| Red River Bridge War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Oklahoma |  Texas | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| William MurrayRobert Burns | Ross SterlingEdgar Witt | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| Texas Ranger Division | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | At least 3 Texas Rangers | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| None | barricades destroyed but later rebuilt | ||||||
TheRed River Bridge War was a boundary conflict between theU.S. states ofOklahoma andTexas over an existingtoll bridge and a new free bridge crossing theRed River.
The Red River Bridge Company, a private firm owned by Benjamin Colbert, had been operating a toll bridge that carriedU.S. Route 69 andU.S. Route 75 betweenColbert, Oklahoma, andDenison, Texas. In 1931, Texas and Oklahoma jointly built a new, free span northwest of the existing toll bridge.[1]
On July 10, 1931, the Red River Bridge Company obtained an injunction against the Texas Highway Commission (nowTexas Department of Transportation), keeping it from opening the new bridge.[1] The company said that the highway commission had promised in July 1930 to buy the old toll bridge for$60,000 (equal to $1,129,363 today).[2] In reaction to the injunction, theGovernor of Texas,Ross S. Sterling, ordered that the new free bridge be barricaded at the Texas end.[1]
On July 17,Oklahoma Governor"Alfalfa Bill" Murray ordered the new bridge open, by executive order. Murray issued this order on the grounds that the land on both sides of the river belonged to Oklahoma, per theAdams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Murray sent highway crews across the new bridge to destroy the barricades.[1]
Governor Sterling sent Adjutant General William Warren Sterling and threeTexas Rangers to the new bridge to defend the Texas Highway Commission workers enforcing the injunction, and rebuilt the barricade that night. The next day, Oklahoma crews under Governor Murray's order demolished the Oklahoma approach to the toll bridge, rendering that bridge impassable.[1]
The Texas State Legislature called a special session on July 23 to pass a bill allowing the Red River Bridge Company to sue the state over the issue, partially in response to meetings inSherman and Denison, Texas, demanding the free bridge be opened.[citation needed] The next day, Governor Murray declaredmartial law at the site, enforced byOklahoma National Guardsmen, and personally appeared at the site, armed with arevolver,[1] hours before aMuskogee, Oklahoma, court issued an injunction prohibiting him from blocking the northern toll bridge approach. Murray directed the guardsmen to allow anyone to cross either bridge.
Murray discovered on July 27 that the free bridge was in danger of being closed permanently. He expanded the martial-law zone across the river, stationing guardsmen on both free bridge approaches. The injunction against the bridge opening was dissolved and the martial law order rescinded on August 6.[citation needed]
News of the dispute made national and international headlines.Adolf Hitler may have believed that the events were evidence of in-fighting between the American states, weakening the union.[3]
The free bridge that was the cause of the dispute was opened on Labor Day, September 7, 1931. It was replaced in 1995, though a portion of the bridge was saved as a historical attraction and relocated to the Colbert City park inColbert, Oklahoma.[4]
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