The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and originally incorporated as part of theMichigan Territory. It was re-founded in 1837 after the conclusion of theToledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. After the 1845 completion of theMiami and Erie Canal, Toledo grew quickly; it also benefited from its position on the railway line betweenNew York City andChicago. The first of many glass manufacturers arrived in the 1880s, eventually earning Toledo its nickname as "The Glass City".Downtown Toledo has been subject to major revitalization efforts, including a growingentertainment district. Toledo is home to theUniversity of Toledo.
The region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of theWyandot and the people of theCouncil of Three Fires (Ojibwe,Potawatomi, andOdawa). The French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrativefur trade. The Odawa moved fromManitoulin Island and theBruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French, who established a trading post atFort Detroit, about 60 miles to the north. They settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa-occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth. They served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and theShawnee andLenape occupied the southern areas.[10][11]
When the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed "two prehistoric semicircularearthworks, presumably forstockades." One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver Streets on the south bank of Swan Creek; the other was at the intersection of Fassett and Fort Streets on the right bank of the Maumee River.[12] Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples.
According to Charles E. Slocum, the American military builtFort Industry at the mouth of the Swan Creek at about 1805 as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its earlier history there.[12]
The United States continued to work to transition the area's population from Native Americans to Whites. In theTreaty of Detroit (1807), the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River (where Toledo later developed). Reserves for the Odawa were set aside in northwestern Ohio for a limited time. The Native Americans signed the treaty atDetroit, Michigan, on November 17, 1807, withWilliam Hull, governor of the Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, as the sole representative of the U.S.[13]
More American settlers entered the area over the next few years, but many fled during theWar of 1812, when British forces raided the area with their Native American allies. Resettlement began around 1818 after a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a 974-acre (3.9 km2) tract at the mouth of Swan Creek and named it Port Lawrence, developing it as themodern downtown area of Toledo. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end.[14] These two towns bordered each other across Cherry Street. This is why present-day streets on the street's northeast side run at a slightly different angle from those southwest of it.
In 1824, the Ohio state legislature authorized the construction of theMiami and Erie Canal, and in 1833, itsWabash and Erie Canal extension. The canal's purpose was to connect the city of Cincinnati toLake Erie for water transportation to eastern markets, including to New York City via the Erie Canal and Hudson River. At that time, no highways had been built in the state, and goods produced locally had great difficulty reaching the larger markets east of theAppalachian Mountains. During the canal's planning phase, many small towns along the northern shores of the Maumee River heavily competed to be the ending terminus of the canal, knowing it would give them a profitable status.[15] The towns of Port Lawrence and Vistula merged in 1833 to better compete against the upriver towns ofWaterville andMaumee.
The inhabitants of this joined settlement chose the name Toledo:
"but the reason for this choice is buried in a welter of legends. One recounts thatWashington Irving, who was traveling in Spain at the time, suggested the name to his brother, a local resident; this explanation ignores the fact that Irving returned to the United States in 1832. Others award the honor to Two Stickney, son of the major who quaintly numbered his sons and named his daughters after States. The most popular version attributes the naming to Willard J. Daniels, a merchant, who reportedly suggested Toledo because it 'is easy to pronounce, is pleasant in sound, and there is no other city of that name on the American continent.'"[14]
Despite Toledo's efforts, the canal built the final terminus in Manhattan, one-half mile (800 m) to the north of Toledo, because it was closer to Lake Erie. As a compromise, the state placed two sidecuts before the terminus, one in Toledo at Swan Creek and another inMaumee, about 10 miles to the southwest.
Among the numerous treaties made between the Ottawa and the United States were two signed in this area: at Miami (Maumee) Bay in 1831 and Maumee, Ohio, upriver of Toledo, in 1833.[16] These actions were among US purchases or exchanges of land to accomplishIndian Removal of the Ottawa from areas wanted for European-American settlement. The last of the Odawa did not leave this area until 1839, when Ottoke, grandson ofPontiac, led his band from their village at the mouth of the Maumee River toIndian Territory in Kansas.[17][18]
Bird's-eye view of Toledo drawn in 1870
An almost bloodless conflict between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, called theToledo War (1835–1836), was "fought" over a narrow strip of land from theIndiana border toLake Erie, now containing the city and the suburbs ofSylvania andOregon, Ohio. The strip, which varied between five and eight miles (13 km) in width, was claimed by both the state of Ohio and the Michigan Territory due to conflicting legislation concerning the location of the Ohio-Michigan state line. Militias from both states were sent to the border, but never engaged. The only casualty of the conflict was a Michigan deputysheriff—stabbed in the leg with a penknife by Two Stickney during the arrest of his elder brother, One Stickney, and the loss of two horses, two pigs, and a few chickens stolen from an Ohio farm by lost members of the Michigan militia. Major Benjamin Franklin Stickney, father of One and Two Stickney, had been instrumental in pushing Congress to rule in favor of Ohio gaining Toledo.[19] In the end, the state of Ohio was awarded the land after the state of Michigan was given a larger portion of theUpper Peninsula in exchange.[20] Stickney Avenue in Toledo is named for Major Stickney.
