| Tokyo Story | |
|---|---|
 Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Yasujirō Ozu |
| Screenplay by | Kogo Noda Yasujirō Ozu |
| Produced by | Takeshi Yamamoto |
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Yūharu Atsuta |
| Edited by | Yoshiyasu Hamamura |
| Music by | Takanobu Saitō |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | Shochiku |
Release date |
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Running time | 136 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Box office | ¥132 million(Japan rentals) 177,456 tickets (Europe) |
Tokyo Story (Japanese:東京物語,Hepburn:Tōkyō Monogatari) is a 1953Japanesedrama film directed byYasujirō Ozu and starringChishū Ryū andChieko Higashiyama, about an aging couple who travel toTokyo to visit their grown children.
Upon release, it did not immediately gain international recognition and was considered "too Japanese" to be marketable by Japanese film exporters. It was screened in 1957 in London, where it won the inauguralSutherland Trophy the following year, and received praise from U.S. film critics after a 1972 screening in New York City.
Tokyo Story is widely regarded as Ozu'smagnum opus andone of the greatest films in the history of cinema. It was voted the greatest film of all time in the 2012 edition of a poll of film directors bySight and Sound magazine.
Retired couple Shūkichi and Tomi Hirayama live inOnomichi in western Japan with their daughter Kyōko, a primary school teacher. They have five adult children, four of whom are living. The couple travel toTokyo to visit their son, daughter, and widowed daughter-in-law.
Their eldest son, Kōichi, is a physician who runs a small clinic in Tokyo's suburbs, and their eldest daughter, Shige, runs a hairdressing salon. Kōichi and Shige are both busy and do not have much time for their parents. Only their widowed daughter-in-law, Noriko, the wife of their middle son Shōji, who was missing in action and presumed dead during thePacific War, goes out of her way to entertain them. She takes time from her demanding office job to take Shūkichi and Tomi on a sightseeing tour of metropolitan Tokyo.
Feeling conflicted that they do not have time to entertain them, Kōichi and Shige pay for their parents to stay at ahot spring spa atAtami, but they return early because the nightlife disturbs their sleep. Tomi also has an unexplained dizzy spell. Upon returning, a frustrated Shige explains she sent them to Atami because she wanted to use their bedroom for a meeting; the elderly couple has to leave for the evening. They spend the afternoon inUeno Park before splitting up to seek accommodations for the night. Tomi goes to stay with Noriko, with whom she deepens their emotional bond, and advises her to remarry. Shūkichi, meanwhile, gets drunk with some old friends from Onomichi. The three men drunkenly ramble about their children and lives. A policeman brings Shūkichi and one of his friends to Shige's salon. Shige is outraged her father is lapsing into the alcoholic ways that overshadowed her childhood.
The couple remarks on how their children have changed, returning home earlier than planned, intending to see their younger son Keizō when the train stops inOsaka. However, Tomi suddenly becomes ill during the journey and they decide to disembark the train, staying until she feels better the next day. They return to Onomichi, and Tomi falls critically ill. Kōichi, Shige, and Noriko rush to Onomichi to see Tomi, who dies shortly afterwards. Keizō arrives too late, as he has been away on business.
After the funeral, Kōichi, Shige, and Keizō leave immediately; only Noriko remains. After they leave, Kyōko criticises her siblings over their selfishness toward their parents. She believes that Kōichi, Shige, and Keizō do not care how hard it will be for their father now that he has lost their mother. She is also upset at Shige for asking so quickly for Tomi's clothes as keepsakes. Noriko responds that while she understands Kyōko's disappointment, everyone has their own life and the growing chasm between parents and children is inevitable. She convinces Kyōko not to be too hard on her siblings because one day she will understand how hard it is to take time away from one's own life.
After Kyōko leaves for school, Noriko informs her father-in-law that she must return to Tokyo that afternoon. Shūkichi tells her that she has treated them better than their own children despite not being a blood relation. Noriko protests that she is selfish and has not always thought about her missing husband, and Shūkichi credits her self-assessment to humility. He gives her a watch from the late Tomi as a memento. Noriko cries and confesses her loneliness; Shūkichi encourages her to remarry as soon as possible, wanting her to be happy. Noriko travels from Onomichi back to Tokyo, contemplating the watch, while Shūkichi remains behind, resigned to the solitude he must endure.
