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Tourism in China

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Shanghai's skyline attracts foreign and domestic tourists to view it fromthe Bund
Kuling Poster in the 1920s,Kuling,Jiujiang

Tourism in China is a growing industry that is becoming a significant part of the Chinese economy. The rate of tourism has expanded over the last few decades since the beginning ofreform and opening up. The emergence of anewly richmiddle class and an easing of restrictions on movement by theChinese authorities are both fueling this travel boom. China has become one of world's largest outbound tourist markets. According toEuromonitor International, economic growth and higher incomes in nearby Asian countries will help China to become the world's number one tourist destination by 2030.[1]

China ranked second in the world for travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2022 ($814.1 billion), and first in the world for travel and tourism's contribution to employment (66,086,000 jobs in 2014).[2] Tourism, based on direct, indirect, and induced impact, accounted for 9.3 percent of China's GDP in 2013.[3] In 2017, the total contributions of China's travel and tourism sector made up 11% of its GDP.[4] In 2018, the domestic tourism sector contributed around US$1.47 trillion to the nation's GDP.[5]

Since 2012, tourists from China have been the world's top spender in international tourism, leading global outbound travel. In 2016, the country accounted for 21% of the world's international tourism spending, or $261 billion.[6] (The statistics include journeys made to the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, as well as Taiwan; in 2017, these accounted for 69.5m of the so-called "overseas" journeys.) As of 2018, only 7% of Chinese had apassport, so the "potential for further growth is staggering", according to a UK news report.[7]

History

[edit]
Tourists inside theForbidden City,Beijing

The first Chinese-operated travel agency in China was founded by bankerChen Guangfu in 1923.[8]: 89  Tourism began emerging as part ofbourgeois lifestyle and was a nascent industry during China'snationalist era.[8]: 91 

After the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, tourism was not a contributing sector of the company's economy due to the PRC's political system and the political and economic blocks imposed on China by Western countries.[8]: 91  China's tourism bureau was a government agency which handled tourism matters viewed as important toChina's foreign relations.[8]: 91–92  The state-owned tourism companyChina International Travel Service (CITS) was established in 1954.[8]: 93  "International" in this context referred to diplomacy.[8]: 93  The PRC's earliest tourists came from the Soviet Union and other socialist countries.[9]: 117  In 1958, the Secretary-General of theState Council was placed in charge of CITS and its branches were transferred to local governments.[8]: 92 

Organized around diplomatic and political purposes, tourism in China provided tours such as the production study tour (shengchan guanmo tuan) or the industry and commerce study tour (gongshang kaocha tuan).[8]: 92  PremierZhou Enlai stated that the purpose of tourism was "toxuanchuan ourselves, understand others, wield influence, and gain sympathy".[8]: 93  Through CITS, China provided travel service to overseas Chinese visiting China and tourists who might spread a positive image of China to their home countries.[8]: 94 

Bridge at Nanxi Street over Puhuitang River

In 1964, theStanding Committee of the National People's Congress approved the creation of the China Travel and Tourism Enterprise Administration (CTEA), which later became theChina National Tourism Administration.[8]: 94 

In the early phases of theCultural Revolution, international tourism came to a halt.[9]: 117  In this period,Red Guards denounced China Travel Service and CITS for their foreign connections.[9]: 117  The issue of tourism became less contentious again in 1970.[9]: 117  At the 1971 National Tourism Work Conference, tourism was deemed an important part of China'sforeign affairs work.[9]: 117  Between 1971 and 1978, the number of foreigners admitted through CTEA increased by a factor of 20, and its earnings of foreign currency increased by a factor of nearly 120.[9]: 117 

Lantern Festival in Nanjing

In 1977, the National Tourism Planning forum stated that the mission of tourism was to earn foreign currency to fund theFour Modernizations.[9]: 131  Beginning in 1978 and 1979,Deng Xiaoping promoted the development of tourism for purposes of economic development.[8]: 97  As tourism became an important means of obtaining foreign currency for the government, China emphasized its exotic qualities to international tourists.[9]: 18  By 1980, China's tourism business had grown further.[9]: 136  The expansion of domestic and international airline traffic and other tourist transportation facilities made travel more convenient. Over 250 cities and countries had been opened to foreign visitors by the mid-1980s. Travellers needed only validvisas orresidence permits to visit 100 locations; the remaining locales requiredtravel permits frompublic security departments. In 1985 approximately 1.4 million foreigners visited China, and nearly US$1.3 billion was earned from tourism.[10]

