad].forbes.ru (in Russian). 14 August 2018. Retrieved15 August 2021.
  15. ^ab"Какое лечение в России выбирают иностранцы" [What kind of medical treatment do foreigners choose in Russia].ratanews.ru (in Russian). RATA news. Retrieved15 August 2021.
  16. ^Daykhes, Arkady N.; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Reshetnikov, Vladimir A.; Kozlov, Vasily V. (2020)."Promises and Hurdles of Medical Tourism Development in the Russian Federation".Frontiers in Psychology.11: 1380.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01380.PMC 7324547.PMID 32655455.
  17. ^"Туристов отделят от паломников с 1 ноября" [Starting November 1, tourists will be separated from pilgrims].atorus.ru (in Russian). Ассоциация Туроператоров. 23 July 2019. Retrieved15 August 2021.
  18. ^"Why the Myanmar crisis makes Russia choose between Muslim and Buddhist minorities inside".ISPI. Retrieved12 June 2025.
  19. ^"Tourism Highlights 2013 edition"(PDF).Dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved27 November 2013.
  20. ^"2013 Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Report Russian Federation"(PDF).Wttc.org. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved27 November 2013.
  21. ^"Паспорт набора данных "Визы по странам"" (in Russian). Консульский департамент МИД России. Archived fromthe original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved15 April 2020.
  22. ^"ЕМИСС".www.fedstat.ru. Archived fromthe original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved18 October 2017.

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