A postcard of Toledo in 1876
Toledo was very slow to expand during its first two decades of settlement. The first lot was sold in the Port Lawrence section of the city in 1833. It held 1,205 persons in 1835, and five years later, it had gained just seven more persons. Settlers came and went quickly through Toledo and between 1833 and 1836, ownership of land had changed so many times that none of the original parties remained in the town. The canal and its Toledo side-cut entrance were completed in 1843. Soon after the canal was functional, the new canal boats had become too large to use the shallow waters at the terminus in Manhattan. More boats began using the Swan Creek side-cut than its official terminus, quickly putting the Manhattan warehouses out of business and triggering a rush to move business to Toledo. Most of Manhattan's residents moved out by 1844.
The 1850 census recorded Toledo as having 3,829 residents and Manhattan 541. The 1860 census shows Toledo with a population of 13,768 and Manhattan with 788. While the towns were only a mile apart, Toledo grew by 359% in 10 years. Manhattan's growth was on a small base and never competed, given the drawbacks of its lesser canal outlet. By the 1880s, Toledo expanded over the vacant streets of Manhattan and Tremainsville, a small town to the west.[15][21]
In the last half of the 19th century, railroads slowly began to replace canals as the major form of transportation. They were faster and had greater capacity. Toledo soon became a hub for several railroad companies and a hotspot for industries such as furniture producers, carriage makers, breweries, and glass manufacturers. Largeimmigrant populations came to the area.
Toledo around 1905, showing growing industry along the Maumee River
Downtown Toledo in 1920, including the then-recently completedCherry Street Bridge
In the 1920s, Toledo had one of the highest rates of industrial growth in the United States.[22]
Toledo continued to expand in population and industry, but because of its dependence on manufacturing, the city was hit hard by theGreat Depression. Many large-scaleWorks Progress Administration projects were constructed to re-employ citizens in the 1930s. Some of these include the amphitheater and aquarium at theToledo Zoo and a major expansion to theToledo Museum of Art.
A streetcar in Toledo, 1949
The postwar job boom andGreat Migration brought thousands ofAfrican Americans to Toledo to work in industrial jobs, where they had previously been denied. Due toredlining, many of them settled along Dorr Street, which, during the 1950s and 1960s was lined with flourishing black-owned businesses and homes.Desegregation, a failedurban renewal project, and the construction ofI-75 displaced those residents and left behind a struggling community with minimal resources, even as it also drew more established, middle-class people, white and black, out of center cities for newer housing.[23] The city rebounded, but the slump of American manufacturing in the second half of the 20th century during industrial restructuring cost many jobs.
By the 1980s, Toledo had a depressed economy.[24] The destruction of many buildings downtown, along with several failed business ventures in housing in the core, which led to a reverse city-suburb wealth problem common in small cities with land to spare.
Several initiatives have been taken by Toledo's citizens to improve the cityscape by urban gardening and revitalizing their communities.[25] Local artists, supported by organizations like the Arts Commission ofGreater Toledo and theOhio Arts Council, have contributed an array of murals and beautification works to replace long standing blight.[26] Many downtown historical buildings such as theOliver House and Stand-art Lofts have been renovated into restaurants, condominiums, offices and art galleries.[27]
On the evening of August 1, 2014, the city of Toledo issued a warning to citizens advising against the use of city water, leaving more than half a million people suddenly without water.[28] A bloom of toxicblue-green algae had formed directly over Toledo's water intake pipe, which was situated a few miles off shore in Lake Erie.[29] Because of the algae bloom forming just above the pipe, the water being pumped into Toledo showed levels of harmful bacteria that made the water unsafe to interact with. On August 3, theOhio National Guard was brought in to deliver over 10,000 gallons of water to citizens due to a rapid depletion of bottled water locally.[30] The warning against using water lasted nearly three days, finally ending late on August 4.
