 Tiple, classic 12-string musical instrument | |
| String instrument | |
|---|---|
| Classification | String instrument (plucked) |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 321.322 (Composite chordophone) |
| Playing range | |
| C3 - A5 | |
| Related instruments | |
| Colombian tiple, Timple | |
Thetiple (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈtiple], literallytreble orsoprano), is a plucked typically 10-string or 12-stringchordophone of theguitar family, actually several instruments that share the name. A tiple player is called atiplista. The first mention of the tiple comes from musicologist Pablo Minguet e Irol in 1752. Although many variations of the instrument exist, the 12-string tiple ofColombia is considered the national instrument. The Puerto Rican tiple characteristically has fewer strings, as do variants from Cuba, Mallorca, and North America.
TheColombian tiple (in Spanish:tiple) is an instrument of the guitar family, similar in appearance although slightly smaller (about 18%) than a standardclassical guitar. The typical fretboardscale is about 530 mm (just under 21 inches), and the neck joins the body at the 12th fret. There are 12 strings, grouped in four tripledcourses. Traditional tuning from lowest to highest course is C F A D, although many modern players tune the instrument like the upper four strings of the modern guitar: D G B E. The outer two strings of each of the three lowest triple courses are tuned an octave higher than the middle string in the course (giving C4 C3 C4 • E4 E3 E4 • A4 A3 A4 • D4 D4 D4 in traditional tuning, or D4 D3 D4 • G4 G3 G4 • B4 B3 B4 • E4 E4 E4 in modern tuning). An 18 or 19 fret fingerboard give the tiple Colombiano a range of about 2-2/3 octaves, from C3 - G#5 (or A5). The tiple is used for many traditional Colombian music genres including bambucos and pasillos. It serves both as an accompanying instrument and for soloing.[1] One of the main composers of tiple music is Pacho Benavides.
David Pelham says of the Colombian tiple: "The tiple is a Colombian adaptation of theRenaissance Spanishvihuela brought to the New World in the 16th century by the Spanish conquistadors. At the end of the 19th century, it evolved to its present shape. Its twelve strings are arranged in four groups of three: the first group consists of three steel strings tuned to E, the second, third and fourth groups have a copper string in the middle of two steel strings. The central ones are tuned one octave lower than the surrounding strings of the group. This arrangement produces the set of harmonics that gives the instrument its unique voice.[2] Outside of Colombia the "copper" strings are more often standard brass or bronze wound steel guitar strings.
Another variant, the tiple Colombiano requinto, is often simply called tiple requinto. This instrument is about 10-15% smaller than the tiple Colombiano, and the central octave strings of the smaller instrument are tuned in unison, giving either a C4 C4 C4 • E4 E4 E4 • A4 A4 A4 • D4 D4 D4 tuning (traditional), or a D4 D4 D4 • G4 G4 G4 • B4 B4 B4 • E4 E4 E4 tuning (modern). The tiple requinto is sometimes made in more of a violin or "hourglass" shape, than a guitar shape. These differences give it a generally thinner, higher-pitched sound than the tiple Colombiano, even though most of its tuning is in the same range as the larger instrument.[3]
The tiple is the smallest of the three string instruments ofPuerto Rico that make up theorquesta jibara (i.e., theCuatro, the tiple and theBordonua). According to investigations made by Jose Reyes Zamora, the tiple in Puerto Rico dates back to the 18th century. It is believed to have evolved from the Spanish guitarrillo. There was never a standard for the tiple and as a result there are many variations throughout the island of Puerto Rico. Most tiples have four or five strings and most tiple requintos have three strings. Some tiples have as many as 6 strings and as few as a single string, though these types are rare.[4]
The main types of tiple in Puerto Rico are:
The tiple that is now most often played in Puerto Rico is thetiple doliente. It has recently acquired a more or less fixed body shape narrowing at the top and having 5 metal strings (see the accompanying photo). It is usually made like the cuatro, so either constructed like a guitar, or from one piece of wood hollowed out. The bottom half of the body is rounded like a guitar, however the top half is square, or triangular. All other features (like neck and bridge) resemble the construction of a normal Spanish guitar. The peghead has tuning machines either from the side or from the back. The strings of the tiple doliente are tuned: E3 A3 D4 G4 C5.
