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| Tol | |
|---|---|
| (Eastern) Jicaque, Jicaque de la Flor | |
| Tolpan | |
| Native to | Honduras |
| Region | Francisco Morazán Department |
| Ethnicity | 19,600Tolupan (1990)[1] |
Native speakers | almost 500 (2012)[2] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jic |
| Glottolog | toll1241 |
| ELP | Tol |
 Map of Jicaquean and Tequistlatecan languages | |
Tol (Tolpan), also known asEastern Jicaque,Tolupan, andTorupan, is spoken by approximately 500Tolupan people inLa Montaña de la Flor reservation inFrancisco Morazán Department,Honduras.
Tol speakers refer to themselves as the Tolpán, but are called Jicaques or Turrupanes byladinos.
Tol was also spoken in much ofYoro Department, but only a few speakers were reported in theYoro Valley in 1974.
Tol used to be spoken from theRío Ulúa in the west, to modern-dayTrujillo in the east, and to theRío Sulaco in the inland south. This area included the areas around modern-dayEl Progreso,La Ceiba, and possibly alsoSan Pedro Sula. Most Tolupan had fled the Spanish from coastal regions by the early 1800s. The Tol speakers at La Montaña de la Flor fled the Yoro Valley in 1865 to avoid being conscripted into forced labor by the local governor (Campbell & Oltrogge 1980:206, Hagen 1943, Chapman 1978).
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate | plain | p | t | t͡ɕ | k | ʔ | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡ɕʰ | kʰ | |||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡ɕʼ | kʼ | |||
| Fricative | β | s | h | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Semivowel | w | j | j̈ | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
The Tol alphabet is as follows:[4]
A a, C c, Cj cj, C' c', E e, I i, J j, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Pj pj, P' p', Q q, Qj qj, S s, T t, Tj tj, T' t', Ts ts, Tsj tsj, Ts' ts', U u, Ü ü, V v, W w, Y y, '.
Spanish loanwords use the following letters:
B b, D d, G g, F f, H h, Ll ll, Ñ ñ, R r, Rr rr, Z z.
The following overview is based on Haurholm-Larsen (2014).[5]
The basic constituent order of Tol is SOV and the language displays a consistently head final order of constituents, i.e. verbs follow the subject and the object, there arepostpositions instead of prepositions, and subordinating conjunctions appear at the end of subordinate clauses.
Verbs and nouns are inflected for person, number and, in the case of verbs, tense, using a number of different morpho-syntactic means which often conflate various meanings (polyexponentiality). These means include, prefixing, suffixing and infixing, ablaut and stress shift and the use of independent pronouns. Tense is also expressed by the use of particles. Number is only marked in noun phrases with animate referents. Some examples are given below.
Most nouns take one of three suffixes:-(sV)s,-(V)N,-(V)kʰ.
Examples:
Nouns that never take suffixes refer to body parts and kinship terms.
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