Tlatilco culture shows a marked increase in specialization over earlier cultures, including more complex settlement patterns, specialized occupations, and stratified social structures. In particular, the development of the chiefdom centers at Tlatilco and Tlapacoya is a defining characteristic of Tlatilco culture.
This period also saw a significant increase in long distance trade, particularly in iron ore,obsidian, andgreenstone, trade which likely facilitated theOlmec influence seen within the culture, and may explain the discovery of Tlatilco-style pottery nearCuautla, Morelos, 90 miles (140 km) to the south.[2]
The "Acrobat", ceramic art fromTlatilco, dated 1200-900 BCE. This figurine's left knee has a hole for pouring liquid.
Archaeologically, the advent of the Tlatilco culture is denoted by a widespread dissemination of artistic conventions, pottery, and ceramics known as the Early Horizon (also known as the Olmec or San Lorenzo Horizon), Mesoamerica's earliestarchaeological horizon.[3]
Specifically, the Tlatilco culture is defined by the presence of:[4]
Both ritual and utilitarian ceramics.
Both animal and human figurines rendered in a somewhat stylized manner.
Clay masks and other exotic ritual objects.
Elaborate burials with grave offerings.
Olmec-style decorations, motifs, designs, and figurines such as the hollow"baby-face" figurines or thepilli-style costumed males.
The Olmec influence is unmistakable. One survey of Tlatilco graves found that Olmec-style objects were "ubiquitous" in the earliest upper-middle status burials but were unrelated to wealth. That is, no correlation was found between the markers of high status and Olmec-style objects, and although larger numbers of Olmec-style objects were found in rich graves, they constituted a smaller percentage of the grave goods there.[5]
The Olmec-style artifacts appear suddenly, abundantly, and pervasively in the archaeological record at the outset of the Ayotla (Coapexco) phase.[7]
At the end of the Ayotla, however, around 1000 BCE, there is another abrupt change in ceramics: figurines of costumed males give way to those of nude females, and Olmec-derived iconography evolves into a more native appearance, changes likely reflective of a change in religious ideas and practices.[8]
By 800 BCE, the hallmarks of the Tlatilco culture fade from the archaeological record. By 700 BCE,Cuicuilco had become the largest and most dynamic city in the Valley of Mexico, eclipsing Tlatilco and Tlapacoya.
^These dates, from Diehl and from Bradley and Joralemon, areradiocarbon dates, which are earlier in Mesoamerica than the corresponding chronological dates -- chronologically, the Tlatilco culture lasts from 1450 BCE until 900 BCE (Pool, p. 7). Tolstoy, however, gives slightly different dates.
^Grove discusses ceramics "identical with certain vessels found in association with Preclassic burials at Tlatilco" (p. 62).
^Dates from Bradley & Joralemon, p. 13. Tolstoy defines separate Coapexco and Ayotla phases (p. 283).
^Tolstoy, who says that the Olmec-style artifacts pervade "general refuse, all households and many sectors of activity", p. 98.
^Bradley and Joralemon, p. 28, who wonder whether the transition between the Ayotla and Manantial phases was not caused by the decline of theSan Lorenzo Tenochtitlan ceremonial center. Also echoed by Pool, p. 206, who states that "Early Horizon motifs underwent substantial development".
Usually associated with the Moche, this stirrup jar is from Tlatilco, 1100 - 800 BCE.
Bradley, Douglas E., and Peter David Joralemon (1993)The Lords of Life: The Iconography of Power and Fertility in Preclassic Mesoamerica,Snite Museum of Art,University of Notre Dame.
Diehl, Richard A. (2004)The Olmecs: America's First Civilization, Thames & Hudson, London.
Grove, David C. (1970) "The San Pablo Pantheon Mound: a Middle Preclassic Site Found in Morelos, Mexico", inAmerican Antiquity, v35 n1, January 1970, pp. 62–73.
Niederberger Betton, Christine (1987)Paléo-paysages et archéologie pré-urbaine du Bassin de Mexico, Centre d’études mexicaines et centraméricaines (CEMCA), coll.Études Mésoaméricaines, 2 vols, México.
Tolstoy, Paul (1989) "Coapexco and Tlatilco: sites with Olmec materials in the Basin of Mexico",Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, Robert Sharer, ed., Cambridge University Press, pp. 85–121,ISBN978-0-521-36332-7.
Tlatilco figurines,Smarthistory
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