In 2018,Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. invested $700 million into an East Toledo location as the site of a new hot-briquetted iron plant, designed to modernize the steel industry. The plant was slated to create over 1,200 jobs.[31] Construction was completed in 2020, as planned.[32][31]
The city straddles the Maumee River at its mouth at the southern end ofMaumee Bay, the westernmost inlet of Lake Erie. The city is located north of what had been theGreat Black Swamp, giving rise to another nickname, Frog Town. Toledo sits within the borders of a sandy oak savanna called theOak Openings Region, an important ecological site that once comprised more than 300 square miles (780 km2).[35]
On January 15, 1936, the first building to be completely covered in glass was constructed in Toledo. It was a building for theOwens-Illinois Glass Company and marked a milestone inarchitectural design representative of theInternational style of architecture, which was at that time becoming increasingly popular in the US.[36]
Toledo, as with much of theGreat Lakes region, has ahumid continental climate (KöppenDfa), characterized by four distinct seasons. Lake Erie moderates the climate somewhat, especially in late spring and fall, when air and water temperature differences are maximal. However, this effect is lessened in the winter because Lake Erie (unlike the other Great Lakes) usually freezes over, coupled with prevailing winds that are often westerly, and in the summer, prevailing winds south and west over the lake bring heat and humidity to the city.
Summers are very warm and humid, with July averaging 75.4 °F (24.1 °C) and temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or more seen on 18.8 days.[37] Winters are cold and somewhat snowy, with a January mean temperature of 27.5 °F (−2.5 °C), and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 5.6 nights.[37] The spring months tend to be the wettest time of year, although precipitation is common year-round. November and December can get very cloudy, but January and February usually clear up after the lake freezes. July is the sunniest month overall.[38] About 37 inches (94 cm) of snow falls per year, much less than theSnow Belt cities, because of the prevailing wind direction. Temperature extremes have ranged from −20 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984, to 105 °F (41 °C) onJuly 14, 1936.
Harmful blooms ofcyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, were so extremely bad in the 1960s that Lake Erie was mocked as a dead zone, said to have "no life".[29] However, through clean water rules the lake was revived.[29] Algal blooms have returned and have been negatively affecting Lake Erie since the late 1990s.[42] Heightened levels of blue-green algae can affect both human and ecosystem health by causing fish to die and the water to be discolored and foul smelling, and oxygen-deficient dead zones may even start to form.[43] Sometimes the blooms are so thick that they slow boats.[28] These large blooms are caused by agricultural runoff flowing into the lake.[44] Agricultural runoff dumps phosphorus into the western basin of Lake Erie and acts as a fertilizer for the blue-green algae, and the warmer weather seen in July through October in Northern Ohio helps speed up the growing process.[45] Because of Toledo's closeness to the lake, Toledo citizens are affected each year. Algal blooms can cause water bills to increase in this area $100 per year for a family of five.[46] The effects of these blooms go beyond higher water bills, as heightened blooms can even shut down parts of the economy, such as tourism and fishing industries, and cause property values to drop, costing the local economy tens of millions of dollars.[46]
The U.S. Census Bureau estimated Toledo's population as 297,806 in 2006 and 295,029 in 2007. In response to an appeal by the City of Toledo, the Census Bureau's July 2007 estimate was revised to 316,851, slightly more than in 2000,[53] which would have been the city's first population gain in 40 years. However, the 2010 census figures released in March 2011 showed the population as of April 1, 2010, at 287,208, indicating a 25% loss of population since its zenith in 1970.
Toledo, Ohio – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
As of the 2020 census[57] there were 270,871 people, 116,257 households, and an average of 2.27 persons per household residing in Toledo. The population per square mile was 3,365.4. The racial makeup of Toledo was 60.6% White, 28.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian, and 1.3% were Asian. 6.7% of the population belonged to two or more races. Hispanic or Latino citizens make up 8.8% of the population. People who identified as White, not Hispanic or Latino, made up 57.3% of the population, down from 61.4% in 2010.
