| Tomsk Governorate Томская губерния (Russian) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governorate of theRussian Empire | |||||||||||||||||
| 1804–1925 | |||||||||||||||||
.svg) Coat of arms | |||||||||||||||||
.svg) Location in the Russian Empire | |||||||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Tomsk | ||||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||||
• 1897 | 847,328 km2 (327,155 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||
• 1897 | 1 927 679 | ||||||||||||||||
• 1906 | 2,412,700 | ||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||
• Established | 1804 | ||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1925 | ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| Today part of | Kazakhstan Russia | ||||||||||||||||
 Wikimedia Commons has media related toTomsk Governorate. | |||||||||||||||||
Tomsk Governorate (Russian:Томская губерния,romanized: Tomskaya guberniya) was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of theRussian Empire, theRussian Republic, and theRussian SFSR, which existed from 1804 to 1925 as part of Siberian Governorate-General (1804–1822) and West Siberian Governorate-General (1822–1882). Its capital was inTomsk.
The Tomsk Governorate was located in the southeastern part ofWestern Siberia. To the north, north-west and west it bordered theTobolsk Governorate, to the south-west theSemipalatinsk region, to the south and south-eastMongolia, and to the east and north-east theYeniseisk Governorate.[1][2][3]
In terms of territory, it corresponded to the territories of the modernAltai Krai,the Republic of Altai,Kemerovo Oblast,Novosibirsk Oblast andTomsk Oblast of theRussian Federation,Ust-Kamenogorsk andSemipalatinsk Oblast ofKazakhstan, the western lands ofKrasnoyarsk Krai and the eastern lands ofOmsk Oblast. During the 20th century, the territory of the province constantly diminished.
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On February 26 (March 9), 1804, by decree of EmperorAlexander I, theTobolsk Governorate was divided into two parts and the Tomsk Governorate was established.[5][6][7][2]
The governorate included eightuezds (okrugs since 1898): Biysk Uezd, Yenisei Uezd, Kainskiy Uezd, Krasnoyarsky Uezd, Kuznetskiy Uezd, Narymsky Uezd, Tomsky Uezd, andTurukhansky Uezd.[8][7]
On January 26 (February 7), 1822, as a result of the administrative reform under the project ofSperansky, by the Decree ofAlexander I "On the division of Siberia into two general governments", the SiberianGeneral Governorate was divided intoWest-Siberian Governorate-General (Tobolsk Governorate, Tomsk Governorate and Tomsk Oblast) andEast-Siberian Governorate-General.[8][9][10][7] TheYeniseisk Governorate of the East-Siberian Governorate-General was separated from the Tomsk Governorate (the eastern territories of the Yeniseisk Uezd, the Krasnoyarsk Uezd, Turukhansk Uezd were separated) and the Omsk Oblast (the territories with the cities of Semipalatinsk andUst-Kamenogorsk, Kolyvan Uezd), Narym Uezd is included in Tomsk Uezd. The lands of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky (Altai) mining district became part of the Tomsk Governorate, and theuezds were renamedokrugs.[8][9][10]
In 1823 Tobolsk Governorate consisted of sixokrugs: Barnaulsky, Kainsky, Kolyvansky, Kuznetsky, Tomsky, and Charyshsky.[8][11]
On September 17 (September 29), 1827, the center of the Charyshskyokrug was transferred to the city of Biysk; theokrug was renamed Biyskokrug.[8][11]
In 1838, with the founding of the provincialgymnasium, public education began to develop.[12]
On April 6, 1838, when the Omsk Oblast was abolished, the cities of Semipalatinsk andUst-Kamenogorsk were transferred to the Biyskokrug of the Tomsk Governorate.[8][13][7]
In 1842,Pyotr Chikhachyov was charged byNicholas I with a scientific expedition mission to theAltai mountains. He reached the sources of the riversAbakan,Chu, andChulyshman. Traveling across the Southern Altai, Chikhachyov reached undiscovered territories. He investigated also theSayan Mountains. In the Northern Altai he found the richest coal deposits in the world, which he called theKuznetsk Coal Basin. He also studied the culture, life, and customs of various nomadic and settled tribes of this region, having made in 1845 a geographical and geological description of these regions. His book includes illustrations by the noted Russian artist E. Mayer who traveled with him and Ivan Aivazovskii, of the steep valleys, deep lakes, and wide rivers typical of the area through which Chikhachev traveled.[14][15][16][17]
On May 19 (May 31), 1854, part of the territory of the Tomsk Governorate with the cities of Semipalatinsk andUst-Kamenogorsk was transferred to theSemipalatinsk Oblast.[8][7]
On December 6 (December 18), 1856, the Kolyvanokrug was abolished and the new Kiyskyokrug was formed.[8]
November 1 (November 23), 1857, the Kiyskyokrug was renamed the Mariinskyokrug.[8][7]
1876the Imperial Academy of Sciences sent Polyakov Ivan Semenovich on scientific travels to research in theOb River valley, and in the summer of 1877 Polyakov was sent by the academy to the Kuznetsk Ridge (Mariinsky Uezd) to find the corpse of a mammoth (which turned out to be pieces of asbestos).[18][19][20]
On May 16 (May 28), 1878, by order of theState Council of the Russian Empire, thefirstuniversity inSiberia and Asia was founded inTomsk.