In the 1990s, a trend towardsheritage tourism resulted in an increase of tourist visits to small towns across the country.[11]: 327 

In 2015,China was the fourth most visited country in the world, afterFrance,United States, andSpain, with 56.9 million international tourists per year.[12] In 2017, tourism contributed about CNY 8.77 trillion (US$1.45 trillion), 11.04% of the GDP, and contributed direct and indirect employment of up to 28.25 million people. There were 139.48 million inbound trips and five billion domestic trips.[13][14]

In 2018, the Chinese hotel industry had a pipeline of 2,500 new hotel projects.[4]

Inbound

[edit]
Yearly tourist arrivals in millions[15][16]

China has become a majortourist destination following itsreform and opening to the world in the late 1970s instigated byDeng Xiaoping. In 1978, China received about 230,000 international foreign tourists, mostly because of the severe limitations that the government placed on who was allowed to visit the country and who was not.[17]

Data from 2016 showed that the majority of foreign visitors hailed from Asian countries, with South Korea being the top source country for China inbound tourism. Among the number of tourist arrivals, 81.06 million are from Hong Kong, 23.5 million from Macau and 5.73 million coming from Taiwan. The number of foreigners visiting China in the same year was 28.15 million.[18]

In the same year, overnight visitors increased 4.2% over the same period of 2015 to 59.27 million (of which over 60% came from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan).[3]

Visitor statistics

[edit]

Most visitors arriving inmainland China were from the following areas of residence or countries of nationality:[19][20][21][22]

