Taungoo တောင်ငူမြို့ | |
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Town | |
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  Taungoo Location in Burma | |
| Coordinates:18°56′N96°26′E / 18.933°N 96.433°E /18.933; 96.433 | |
| Country |  Myanmar |
| Division |  Bago Region |
| District | Taungoo District |
| Founded | 17 April 1279 |
| Government | |
| • Type | District government and Township government |
| Population (2014)[1] | |
| • Urban | 108,569 |
| • Ethnicities | BurmanKaren |
| • Religions | Theravada BuddhismChristianity |
| Time zone | UTC+6:30 (MST) |
Taungoo (Burmese:တောင်ငူမြို့;MLCTS:taung ngu mrui.,pronounced[tàʊɰ̃ŋùmjo̰]Tauñngu myoú;S'gaw Karen:တီအူ), also spelledToungoo and formerlyToung-ngú,[2] is a district-level city in theBago Region ofMyanmar, 220 km fromYangon, towards the north-eastern end of the division, with mountain ranges to the east and west. The main industry is inforestry products, withteak and otherhardwoods extracted from the mountains. The city is known for itsareca palms andbetel nut chewing.
The city is famous inBurmese history for theToungoo dynasty which ruled the country for over 200 years between the 16th and 18th centuries. Taungoo was the capital of Burma in 1510–1539 and 1551–1552.
Kaytumadi new city (new city of Taungoo) is the central command of the southern command division region ofArmed Forces (Tatmadaw).Hanthawaddy United Football Club is based in Taungoo.
The classicalPali name of Taungoo isKetumadi (ကေတုမဒီ;Pali:Ketumadi), which translates to "possessed of the royal standard."[3]
Taungoo was founded in 1279 in the waning days ofPagan as part of frontier expansion southwards. After the fall of Pagan Empire in 1287, Taungoo came under the rule ofMyinsaing Kingdom and laterPinya Kingdom. In 1358, Taungoo successfully revolted and became independent until 1367 when it became a nominal part of theAva Kingdom. Its rulers retained a large degree of autonomy, playing larger Ava and Hanthawaddy kingdoms against each other. In 1470, Ava put down another rebellion and madeSithu Kyawhtin, the general who defeated the rebellion, governor. Sithu Kyawhtin's grandsonMingyi Nyo became governor of Taungoo in 1485. Under Mingyi Nyo's leadership, the principality grew powerful. In October 1510, Mingyi Nyo formally broke away from Ava and founded theTaungoo Kingdom.[4]
Mingyi Nyo's successorsTabinshwehti andBayinnaung went on to found the largest empire in the history of south-east Asia.[5] Taungoo's stint as capital was short-lived, however. Tabinshwehti moved the kingdom's capital toPegu (Bago) in 1539. The city briefly again became capital of a rebellion in 1599 whenviceroyMinye Thihathu II of Taungoo declared himself king. In December 1599, Taungoo's forces in collaboration with theArakanese armies aided by Portuguese mercenaries, sackedPegu. The rebellious city state remained independent for another 10 years whenNatshinnaung ascended the Taungoo throne in 1609. In the following year, KingAnaukpetlun captured Taungoo and ended the city's long line of rulers.[6] Although few visible historic remains survive, all four sides of the brick city wall remain from the dynastic period, with the exception of the part of the southern wall. The 9.6 m widemoat has largely dried up, except for a section on the eastern side, which is still maintained.
By the mid-19th century, Taungoo was governed by a local governor appointed by theKonbaung kings. The Taungoo District consisted of 52 wards, including today'sPyinmana (andNaypyidaw) regions. The district was cut in half after theSecond Anglo-Burmese War. TheBritish annexed the southern half, including the city of Taungoo while the northern portion, including Pyinmana and Ela, remained under Burmese control.[7] British troops were withdrawn in 1893.[8]
In 1940, the BritishRoyal Air Force built an airfield north of the town, which from August 1941 through February 1942 served as a training and support base for the 1stAmerican Volunteer Group, popularly known as theFlying Tigers.
In theBattle of the Yunnan-Burma Road in 1942, theImperial Japanese Army attacked theChinese Expeditionary Force in Burma in what is known as theBattle of Toungoo.
