TheTiwa, less commonlyTigua, are a group of relatedTanoanPueblo peoples inNew Mexico that traditionally speak aTiwa language (although some speakers have switched to Spanish and/or English), and are divided into the two Northern Tiwa groups, inTaos andPicuris, and the Southern Tiwa inIsleta andSandia, around what is nowAlbuquerque, and inYsleta del Sur nearEl Paso,Texas.
Tiwa is the English name for these peoples, which is derived from the Spanish termTigua and put into use byFrederick Webb Hodge. The Spanish term has also been used in English writings although the termTiwa now is dominant.
In SpanishTigua only was applied to the Southern Tiwa groups (in Tiguex territory). Spanish variants ofTigua includeCheguas,Chiguas,Téoas,Tiguas,Tigües,Tiguesh,Tigüex,Tiguex,Tigüez,Tihuex,Tioas,Tziquis. The namesAtzigues,Atziqui,Tihues, andTziquis were originally applied to thePiro but later writers confused these terms for the Piro with the terms for the Southern Tiwa. A further confusion is with some of the terms for theTewa (Tegua,Tehuas,Teoas) being applied to both the Tewa and (Southern) Tiwa indiscriminately. The formsTiguesh,Tigüex, andTiguex are meant to represent a pronunciation of[tiweʃ], which is supposedly an Isletan term meaning "Isletan" according toAdolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier. The termTiguan is usually given instead Bandelier'sTigüex — this being a representation of the Isletan term for "Southern Tiwas" and recorded in modern times asTíwan with the termTiwáde for the singular "(a) Southern Tiwa" (J. P. Harrington recorded the singular asTiwa and said thatTiwa/Tiwan could also be used to refer to Northern Tiwas).
The Spanish spelling of the name asTihua is contemporarily accepted, though the anglicized form (Tiwa) is, perhaps, academically more prevalent.
The Governor of the New Mexico Territory,LeBaron Bradford Prince, wrote about a difference between the Tehua pueblos and the Tihua nation.[1]
The Tiwa are first mentioned byCoronado in 1540, and a pueblo (town) referred to by him as both Coofor and Tiguex was most likely the pueblo known since a Spanish map of 1602 as Santiago Pueblo (Bandelier's Puaray). Coronado fought theTiguex War against 12 of the southern Tiwa pueblos around what is nowAlbuquerque, which together with the diseases and consolidation of missions by the Catholic priests the Spanish brought, resulted in the abandonment of many of the villages.
In February 1583, the merchant Antonio de Espejo came up theRio Grande to Tiguex (Kuaua), and Puaray (Espejo's own statement).
The everyday life of Tiwas Indians ofIsleta Pueblo during the end of the 19th century is described in the book "The Padre of Isleta".[2] A band of peaceful Tiwa, called Tigua, are massacred inCormac McCarthy'sBlood Meridian, referring to a period around 1849–50.[3]
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