Origin2019201820172016201520142013
Hong Kong80,500,73679,368,42479,795,89081,059,39179,448,10076,131,70076,884,000
Macau26,789,34825,150,83424,649,97123,503,21522,888,20020,639,90020,740,333
Myanmar12,421,75312,379,8459,655,4532,428,074144,373132,787134,671
Vietnam7,948,6647,587,9326,544,1983,167,2732,160,7561,709,4371,365,402
Taiwan6,134,2366,136,0815,871,2685,729,9555,498,6005,365,9005,162,509
South Korea4,346,5674,191,7903,854,8694,762,1634,444,3894,181,7003,968,998
Russia2,722,5712,414,3012,344,6461,975,9101,582,2792,045,8002,186,281
Japan2,676,3342,689,6622,680,0332,587,4402,497,6572,717,6002,877,533
United States2,406,6572,483,5542,309,2822,247,7522,085,8002,093,2002,085,253
Mongolia1,862,2781,915,8321,864,0121,342,3081,014,1021,082,7001,049,997
Malaysia1,383,5021,290,7441,232,4991,163,8691,075,4511,129,6001,206,535
Philippines1,177,6681,202,9661,160,8751,134,7491,004,008967,900996,672
Singapore1,008,545978,028940,223921,887905,269971,400966,605
Thailand870,526832,605775,747749,020641,483613,100651,654
India869,570708,517818,954799,134730,490709,900676,682
Canada776,328849,941805,026740,788679,800667,100684,216
Australia734,511751,865733,663673,248637,300672,100723,088
Indonesia724,784708,517680,841632,913544,762566,900605,321
Germany622,198643,074634,053622,668623,374662,600649,298
United Kingdom612,213607,846590,714594,287579,637604,700624,955
North Korea555,028250,654229,467209,521188,337184,400206,617
France490,963499,160493,712503,480486,935517,000533,538
Italy279,474277,776279,686266,793246,145253,100251,162
Laos278,469305,200230,92583,60326,13621,69719,399
Kazakhstan211,577195,081222,946225,406241,478343,600393,530
Netherlands192,338196,183193,960199,464181,789180,400188,562
Ukraine182,399180,725171,766160,439141,706118,082121,938
  Nepal177,779157,543132,51083,31749,95453,60058,817
Spain165,984167,988155,564149,626136,333141,000132,378
New Zealand149,553146,403143,471136,031125,400126,600128,572
Pakistan131,089130,944127,265119,057113,087108,900106,548
Brazil127,631118,828105,18993,31685,48794,55995,754
Bangladesh113,847101,62291,53185,01680,19669,77658,872
Cambodia109,322101,64561,60349,89442,45539,28534,578
Iran104,81796,910136,681128,036113,164113,68788,895
Sweden103,600109,991111,758115,216118,362142,000159,951
Poland98,98795,33890,51183,94274,82376,13571,598
Mexico94,31292,54682,13473,32668,30065,80060,144
Israel94,28997,48491,54082,94576,16578,52079,699
South Africa85,60683,62174,94066,70365,45168,23068,613
Egypt81,63585,55683,50982,85086,50983,92574,443
Turkey77,74874,40975,45179,09299,538106,163103,947
 Switzerland70,46873,93172,09672,55672,67579,50080,557
Belgium68,91269,24868,22466,65065,18367,40068,404
Austria68,65370,27967,57365,93260,75864,80065,711
Denmark67,24070,02370,23971,58870,87377,55681,385
Sri Lanka61,98363,04363,03960,32858,05950,00049,488
Portugal57,21956,31456,25954,98553,38752,30049,395
Finland57,15957,96757,81257,89155,11060,28365,662
Romania46,24745,63048,74047,78943,58941,02037,950
Uzbekistan45,15841,02546,35852,63255,39863,04457,717
Greece44,83544,94942,19838,58036,69435,71934,460
Ireland44,35144,00241,95342,35341,60042,04641,229
Colombia42,47640,16540,06237,81035,95537,29934,636
Nigeria41,96145,36746,24752,44454,14954,45845,582
Kyrgyzstan41,84038,26934,28944,27843,73350,40049,936
Serbia41,00235,38427,55919,15514,03812,56011,441
Czech Republic38,39933,36734,57132,68424,72023,12320,640
Norway36,15838,74339,06538,24441,11347,90051,439
Belarus33,88324,74519,15417,25513,90415,57514,347
Saudi Arabia33,87532,00734,55337,37735,30036,14836,531
Argentina30,59834,22935,13232,42228,40724,42726,488
Algeria29,33326,96126,53125,73526,56827,33129,565
Jordan27,98328,30929,61530,88526,54027,66828,151
Tajikistan27,16926,14122,46520,93024,96133,61031,916
Total65,730,00062,900,00060,740,00059,270,00056,890,00055,620,00055,690,000
Sightseeing boats ply the river in Shanghai, providing just a tiny percent of the revenue from tourism

Foreign and Hong Kong/Macau arrivals in Beijing

[edit]
Origin2025202420192018
Russia504,868293,20695,85887,419
Hong Kong479,748441,201322,432348,219
Taiwan381,745246,466221,802241,953
United States354,575352,732629,287719,898
Malaysia298,751208,60581,81587,105
South Korea245,669147,705242,365247,528
Singapore232,672205,322126,815122,864
Japan184,483174,047246,675248,569
Australia168,132103,791141,090150,014
Mongolia162,773113,34228,51831,123
Germany159,737168,074197,940194,299
Vietnam158,08893,45419,72613,455
Thailand152,625116,07456,72674,577
Indonesia138,96287,02444,55549,729
France129,934104,042119,959126,598
Italy123,78787,06369,15865,167
Canada113,56974,86299,822151,553
United Kingdom111,263122,443152,722159,341
Spain99,09762,84145,43747,740
India65,93156,18474,77967,536
Macau61,95541,21017,65216,235
Philippines40,02322,21531,38326,317
New Zealand32,07522,03221,90319,800
Pakistan26,53714,57310,78411,135
 Switzerland22,21118,31030,41331,846
Sweden20,72116,92927,06330,123
Myanmar12,3655,3654,6073,723
North Korea7,7517,7517,4448,155
Total5,432,3883,305,0153,768,9584,004,078

Language

[edit]

Some form of Chinese is virtually universal in China, withMandarin as the standard form and manyother varieties also in use; some, likeCantonese andShanghainese, have tens of millions of speakers.