This tiple fromVenezuela, looks like a smaller version of the Colombian Tiple. It has 4 sets of triple strings and is also known as the Guitarro, Guitarro Segundo, and the Segunda Guitarra. There is another tiple played in Venezuela but is a member of the Venezuelan Cuatro family of instruments, also called a tiple and known as the Cinco y Medio or Cinco. It is very much like the Cuatro but it has 5 strings instead of four.[6]
On the Spanish Balearic island ofMenorca, atiple is an instrument with five single nylon strings.[6]
A tiple Cubano, has five doubled courses of strings, ten in total.[6]
The tiple de Santo Domingo, also known as tiple Dominicano or tiple, also has five doubled courses, for ten in total. The strings are steel. It is tuned C4, F4, A#4, D5, G5. All of the courses are tuned in unison.[6]
Peru has a tiple with four single or doubled steel strings. It is tuned A3, E4, B4, F#5.[6]
In Uruguay and Argentina, sometimes the requinto guitar is called a tiple.[6]
The North American tiple was designed in 1919 by the Pennsylvania guitar companyC.F. Martin & Co. for the William J. Smith Co. in New York and was most popular through the 1920s-1940s ukulele craze. This tiple is close in length to a tenor ukulele, but with a deeper body. Unlike a ukulele, it has ten steel strings in four mixed-octave courses of 2, 3, 3, and 2 strings. Manufactured for a half century, the Martin tiple was used in jazz, blues and old-time country bands, and as a louder-volume ukulele. It was tuned similarly to a D-tuned ukulele:
Ohana, a more recent manufacturer of similar instruments, recommends tuning their copies of the Martin a full tone lower, as mentioned below, similar to contemporary ukuleles.
Martin produced mahogany and rosewood bodied tiples, following a model-identification system similar to its guitars: T-15 and T-17, mahogany top, back and sides; T-18, spruce top, mahogany back and sides; T-28, spruce top, rosewood back and sides; T-45, spruce top, rosewood back and sides, fancy abalone inlay. Martin's tiple production continued off-and-on into the 1970s.[7]
Similar instruments were made by Regal, Harmony, Lyon & Healy, Oscar Schmidt, D'Angelico and other companies during the early decades of Martin production.[8]
In the 21st century, the Ohana ukulele company began manufacturing an all-mahogany tiple similar to the Martin, but calling it "a vintage ukulele inspired by the Columbian (sic) Tiple." The company recommended tuning with the lowest note a C.(G3 G4 – C4 C3 C4 – E4 E3 E4 – A4 A4)[9]
In addition to its original ukulele-style tuning (above), the American tiple sometimes has been tuned like the upper four courses of the guitar, presumably with special sets of strings.[10]
North American tiple performers:
Electric tiples usually follow either the Colombian (12-string) or "Martin" (10-string) tuning and string arrangement.
InSpain there are similar instruments. This tiny guitar has four strings and is found inMenorca. Other types of small guitars in Spain are theguitarra,guitarro andguitarrico.[14]
Related Portuguese instruments are thecavaquinho orbraguinha and therajâo. The braguinha and the rajâo taken to Hawai'i by Portuguese immigrants from Madeira are the forerunners of theukulele.
Migrating from North Africa in the 16th century to theCanary Islands[citation needed] and then on toMurcia, thetimple has become the traditional instrument of the Canaries. InLa Palma and in the north of the island ofTenerife some players omit the fifth string, tuning the timple like aukulele, though nowadays this is often seen as non-standard by players in other regions where five strings are preferred. The popular tiple tuning is GCEAD.[14]
The word "tiple" basically means "treble" or "high pitched", and has been used occasionally for the names of other instruments not directly members of the tiple-family proper. One such is theMarxochime Hawaiian tiple, which bears no resemblance to the traditional tiples, but looks like (and is) a variety ofzither. It is played with a combination of plucking, strumming, and playing with a slide similar to alap steel guitar. The instrument is one of manyzither variants marketed within the United States during the early 20th century, of which only theautoharp ever achieved lasting popularity. The instrument, also known as the "Tremola", carries the "Hawaiian tiple" name solely for marketing purposes, as interest in Hawaiian music and culture was high in mainland America during the period when the instrument was marketed.[15]
Colombian tiple:
Puerto Rican tiple:
Spanish tiple:
Timple Canario:
Tiple Cubano:
Tiple Dominicano, Tiple Argentino, Banjo Tiple, Tiple Uruguayo, and the Tiple Venezolano:
Marxochime Hawaiian Tiple:
