Tokmok | |
|---|---|
 Airplane monument in Tokmok | |
 Flag  Seal | |
  Tokmok Location in Kyrgyzstan | |
| Coordinates:42°50′N75°17′E / 42.833°N 75.283°E /42.833; 75.283 | |
| Country |  Kyrgyzstan |
| Region | Chüy Region |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Altynbek Ergeshov [ru] |
| Area | |
• Total | 41 km2 (16 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 816 m (2,677 ft) |
| Population (2024)[1] | |
• Total | 76 200 |
| • Density | 1.9/km2 (4.8/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (KGT) |
| Website | tokmok |
Tokmok (Kyrgyz:Токмок,lit. 'hammer';Russian:Токмак,romanized: Tokmak)[2] is a city in theChüy Valley, northernKyrgyzstan, east of the country's capital ofBishkek, with a population of 71,443 in 2021.[1] Its elevation is 816 m above sea level. From 2003 to 2006, it was the administrative seat of Chüy Region.[3][4] Just to the north is the riverChu and the border with Kazakhstan.
Tokmok was established as a northern military outpost of theKhanate of Kokandc. 1830. Thirty years later, it fell to the Russians who demolished the fort. The modern town was founded in 1864 by Major-GeneralMikhail Chernyayev.
Tokmok is a district-level city of regional significance within Chüy Region. Although the city is surrounded by the region'sChüy District, it is not a part of it. Its total area is 41 km2 (16 sq mi).[5]
Despite its relatively modern origin, Tokmok stands in the middle of theChüy Valley, which was a prize sought by many medieval conquerors. The ruins ofAk-Beshim, the capital of theWestern Turkic Khaganate, are situated 8 km southwest from Tokmok.Yusuf Has Hajib Balasaguni, author of theKutadgu Bilig is said to have been born in this area.
About 15 km south of Tokmok is the 11th-centuryBurana Tower, located on the grounds of an ancient citadel of which today only a large earthen mound remains. This is believed to be the site of the ancient city ofBalasagun, founded by theSogdians and later for some time the capital of theKara-Khanid empire. A large collection of ancient gravestones andbal-bals is nearby. ExcavatedScythian artifacts have been moved to museums inSt. Petersburg andBishkek.
According to the Population and Housing Census of 2009, the population of Tokmok was 53,231. The largest ethnic groups in Tokmok areKyrgyz (46.8%, 2009 census),Russians (20.5%),Dungans (16.5%) andUzbeks (8.6%).[5]
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 15,269 | — |
| 1939 | 19,431 | +1.87% |
| 1959 | 26,559 | +1.57% |
| 1970 | 42,116 | +4.28% |
| 1979 | 58,003 | +3.62% |
| 1989 | 72,927 | +2.32% |
| 1999 | 59,409 | −2.03% |
| 2009 | 53,231 | −1.09% |
| 2021 | 71,443 | +2.48% |
| Note: resident population; Sources:[6][7][8][9][5][1] | ||
Tokmok has a hot summerMediterranean continental climate (Köppen climate classificationDsa). The average annual temperature is 9.5 °C (49.1 °F). The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F) and the coolest month is January with an average temperature of −5.3 °C (22.5 °F). The average annual precipitation is 434.2mm (17") and has an average of 108.3 days with precipitation. The wettest month is April with an average of 70mm (2.8") of precipitation and the driest month is August with an average of 12.1mm (0.5") of precipitation.[10]
| Climate data for Tokmok (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.3 (27.9) | −0.2 (31.6) | 6.4 (43.5) | 12.9 (55.2) | 17.6 (63.7) | 22.2 (72.0) | 24.5 (76.1) | 23.2 (73.8) | 17.7 (63.9) | 10.9 (51.6) | 4.3 (39.7) | −0.7 (30.7) | 11.4 (52.5) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 25.2 (0.99) | 27.3 (1.07) | 49.6 (1.95) | 70.0 (2.76) | 68.1 (2.68) | 37.3 (1.47) | 20.2 (0.80) | 12.1 (0.48) | 16.3 (0.64) | 39.7 (1.56) | 41.5 (1.63) | 26.9 (1.06) | 434.2 (17.09) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.0 | 9.3 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 10.2 | 7.6 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 108.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 74.0 | 75.1 | 68.5 | 55.4 | 53.3 | 46.9 | 44.1 | 43.7 | 46.2 | 56.2 | 67.1 | 75.3 | 58.8 |
| Source 1:NOAA[11] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:"The Climate of Tokmok". Weatherbase. Retrieved5 August 2014. | |||||||||||||
The glass manufacturer Interglass LLC is based in Tokmok. The Tokmok plant produces about 2,800 tons of liquid glass per day and 600 tons of glass is produced of the mass per day. Annual production is 200 000 tons. At present, raw materials for glass production are mainly provided by Russia and Kazakhstan.[12]
Érd, Hungary
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