Out of 270,871 people, 23.3% were under the age of 18, and 14.5% were 65 years old and over. 51.1% of the population were female. 14.1% of the population under 65 years of age were living with a disability, and 8.3% of those under 65 years of age did not have health insurance. Out of the 116,257 households, 83.7% had been living in the same house for one year or longer. 6.4% of households in Toledo spoke a language other than English at home. The total number of housing units was unavailable, however 51.9% of housing units were either owned or co-owned by its inhabitants.
The median household income (in 2021 dollars) in Toledo was $41,671, with the per capita income in the past 12 months coming to $23,795. 24.5% of the population was living in poverty, compared to the national average at this time of 11.6% of the U.S. population.[58] For education, 87.1% of people 25 years or older were a high school graduate or higher, with 19.6% of this demographic having a bachelor's degree or higher.
As of thecensus[59] of 2010, there were 287,208 people, 119,730 households, and 68,364 families residing in the city. Thepopulation density was 3,559.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,374.3/km2). There were 138,039 housing units at an average density of 1,710.7 per square mile (660.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 64.8%White, 27.2%African American, 0.4%Native American, 1.1%Asian, 2.6% fromother races, and 3.9% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 7.4% of the population (The majority are Mexican American at 5.1%.)Non-Hispanic Whites were 61.4% of the population in 2010,[60] down from 84% in 1970.[50]
There were 119,730 households, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.6% weremarried couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.9% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 3.01. There was a total of 139,871 housing units in the city, of which 10,946 (9.8%) were vacant.
The median age in the city was 34.2 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.
As of thecensus of 2000, there were 313,619 people, and 77,355 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,890.2 people per square mile (1,502.0 people/km2). There were 139,871 housing units at an average density of 1,734.9 people per square mile (669.8 people/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 70.2%White, 23.5%African American, 0.3%Native American, 1.0%Asian, 0.0%Pacific Islander, 2.3% fromother races, and 2.6% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 5.5% of the population in 2000. The most common ancestries cited wereGerman (23.4%),Irish (10.8%),Polish (10.1%),English (6.0%),American (3.9%),Italian (3.0%),Hungarian (2.0%),Dutch (1.4%), andArab (1.2%).[61]
In 2000 there were 128,925 households in Toledo, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the city the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,546, and the median income for a family was $41,175. Males had a median income of $35,407 versus $25,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,388. About 14.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.
In the second decade of the 21st century, the city had a gradual peak in violent crime. In 2010, there was a combined total of 3,272 burglaries, 511 robberies, 753 aggravated assaults, 25 homicides, as well as 574 motor vehicle thefts out of what was then a decreasing population of 287,208.[62] In 2011, there were 1,562 aggravated assaults, 30 homicides, 1,152 robberies, 8,366 burglaries, and 1,465 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2012, there were a combined total of 39 murders, 2,015 aggravated assaults, 6,739 burglaries, and 1,334 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2013 it had a drop in the crime rate.[63] In 2018, the city was ranked 93rd of the Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in America.[64]
According to a state government task force, Toledo has been identified as the fourth-largest recruitment site forhuman trafficking in the US.[65]
The year 2020 brought the highest number of homicides in 39 years, according to the Toledo Police Department's 50-year trend chart.[66] Beginning with the pandemic in 2020, homicides jumped to a record 61.[67] There were a record of 70 homicides in Toledo in 2021.[68] Toledo was one of 12 major U.S. cities to have broken annual homicide records in 2021.[69]
Before theIndustrial Revolution, Toledo was important as a port city on theGreat Lakes. With the advent of the automobile, the city became best known for industrial manufacturing. BothGeneral Motors andChrysler had factories in metropolitan Toledo, and automobile manufacturing has been important at least sinceKirk started manufacturing automobiles,[70] which began operations early in the 20th century. The largest employer in Toledo wasJeep for much of the 20th century. Since the late 20th century, industrial restructuring reduced the number of these well-paying jobs.
Toledo is known as the Glass City because of its long history of glass manufacturing, includingwindows,bottles,windshields,construction materials, andglass art, of which theToledo Museum of Art has a large collection. Several large glass companies have their origins here. Owens-Illinois, Owens Corning,Libbey Incorporated,Pilkington North America (formerlyLibbey-Owens-Ford), andTherma-Tru have long been a staple of Toledo's economy. Other offshoots of these companies also continue to play important roles in Toledo's economy. Fiberglass giantJohns Manville's two plants in the metro area were originally built by a subsidiary of Libbey-Owens-Ford.