Taungoo celebrated its 500th birthday on 16 October 2010, by reconstructing and renovating many city attractions.[4]
Three mountain ranges traverse the district—thePegu Yomas, theKaren Hills, and theNat Ma Taung or "Great Watershed"—all of which have a north and south direction, and are covered for the most part with dense forest. The Pegu Yomas have a general elevation of from 800 to 1,200 feet (240 to 370 m), while the central range averages from 2,000 to 3,000 feet (610 to 910 m). The rest of Taungoo forms the upper portion of the valley of theSittaung River.[8]
Taungoo has atropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classificationAw) bordering on atropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classificationAm). Temperatures are hot throughout the year, and the months before the monsoon (March–May) are especially hot with average maximum temperatures exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). There is a winter dry season (November–March) and a summer wet season (April–October).
| Climate data for Taungoo (1991–2020, extremes 1942–1994) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.6 (96.1) | 40.0 (104.0) | 42.8 (109.0) | 42.8 (109.0) | 42.2 (108.0) | 38.9 (102.0) | 37.2 (99.0) | 36.1 (97.0) | 37.2 (99.0) | 37.2 (99.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | 38.9 (102.0) | 42.8 (109.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.3 (88.3) | 34.2 (93.6) | 37.0 (98.6) | 38.3 (100.9) | 35.4 (95.7) | 31.4 (88.5) | 30.3 (86.5) | 30.1 (86.2) | 31.7 (89.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | 32.1 (89.8) | 30.7 (87.3) | 32.9 (91.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) | 25.3 (77.5) | 28.7 (83.7) | 31.3 (88.3) | 30.0 (86.0) | 27.7 (81.9) | 27.0 (80.6) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.7 (81.9) | 28.0 (82.4) | 26.2 (79.2) | 23.7 (74.7) | 27.2 (81.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.3 (59.5) | 16.5 (61.7) | 20.4 (68.7) | 24.3 (75.7) | 24.5 (76.1) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 20.4 (68.7) | 16.8 (62.2) | 21.4 (70.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) | 8.3 (46.9) | 12.2 (54.0) | 16.1 (61.0) | 13.9 (57.0) | 18.3 (64.9) | 21.1 (70.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 12.2 (54.0) | 9.4 (48.9) | 8.3 (46.9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 5.5 (0.22) | 3.4 (0.13) | 8.0 (0.31) | 29.2 (1.15) | 197.3 (7.77) | 344.4 (13.56) | 436.7 (17.19) | 461.3 (18.16) | 288.0 (11.34) | 147.0 (5.79) | 40.7 (1.60) | 5.8 (0.23) | 1,967.4 (77.46) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 13.1 | 23.6 | 27.1 | 27.1 | 21.3 | 11.8 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 132.5 |
| Source 1:World Meteorological Organization[9] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial (records)[10] | |||||||||||||
The population of Taungoo in the 2014 census was 108,569; in the 1983 census it was 65,851.[1]
TheBamar (Burmans) make up the majority with a significantKayin (Karen) population on the eastern side of the city. TheChinese,Indians,Shan andKayah people make up the rest.
The majority of residents areTheravada Buddhists, and minorityBaptists andRoman Catholics. Taungoo is home to a number of Karen Christian association headquarters and churches. Seelist of churches.
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The main transport options to Taungoo is rail and motorways.
The Taungoo railway station is on the main north line ofMyanmar Railways, and the Taungoo Highway bus station is served by domestic bus lines.
Intra-city transport is mainly through a circular railway line which serves around theTaungoo District and bus lines, which serve downtown, and suburban areas:
There are two main road bridges: over theSittaung River and theKaphaung River.
Taungoo Airport is the area's only airport and is a military-only air base ofMyanmar Air Force. MAF's No.47 Helicopter Squadron is stationed at the airport.
Taungoo has elevenhigh schools: seeList of high schools in Taungoo.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Toungoo".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 101.
Taungoo | ||
| Preceded by | Capital of Burma 16 October 1510 – January 1539 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Capital of Burma 11 January 1551 – 12 March 1552 | Succeeded by |
18°56′N96°26′E / 18.933°N 96.433°E /18.933; 96.433
Capital:Bago | ||||||||
| East Bago Region |
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| West Bago Region |
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| 2,000,000 and more | |
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| 1,000,000–1,999,999 | |
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| 200,000–499,999 | |
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