According to research completed byThe Daily Telegraph in 2017, less than 1 percent of people (some 10 million) in China speak English conversationally.[23]

Domestic tourism

[edit]
See also:Golden Week (China)

Red tourism first developed in comparatively small villages around the mid-1990s.[8]: 101  A significant rise in red tourism occurred in the late 1990s, prompted by the development of tourism as a significantly profitable economic sector and celebrations and commemorations related to the Communist Party's past becoming settled into tradition.[8]: 100  The government promotes red tourism, which in its view strengthens revolutionary traditions, enhances patriotism, and promotes a unique national spirit.[24]: 64 

Industrial heritage tourism includes formerThird Front factories which have been re-developed as museums, hotels, and leisure complexes.[25]: 873 

A form ofagritourism callednongjia le (with the literal meaning, "joy of farmers' families") has been popular among urban Chinese people.[8]: 177  This form of tourism is based on farm households where urban people can go for rustic farm fresh food and country-style lodging.[8]: 177  It has provided a significant source of additional income for farming households.[8]: 177 

There is significant domestictourism to Macau which benefits from being the only place in china wheregambling is legal. Retail in Macau's tourist areas is generally targeted towards tourists from elsewhere in China.[26]: 116  Because Macau benefits from favorable taxation rules, it is a favored location for Chinese tourists to purchase luxury goods like cosmetics, jewelry, and designer fashion goods.[26]: 116 

Qingming Festival

[edit]

During the2025 Qingming Festival holiday, China saw 126 million domestic trips, a 6.3% increase from the previous year. Tourism revenue reached 57.55 billion yuan (approximately 8 billion USD), up 6.7% year-on-year. The holiday, traditionally focused ontomb sweeping andancestor worship, also saw a rise in demand for rural getaways and outdoor activities, with self-drive trips, cycling, and hiking being particularly popular.[27]

Tourist Attraction Rating Categories

[edit]
Tourism in China
Temple of Heaven, an AAAAA-rated tourist attraction inBeijing
Simplified Chinese旅游景区质量等级
Traditional Chinese旅遊景區質量等級
Literal meaningTourist Scenic Area Quality Ranking
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLǚyóu Jǐngqū Zhìliàng Děngjí

Tourist Attraction Rating Categories (Chinese:旅游景区质量等级) is a rating system used by the Chinese authorities to determine the quality of the attraction relative to its peers in terms of safety, sanitation and transportation. It is divided into five categories which areA (or 1A, the lowest level), AA (2A), AAA (3A), AAAA (4A) and AAAAA (5A, the highest level).

The categories are awarded based on, amongst other factors, the importance of the site, transportation, tours as well as issues related to safety and sanitation. The system was established in 1999 and extended in 2004 (when the category AAAAA was introduced). The ratings are administered by theChina National Tourism Administration[needs update] (CNTA) and are based on the code "Categories and Rating Standard of Tourist Attractions".[28]

RatingsalternateLevelQuantity
A1Alowest130
AA2A927
AAA3A521
AAAA4A785 (by 2006)[28]
AAAAA5Ahighest279 (by 2020)[29]

Cities

[edit]
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Notable ancient capitals

[edit]

Renowned historic cities and old towns

[edit]
Grand Canal tour boat of a traditional style
Pingyao,Shanxi
Nakhidongjing musicians inLijiang,Yunnan
Old City God Temple in Shanghai
Tour boats in Suzhou, the "Venice of the East"

Famous sites

[edit]
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Numerous tourists visit parts of the Great Wall, including the section at Juyongguan
TheTerracotta Army inXi'an
Hall of Supreme Harmony at the Forbidden City
Sculptures at the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity in the Summer Palace
The Bund after dark, Shanghai
Sunset atSanya Bay, Hainan

Tourist resources

[edit]
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Tourist resources in China can be divided into three main groups: natural sites, historical and cultural sites, and folk customs. China has 55World Heritage Sites, the second largest in the world after Italy, which has 58.[30]

Natural sites

[edit]
The terraced rice paddies ofYuanyang County, Yunnan
Mount Emei,Sichuan
Zhang jia jie,Hunan

China's mountains, lakes, valleys, caves and waterfalls include:

Mount Tai (Tai Shan) in the east,Mount Hengshan in the south,Mount Hua in the west,Mount Hengshan in the north, andMount Song in the center of China have been called theFive Sacred Mountains since antiquity. The Taishan massif, which snakes through centralShandong, is admired by Chinese as paramount among them. Another mountain celebrated for its beauty isHuangshan in southernAnhui, known for its graceful pines, unusual rocks, cloud seas and hot springs.