| Shūkichi (husband) | Tomi (wife) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kōichi (eldest son) | Fumiko (daughter-in-law) | Kurazō Kaneko (son-in-law) | Shige Kaneko (eldest daughter) | Shōji (second son) deceased | Noriko (daughter-in-law) | Keizō (youngest son) | Kyōko (youngest daughter) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minoru (grandson) | Isamu (grandson) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tokyo Story was inspired by the 1937 American filmMake Way for Tomorrow, directed by Leo McCarey, which it loosely adapts to the Japanese context and Ozu’s style. Noda, a long-time collaborator of Ozu, initially suggested the plot of the older film to Ozu, who had not seen it. Noda remembered it from its initial release in Japan.[1][2] Both films depict an elderly couple, their problems with family[3] and travelling to visit their children.[4] Differences include the older film taking place inDepression-era US, with the couple's problem being economical andTokyo Story taking place in post-war Japan, where the problems are cultural and emotional.[3] The films end differently.[5]David Bordwell wrote that Ozu "re-cast" the original film instead of adapting it.[6]
The script was developed by Ozu and Noda over a period of 103 days in aryokan calledChigasakikan inChigasaki,Kanagawa.[7] Ozu, Noda and cinematographer Yūharu Atsuta scouted locations in Tokyo andOnomichi for another month before shooting started. Shooting and editing took place from July to October 1953. Filming locations were in Tokyo (Adachi,Chūō,Taitō andChiyoda), Onomichi,Atami andOsaka. Among the major cast members only Ryū, Hara and Kagawa participated in the Onomichi location. All indoor scenes, except those at theTokyo Station waiting area and in apassenger car, were shot at the Shochiku Ōfuna Studio inKamakura, Kanagawa. Ozu used the same film crew and actors he had worked with for many years.[8][9] ActorChishū Ryū said Ozu was always happiest when finishing the final draft of a script and there were never any changes to the final draft.[10]
Like all of Ozu's sound films,Tokyo Story's pacing is slow,[11] though Ozu called it his film "that tends most strongly to melodrama."[12][13] In his narrative storytelling, Ozu often had certain key scenes take place off camera, with the viewer only learning about them through the characters' dialogue. For example, the train journeys to and from Tokyo are not depicted, the audience never sees Shūkichi and Tomi visit their son Keizō, and Tomi's illness begins off-screen.[14][15]
Ozu favored a stationary camera[16] and believed strongly inminimalism.[17] A distinctive camera style is used, in which the camera height is low and almost never moves; film criticRoger Ebert noted that the camera moves once in the film, which is "more than usual" for an Ozu film.[18] The low camera positions are reminiscent of sitting on a traditional Japanesetatami mat.[19] Ozu rarely shotmaster shots[20] and often broke the180-degree rule of filmmaking and screen direction. Characters, who often sit side by side in scenes, often appear to be facing the same direction when speaking to each other, such as in the first scene with Shūkichi and Tomi.[21] During some transitions, characters exit a scene screen right and then enter the next scene screen right.[22]
David Desser has compared the film's style and "de-emphasized plot" toZen Buddhism and the modern world's fascination with surface value and materialism.[23] Many of the transitional shots are still lifes of non-human subjects, such as smokestacks and landscapes.[24]
Themes in the film include the break-up andWesternization of the traditional Japanese family afterWorld War II and the inevitability of children growing apart from their parents.[19] It contrasts the urban life of the children in Tokyo with the rural life of their parents.[13] The film takes place in 1953 post-war Japan, a few years after the new Civil Code of 1948 stimulated the country's rapid re-growth and embraced Western capitalist ideals, while simultaneously destroying older traditions such as the Japanese family and its values.[25] Ozu was very close to his own mother, living with her as a surrogate wife and never marrying.[26] It is considered aShomin-geki film for its depiction of ordinary people.[2]
Tokyo Story was released on November 3, 1953, in Japan. The following yearHaruko Sugimura won theMainichi Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as the eldest daughter Shige.[27]
It was screened at theNational Film Theatre in London in 1957.[28] It is Ozu's best known film in both the East and the West. After the success ofAkira Kurosawa'sRashomon at the1951 Venice Film Festival, Japanese films began getting international distribution.[29] However, Japanese film exporters considered Ozu's work "too Japanese" and unmarketable. It was not until the 1960s that Ozu's films began to be screened in New York City at film festivals, museums, and theaters.[30]
In 1958, it was awarded the firstSutherland Trophy for the most original and creative film.[31] UK criticLindsay Anderson wrote that "It is a film about relationships, a film about time, and how it affects human beings (particularly parents and children) and how we must reconcile ourselves to its workings."[32]
After a screening at theNew Yorker Theatre in 1972, it received rave reviews from prominent critics who were unfamiliar with the film or Ozu.[33] Charles Micherer ofNewsweek said it was "like a Japanese paper flower that is dropped into water and then swells to fill the entire container with its beauty."[34]Stanley Kauffmann put it on his 10 Best list of 1972 and wrote "Ozu, a lyrical poet, whose lyrics swell quietly into the epic."[35]
In Japan, it was the eighthhighest-grossing film of 1953 with¥131.65 million indistributor rental earnings.[36] In France, the film sold 84,646 tickets upon release in 1978.[37] In other European countries, the film sold 92,810 tickets between 1996 and 2021,[38] for a combined 177,456 tickets sold in Europe.