On June 6 (June 18), 1894, part of the volosts was[clarification needed] separated from the Biyskokrug with the formation of the Zmeinogorskokrug.[8][7]
On June 2 (June 14), 1898, theokrugs were renameduezds.
On June 17 (June 30), 1917, by decree of theRussian Provisional Government, the Altai Governorate[21] was separated from the southern part of the Tomsk Governorate on the basis of theuezds of Barnaul, Biysk and Zmeinogorsk.[7] From the eastern volosts of the Kainskyuezd,[8][7] the Novonikolaevskyuezd was formed.[21] The Togur (Narym)uezd was re-formed.[8][7][21]
Soviet power on the territory of the Tomsk Uezd was established between December 1917 and March 1918.[8]
On January 1 (14), 1918 part of the Kainsky Uezd was included in the newly formed Tatar Uezd of the Akmola oblast.[22] On April 21, 1918, by decision of theCouncil of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Shcheglovsky Uezd was formed.[8] Between July and August 1918, Tomsk Governorate came under the control of theWhite Army.[8] On July 11, 1918, the Tomsk Governoratezemstvo council adopted a resolution on the formation of the Shcheglovskyuezd from January 1, 1919.[23]
In December 1919 – January 1920 it was under the control of theRed Army. The administrative center of the Tomsk Governorate was moved to the city ofNovonikolaevsk.[24]
In April 1920, the government was returned toTomsk.[24]
On June 13, 1921, by decree of theAll-Russian Central Executive Committee, the southwestern lands of the Tomsk Governorate, Kainsky Uezd and Novonikolaevsk Uezd were ceded to the newly created Novonikolaevsk Governorate.[8][7]
On October 27, 1924, by decree of theAll-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Kuznetsk Uezd and Shcheglovsky Uezd were merged into the Kolchuginsky Uezd.[8][7][23] The same year,zoning was carried out in the districts of the Tomsk Governorate.[8] By the beginning of 1925, the Tomsk Governorate included the Kolchuginsky, Mariinsky, Narymsky, and Tomsk Uezds.[8]
On May 25, 1925, the Tomsk Governorate was abolished by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee; its territories became part of the Kuznetsk Okrug, the Tomsk Okrug, and partially the Achinsk Okrug of the Siberian Krai.[8]
The coat of arms of the Tomsk province was approved on July 5, 1878, byAlexander II.[25]
In a green shield is a silver horse with scarlet eyes and a tongue. The shield is surmounted by the Imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by the ribbon of St. Andrew.
By the end of the 19th century, the Tomsk Governorate was divided into sevenuezds, which were in turn subdivided intovolosts.
In the period of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Tomsk Governorate includeduezds (years in the Governorate are indicated in brackets):
| No. | Uezd | Uezd town (population) | Coat of arms uezd town | Area, sq. verst | Population (1897),[26] people |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Barnaulsky Uezd | Barnaul (21073) | _(1846).png) | 106,689.4 | 584,100 |
| 2 | Biysk Uezd | Biysk (17,213 ) | _(1804).png) | 169,256.3 (area of bothuezd) | 337,007 |
| 3 | Zmeinogorsky Uezd | Zmeinogorsk (7,378 ) | 242,718 | ||
| 4 | Kainsky Uezd | Kainsk (5,884) | _(1785).png) | 67,518.3 | 187,147 |
| 5 | Kuznetsky Uezd | Kuznetsk (3,117) | _(1804).png) | 81,634.2 | 161,799 |
| 6 | Mariinsky Uezd | Mariinsk (8,216) | 71,442.1 | 137,773 | |
| 7 | Tomsky Uezd | Tomsk (52,210) | _(1804).png) | 248,036.4 | 277,135 |
| Included in | No. | Town | Coat of arms uezd town | Population (1897) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tomsky Uezd | 1 | Kolyvan | _(1846).png) | 12,000 |
| 2 | Narym | _(1785).png) | 1,129 | |
| 3 | Novonikolaevsk | ._gif.jpg) | 8,000 |
From the beginning of the 19th century, Tomsk Governorate was a place of exile.[8]
A significant increase in population is due to the fact that the Tomsk Governorate was the main region of agrarian resettlement in Siberia.