Jiuzhaigou,Huangguoshu Waterfall, andGuilin are all located in southwestern China. Jiuzhaigou in northernSichuan is a beautiful "fairyland valley" running over 40 km through snow-covered mountains, lakes, waterfalls, and forest. The Huangguoshu Waterfalls inGuizhou are a group of waterfalls, 18 above-ground and four below, which can be heard from five km away. TheLi River in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region winds its way throughkarst peaks for 82 km betweenGuilin andYangshuo.

On the plateau in Northern China are many lakes. TheTianchi (Heavenly Pool) in theTianshan Mountains inXinjiang Autonomous Region is 1,980 meters above sea level. This 105-m-deep lake is crystal clear, the high mountains surrounding it carpeted with green grass and colorful flowers.

Along the renownedThree Gorges of theYangtze River are many scenic spots and historical sites; theQutang Gorge is rugged and majestic, theWu Gorge elegant, deep and secluded, theXiling Gorge full of shoals and reefs and rolling water. The Lesser Three Gorges are lush with greenery, flanking water so clear you can see to the bottom. TheThree Gorges Dam built here is China's biggest key hydro-power project.

Historical and cultural sites

[edit]
Beauties Wearing Flowers, byZhou Fang, 8th century

China's long history has left many culturalrelics and the title of "China TopTourist City" has gone to the first group of 54 cities. TheGreat Wall, a symbol of the Chinese nation, is also a prime example of historical sites that have become major tourist attractions. As the greatest defense-structure project in the history of human civilization, it dates back more than 2,000 years ago to theSpring and Autumn and theWarring States periods - huge in its scale and grandeur. There are more than ten sections of the Great Wall open to tourists, including the passes, blockhouses and beacon towers atBadaling inBeijing, Laolongtou inHebei andJiayuguan Pass inGansu.

Grottoes filled with precious murals and sculptures are concentrated along the ancientSilk Road in Gansu. The best known are theMogao Caves, a "treasure house of oriental art", with 492 caves with murals and statues on the cliff faces. There are 45,000 sq m of murals and over 2,100 colorful statues, all of high artistry. In the south, grotto art is represented inSichuan by theLeshan Giant Buddha, carved into a cliff face. Seventy-one meters high and 28 meters wide, it is the largest sitting Buddha in stone, showing the carving skill of ancient craftsmen.

TheShaolin Temple inHenan, the birthplace ofChinese Zen Buddhism and famous for itsShaolin Kung Fu martial arts, dates back to 495 AD. Here can be seen theMing period Five-Hundred-Arhats Mural andQing period Shaolin kungfu paintings. InHubei, the beautifulWudang Mountain, with 72 peaks covering an area of 30 km2 (12 sq mi), form a sacred site ofTaoism, which preserves one of China's most complete and largest-scale ancient Taoist architecture. In westernSichuan,Mount Emei, dotted with ancientBuddhist temples and structures, is one of China's four sacred Buddhist mountains。

South of theYangtze River,Suzhou andHangzhou, long known as "paradise on earth", are crisscrossed with rivers, lakes, bridges, fields and villages, as beautiful as paintings. Today's well-preserved ancient cities includes that ofPingyao in centralShanxi, but was also the site of theNeolithic eraYangshao andLongshan cultures, 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. AncientLijiang inYunnan is not only the center ofDongba culture of theNakhi ethnic group but also a meeting place for the cultures of Han, Tibetan and Bai ethnicities. Built in theSong dynasty, this city has many stone bridges, stone memorial arches and dwelling houses, which provide precious materials for architectural history and can be called a "living museum of ancient dwelling houses."

Folk customs

[edit]
Lugu Lake,Yunnan

"March Street" celebrated by theBai people inDali, Yunnan, is associated with the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy suppressing a devil to help the Bai people. It became traditional to burn incense and offer sacrifices to commemorate her virtues every year and the festival has become a major annual gathering for Bai commercial, cultural and sports activities.