On thereview aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes,100% of 53 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 9.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "Tokyo Story is a Yasujiro Ozu masterpiece whose rewarding complexity has lost none of its power more than half a century on."[39]Metacritic, which uses aweighted average, assigned the film a score of 100 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[40] It is also jointly ranked #1 on Metacritic's Filtered "Best Movies of All Time".[41] John Walker, former editor of theHalliwell's Film Guides, placesTokyo Story at the top of his published list of the best 1000 films ever made.Tokyo Story is also included in film criticDerek Malcolm'sThe Century of Films,[42][43] a list of films which he deems artistically or culturally important, andTime magazine lists it among itsAll-Time 100 Movies.Roger Ebert of theChicago Sun-Times included it in his series of great movies,[18] andPaul Schrader placed it in the "Gold" section of his Film Canon.[44]Martin Scorsese included it on a list of "39 Essential Foreign Films for a Young Filmmaker."[45]
Arthur Nolletti Jr, writing an essay in the book titledOzu's Tokyo Story compared the film to its USA predecessor film, McCarey's 1937Make Way for Tomorrow, and indicates that: "David Bordwell sees Ozu as 'recasting' the American film – borrowing from it, adapting it – and briefly mentions that there are similarities in story, theme and plot structure. Indeed these similarities are striking. Both films focus on an elderly couple who discover that their grown children regard them as a burden; both films are structured as journeys in which the couple are shuffled from one household to another; both films explore much of the same thematic material (e.g., sibling self-centeredness and parental disillusionment); and both films are about the human condition – the cyclical pattern of life with its concomitant joys and sorrows – and the immediate social realities that affect and shape that condition: in McCarey's film,The Great Depression; in Ozu's, the intensified postwar push toward industrialization. Primarily sober in tone but possessing rich and gentle humor, both films belong to a genre that in Japanese cinema is calledshomin-geki, films dealing with the everyday lives of the lower middle classes."[46]
Tokyo Story is often admired as a work that achieves great emotional effect while avoidingmelodrama. Critic Wally Hammond stated that "the way Ozu builds up emotional empathy for a sense of disappointment in its various characters is where his mastery lies."[47]Roger Ebert wrote that the work "lacks sentimental triggers and contrived emotion; it looks away from moments a lesser movie would have exploited. It doesn't want to force our emotions, but to share its understanding."[18] InThe Village Voice, Eric Hynes argued that "time itself is [Ozu]'s most potent weapon. Protracted sequences make you impatient for forward motion, but then, in an instant, you’re left to mourn beauties hastened away."[48] In 2010,David Thomson rhetorically asked whether any other family drama in cinematic history was more moving thanTokyo Story.[49] Ebert called Ozu "universal", reported having never heard more weeping in an audience than during its showing, and later stated that the work "ennobles the cinema. It says, yes, a movie can help us make small steps against our imperfections."[18]Leonard Maltin gave it four of four stars: "Quietly powerful story of old age, the disappointments parents experience with their children, and the fears the young have of time passing. A masterpiece."[50]The Village Voice ranked the film at number 36 in its Top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list in 1999, based on a poll of critics.[51]
Tokyo Story was voted at No. 14 on the list of "100 Greatest Films" by the prominent French magazineCahiers du Cinéma in 2008.[52] In 2009 the film was namedThe Greatest Japanese Film of All Time by Japanese film magazineKinema Junpo.[53]Entertainment Weekly voted it the 95th Greatest film of all time.[54] Since 1992, the film has appeared consistently in theBritish Film Institute's "polls of the greatest films" of directors and critics published inSight and Sound. On the critics' poll, it was third in 1992, fifth in 2002, and third again in 2012. On the directors' poll, it was 17th in 1992, tied at number 16 withPsycho andThe Mirror in 2002, and in 2012 it topped the poll, receiving 48 votes out of the 358 directors polled. In 2022, it was 4th in both the critics' and directors' polls.[55][56][57][58][59] In 2010,The Guardian ranked the film 4th in its list of 25 greatestarthouse films.[49] It ranked 3rd in BBC's 2018 list of The 100 greatest foreign language films voted by 209 film critics from 43 countries around the world.[60]
German directorDoris Dörrie drew inspiration fromTokyo Story for her 2008 filmCherry Blossoms, which follows a similar storyline.[61]
In 2013Yōji Yamada remade the film asTōkyō Kazoku.[62]
The film was restored and released on DVD and Blu-ray byThe Criterion Collection (Region 1) and byTartan Video in Region 2. In 2010, the BFI released a Region 2 dual-format edition (Blu-ray + DVD).[63] Included with this release is astandard-definition presentation ofBrothers and Sisters of the Toda Family.