In 1905, the population of the province was 2,327,500 people, and the area was 847,328 km2 (327,155 sq mi).[28]
| Population | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1804[8] | 1824[8] | 1897[28] | 1905[28] | 1 sq. verst[28] | 1914[8] | 1923[8] | ||||
| Area sq. meters | Total | Towns | Total | Towns | 1897 | 1905 | ||||
| 744,576.7 | 230,000–250,000 | 396,300 | 1,927,679 | 127,931 | 2,327,500 | 147,000 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 4,000,000 | 1,000,000 |
The ethnographic composition of the population of the province is diverse: there areGreat Russians (majority),Aesti,Chuvash people,Zyryans,Ostyaks andOstyak-Samoyeds,Chulym,Baraba,Kuznetsk,Black Tatars andBukharians,Telengits orTeleuts, and formerKalmyks-Dvoedans. 90% of the population isSlavic.
The main occupation of the population is agriculture. The main crops are wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, flax, and hemp.[8][12] The system of field cultivation isfallow-fallow.[12] In many areas of the Altaiokrug, the cultivation of grain is possible only under the condition of artificialirrigation. In part, modern irrigation channels represent the restored irrigation structures of the peoples who previously lived here – the Chinese and that people, the monuments of which are numerousstone mounds,kurgan stelae (baba),petroglyphs on rocks, etc., scattered throughout the Altai Mountains. In part, irrigation channels of later origin were built by the Kalmyks themselves as they increasingly began to move to agriculture.[29]
Animal husbandry developed.[8] In the Biysk Uezd,deer (mountain deer, Cervus maral) are bred.[12] Beekeeping played an important role, although it was carried out very irrationally.[clarification needed] Part of the bee products is sent to theIrbit Fair. In addition toapiarybeekeeping, there is alsohoney hunting.[12] Fisheries also developed.[8] Fishing is the main occupation ofinorodtsy and partly of Russians.[12]Hunting and birding is in decline due to an increase in population,forest fires and the merciless extermination of animals and birds.[12] Of the birds, mainly thehazel grouse comes into trade.[12]
Thecedar nut trade exists in the same areas where hunting is carried out. The nut is sold partly to Tomsk, partly to theIrbit, Ivanovo-Krestovsky and Ishimsky and other fairs, as well as abroad.[12] The berry trade is important, especiallylingonberries.[12]
In the governorate, grain, fish, salt, wine, lard, honey, wax, leather, pine nuts and furs were produced and delivered to other parts of the country and abroad.[12]
Tomsk Governorate was the main producer of Siberian butter.[8]
The mining and metallurgical industry in the Altai mining district has been developed since the time ofDemidov, the Dimidov mines and factories came under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet. Silver smelting is carried out at the Suzunsky plant.[12] The gold industry and the factory business have recently (1901) fallen into decline.[12] Coal is developed in the Bachatsky, Afoninsky and Kolchuginsky deposits, Sudzhenskaya and Anzherskaya mines of the Kuznetsk coal basin.[8][12]
The salt industry is poorly developed. Salt goes on sale in theTobolsk andYeniseisk Governorates, andGlauber's salt goes to soda and glass factories.[12]
In the 1840s steamboat traffic began along the riversOb,Tom, andChulym.[8]
From 1901 to 1903, theChuisky tract was built.[8] Traffic is open on the railway lines that passed through the Tomsk province:[8]
Doctors in the governorate in 1898 numbered one hundred and twenty, with four female doctors and seven dentists.[12] There were twenty-two pharmacies and one balneary. There were six children's shelters for orphans and the children of migrants.[12] All educational institutions totaled 1350, including 90 in towns. There were 54,714 students in total, of which only 12,000 were girls.[12]
Born in the governorate:
56°29′19″N84°57′08″E / 56.4886°N 84.9522°E /56.4886; 84.9522