Toledo is the Jeep headquarters and has two production facilities dubbed theToledo Complex, one in the city and one in suburban Perrysburg. During World War II, the city's industries produced important products for the military, particularly theWillys Jeep.[71]Willys-Overland was a major automaker headquartered in Toledo until 1953. General Motors also has operated atransmission plant, in Toledo since 1916 currently owned by Scott Lorenzen. It manufactures and assembles GM's six-speed and eight-speed rear-wheel-drive and six-speed front-wheel-drive transmissions that are used in a variety of GM vehicles.[72]
Industrial restructuring and loss of jobs caused the city to adopt new strategies to retain its industrial companies. It offered tax incentives toDaimlerChrysler to expand its Jeep plant. In 2001, a taxpayer lawsuit was filed against Toledo that challenged the constitutionality of that action. In 2006, the city won the case by a unanimous ruling by theU.S. Supreme Court inDaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno.
TheToledo Museum of Art is located in aGreek Revival building in the city'sOld West End neighborhood.The Peristyle is the concert hall in Greek Revival style in its East Wing; it is the home of theToledo Symphony Orchestra, and hosts many international orchestras as well. The Museum's Center for Visual Arts addition was designed byFrank Gehry and opened in the 21st century. In addition, the museum's new Glass Pavilion across Monroe Street opened in August 2006. Toledo was the first city in Ohio to adopt a One Percent for Art program and, as such, boasts many examples of public, outdoor art.[77] A number of walking tours have been set up to explore these works, which include large sculptures, environmental structures, and murals by more than 40 artists, such asAlice Adams,Pierre Clerk,Dale Eldred, Penelope Jencks, Hans Van De Bovenkamp, Jerry Peart, andAthena Tacha.[78]
TheImagination Station hands-on science museum (formerly COSI Toledo), is located downtown.[82]
Tony Packo's Cafe is located in the Hungarian neighborhood on the east side of Toledo known as Birmingham; it features hundreds ofhot dog buns signed by celebrities, including multiple presidents.[83]
The Blade, a daily newspaper founded in 1835, is the primary newspaper in Toledo, and promotes itself as "One of America's Great Newspapers". The city's arts and entertainment weekly is theToledo City Paper. From March 2005 to 2015, the weekly newspaperToledo Free Press was published, and it had a focus on news and sports. Other weeklies include theWest Toledo Herald,El Tiempo,La Prensa,Sojourner's Truth, andToledo Journal.Toledo Tales provides satire and parody of life in the Glass City. TheToledo Journal is an African-American owned newspaper. It is published weekly, and normally focuses on African-American issues.
WSPD serves as the market's only commercialnews/talk station, whileWCWA serves as the market's only full powersports radio outlet. Religious stations includeWJYM,WPAY,WWYC, andWOTL.
Three majorinterstate highways run through Toledo.Interstate 75 (I-75) travels north–south and provides a direct route to Detroit and Cincinnati. TheOhio Turnpike carries east–west traffic on I-80/90. The Turnpike serves Toledo via exits 52, 59, 64, 71, and 81. The Turnpike connects Toledo toChicago in the west andCleveland in the east.
In addition, there are two auxiliary interstate highways in the area.Interstate 475 is a 20-mile bypass that begins in Perrysburg and ends in west Toledo, meeting I-75 at both ends. It is cosigned withUS 23 for its first 13 miles.Interstate 280 is a spur that connects the Ohio Turnpike to I-75 through east and central Toledo. TheVeterans' Glass City Skyway is part of this route, which was the most expensive ODOT project ever at its completion. This 400-foot (120 m) tall bridge includes a glass covered pylon, which lights up at night, adding a distinctive feature to Toledo'sskyline.[107] TheAnthony Wayne Bridge, a 3,215-foot (980 m)suspension bridge crossing theMaumee River, has been a staple of Toledo's skyline for more than 80 years. It is locally known as the "High-Level Bridge".