The Water-Sprinkling Festival of theDai ethnic group inXishuangbanna, Yunnan, is a lively occasion taking place in the spring. People chase and pour water (a symbol of good luck and happiness) over each other, among other activities such asdragon boat racing andpeacock dance.

Lugu Lake between Sichuan and Yunnan has become a tourist destination following the building of a new highway giving access to this area. The matriarchal society of the 30,000 localMosuo people is noted for its "no marriage" traditions and is called the last women's kingdom on the earth. Mosuo women, local dugout canoes and undulating singing style are considered unique to Lugu Lake.

Tourist themes

[edit]

TheChina National Tourism Administration promotes a tourist theme every year; 1992 was "Friendly Sightseeing Year." Then came "Landscape Tour", "Tour of Cultural Relics and Historical Sites", "Folk Customs Tour", "Holiday Tour", and "Ecological Environment Tour." From 2000 to 2004, the themes were "Century Year", "Sports and Health of China", "Folk Arts of China", and "Culinary Kingdom of China", and "Catch the Lifestyle."[citation needed]

The themes for 2005 were "China Travel Year" and "Beijing 2008 -- Welcome to China." In order to strengthen exchange and cooperation with the international tourism industry, the China National Travel Administration is planning a series of related events, including the Shanghai-hosted "2005 International Tourism Fair of China", the Beijing-hosted 2005 annual meeting of the Federation of Travel Agencies of France, and "the 2005 China-Australia Tourism Symposium."

Since 2013, all regions in China have had tourism publicity events under the "Beautiful China" umbrella, but with a different theme for each area.[citation needed] The year 2018 was declared as "Beautiful China – Year of Integrated Tourism" while 2017 was declared as "Beautiful China – Year of Silk Road Tourism".[31]

Tourist services

[edit]
At right, an Asian woman holding a Norwegian flag with some writing on the bottom leads a group of casually dressed younger men and women, many wearing aviator sunglasses
A guide leads a group of Norwegian tourists to the Temple of Heaven in Beijing

The fast development of China'stransportation infrastructure provides wide-ranging travel for domestic and overseas tourists. Throughout China many hotels and restaurants have been constructed, renovated or expanded to satisfy all levels of requirement, including many with five or six-star ratings.

China has regulated internationaltravel agencies. On June 12, 2003, the China National Tourism Administration and theMinistry of Commerce jointly issued Interim Regulations on the Establishment of Foreign-funded or Wholly Foreign-owned Travel Agencies.

The Chinese online tourism market, including for outbound tourism, is concentrated in major online service providers includingCtrip, Feizhu, Mafengwo, andDazhongdianping.[32]: 120–121 

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. Country Studies.Federal Research Division.

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  21. ^"National Data".
  22. ^"National Statistics". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Retrieved16 July 2019.
  23. ^Oliver Smith (9 February 2017)."Mapped: Where to go if you can't be bothered to learn the language".Telegraph. Retrieved3 December 2018.Around 10 million people - in a total population of 1.3 billion - speak English. That's fewer than one in 100.
  24. ^Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022).Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. Kunyuan Qiao. New Haven:Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6.OCLC 1348572572.
  25. ^Kendall, Paul (2024-10-09)."Third Front as Method: Mao, Market and the Present in CCTV Documentaries".The China Quarterly.260:872–886.doi:10.1017/s0305741024000912.ISSN 0305-7410.
  26. ^abSimpson, Tim (2023).Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.ISBN 978-1-5179-0031-1.
  27. ^"Domestic travel in China rises 6.3 percent during Qingming holiday".www.surinametimes.com. Retrieved2025-04-08.
  28. ^abChris Ryan, Gu Huimin and Fang Meng (2009). "Destination planning in China". In Chris Ryan and Gu Huimin (ed.).Tourism in China: Destination, Cultures and Communities (1 ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 11–37.ISBN 9780203886366.
  29. ^国家5A级景区查询. Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.
  30. ^"Which countries have the most UNESCO World Heritage sites?".World Economic Forum. Retrieved2022-10-18.
  31. ^"China to observe 2018 as "Beautiful China-Year of Integrated Tourism"".Travel Biz News. 4 February 2018. Retrieved3 December 2018.
  32. ^Han, Enze (2024).The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia. New York, NY:Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-769659-0.

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