| Tontemboan | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Sulawesi |
Native speakers | (150,000 cited 1990)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tnt |
| Glottolog | tont1239 |
Tontemboan is anAustronesian language, of northernSulawesi, Indonesia. It is aMinahasan language, a sub-group of thePhilippine languages.[2]
Some lexical influence originates from European and other non-Minahasan languages, such asDutch,Spanish,Portuguese,Malay, andTernate.[3]
Other names and dialect names are: Makela'i-Maotow, Makelai, Matana'i-Maore', Matanai, Pakewa, Kumawangkoan, Tompakewa, Tumompaso, Sonder, and Tountemboan.[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | (ɡ) | ||
| Fricative | s | ɣ | h | |||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
As of 2013, an estimated 100,000 people speak the language, but it is not being passed on to children. It is used in the areas of Sonder, Kawangkoan, Tompaso, Langowan, Tumpaan, Suluun, Amurang, Kumelembuai, Motoling, Tompaso Baru, and Modoinding.[6] Documentation of the language assembled by missionaries in the early 20th century is relatively inaccessible to Tontemboan speakers, as it is written in theDutch language.[7]
In 1907, Firma P.W.M Trap, Leiden, Holland published a Bible in the Tontemboan language. It was edited by Maria Lamberta Adriani-Gunning and Johannis Regar.
| English | Tontemboan[8] |
|---|---|
| north | monge |
| south | meko |
| west | mako |
| east | mico |
| water | rano |
| shower | lemele |
| eat | kuman |
| work | tamawoy |
| fire | api |
| ear | lunteng |
| cold | utiŋ |
| large | wangkər |
| I | aku |
| you | angko |
| know | -taʔu |
| say | nuwu |
| 1 | esa |
|---|---|
| 2 | rua |
| 3 | tellu |
| 4 | epat |
| 5 | lima |
| 6 | enem |
| 7 | pitu |
| 8 | wallu |
| 9 | siou |
| 10 | mapulu |