Map of Toledo Railways and Light Company's Linesc. 1907
Toledo had astreetcar system andinterurban railways[111] linking it to other nearby towns but these are no longer in existence. Seven interurban companies radiated from Toledo. In the early 1930s, three of the seven, the Cincinnati and Lake Erie from Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, and Springfield, the Lake Shore Electric from Cleveland, and the Eastern Michigan Ry from Detroit, moved a large amount of freight and number of passengers between those heavily industrialized cities. The Great Depression and growing inter city competition from trucks on newly improved roads by the Ohio caused abandonment of all by 1938, and some interurban lines much earlier.[112] The interurban station where all lines met and exchanged passengers was on N. Summit Street. Freight was exchanged in a rail yard with a warehouse off Lucas Street.[113]
Originating in Toledo,ProMedica is an integrated healthcare organization founded in 2009. It has grown rapidly to become the country's 15th largestnon-profithealth care system in the United States, with 2018 revenues of $7 billion.[114] It is headquartered on Madison Avenue inDowntown Toledo and maintains 13 hospitals in Northwest Ohio and Southeast Michigan, includingProMedica Toledo Hospital, the largest acute care hospital in the area.[115]
There are also 18community health centers in Toledo.[117] Some examples include the Cordelia Martin Community Health Center, the East Toledo Community Health Center, and the Monroe Street Neighborhood Center.
The Division of Water Treatment filters an average of 80 million gallons of water per day for 500,000 people in the greater Toledo Metropolitan area.[118] The Division of Water Distribution serves 136,000 metered accounts and 10,000 fire hydrants and maintains more than 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of water mains.[119] The Toledo Metropolitan Area receives its water from Lake Erie, with the process being managed by the City of Toledo Public Utilities Water Treatment Division, under the authority of the Mayor and City Council with direction provided by the Toledo Regional Water Commission.[120] Water is collected through a water intake pipe that is situated a few miles off the shore of Lake Erie.[29]
The National Guard delivering water during the 2014 event
In August 2014, two samples from a water treatment plant toxin test showed signs ofmicrocystis. Roughly 400,000, including residents of Toledo and several surrounding communities in Ohio and Michigan were affected by the water contamination. Residents were told not to use, drink, cook with, or boil any tap water on the evening of August 1, 2014.[121] TheOhio National Guard delivered water and food to residents living in contaminated areas. As of August 3, 2014[update], no one had reported being sick and the governor had declared a state of emergency in three counties.[122][123] The ban was lifted on August 4.[124]
The popular phrase "Holy Toledo", is thought to originally be a reference to the city's array of grand church designs fromGothic,Renaissance andSpanish Mission. There are many other theories as well.[125][126]
John Denver recorded "Saturday Night In Toledo, Ohio", composed byRandy Sparks. He wrote it in 1967 after arriving in Toledo with his group and finding no nightlife at 10 p.m.[127] After Denver performed the song onThe Tonight Show, Toledo residents objected. In response, the City Fathers recorded a song entitled "We're Strong For Toledo". Ultimately the controversy was such that Denver cancelled a concert in Toledo shortly thereafter. But when he returned for a 1980 concert, he set a one-show attendance record at the venue, Centennial Hall, and sang the song to the approval of the crowd.[128]
M*A*S*H TV series character Corporal Maxwell Klinger, best known for consistently cross-dressing during the first seven seasons of the show, was from Toledo.[129]
Toledo is mentioned in the song "Our Song" byYes from their 1983 album90125. According to Yes drummerAlan White, Toledo was especially memorable for a sweltering-hot 1977 show the group did atToledo Sports Arena.[131]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Official records for Toledo were kept at downtown from January 1871 to January 1943,Toledo Municipal Airport from February 1943 to December 1945,Metcalf Field from January 1946 to January 11, 1955, and at Toledo Express Airport since January 12, 1955. For more information, seeThreadEx.
^Bacon, Mardges (2018).John McAndrew's modernist vision: from the Vassar College Art Library to the Museum of Modern Art in New York. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.ISBN978-1-61689-786-4.OCLC1059450963.
^"Station: Toledo Express AP, OH".U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. RetrievedMay 9, 2021.
^US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration."Great Lakes: Harmful Algal Blooms".oceanservice.noaa.gov.Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. RetrievedDecember 16, 2022.
^Creamer, John; Shrider, Emily A.; Burns, Kalee; Chen, Frances (September 13, 2022)."Poverty in the United States: 2021".US Census Bureau.Archived from the original on January 19, 2024.
Bloom, Matthew (Spring 2010). "Symbiotic Growth in the Swamp: Toledo and Northwest Ohio, 1860–1900".Northwest Ohio History.77 (2):85–104.
DeMatteo, Arthur Edward. "Urban reform, politics, and the working class: Detroit, Toledo, and Cleveland, 1890–1922" (PhD dissertation, University of Akron; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1999. 9940602).
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