Tinkar | |
|---|---|
village | |
  Tinkar Tinkar (Nepal) Show map of Nepal | |
| Coordinates:30°08′08″N80°59′05″E / 30.1355°N 80.9848°E /30.1355; 80.9848 | |
| Province | Sudurpashchim |
| District | Darchula |
| Rural Municipality | Byas |
| Highest elevation | 5,258 m (17,251 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 3,650 m (11,980 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 |
Tinkar is a village in theByans Rural Municipality ofDarchula District in theSudurpashchim province ofNepal. It is named after theTinkar Khola river, a tributary of theMahakali River, which it joins near the village ofChhangru.
At the top of the Tinkar valley near the Tibetborder is theTinkar Pass (5,258 m), which provides a trading route for theByansis of the region for the Tibetan trading centreBurang.[3][4][5] However, the Tinkaris are said to prefer theLipulekh Pass across the border in Indian territory due to its higher volume.[6] Nepal has ongoing claims to the Lipulekh Pass, as part of theKalapani territory.
Tinkar is in the far-western region of Nepal, in the province ofSudurpashchim Province at the high end of the Great Himalayan range, elevation 3,650 metres (11,980 ft). It is the principal village in the valley of the Tinkar River (Tinkar Khola), which is a tributary of theMahakali River (or Kali River and Sarda River). Mahakali serves as the western boundary of Nepal with India, beyond which lies the Indian region ofKumaon (part of theUttarakhand state).
Along the Tinkar Valley, closer to the border, is another large village called Chhangru (or Changru). Tinkar (80 households) and Chhangru (100 households) are populated byByansi people, who speak aWest Himalayish language calledByangsi. The region across the border in Kumaon is also populated by Byansi people, with whom the Byansis of the Tinkar Valley have cultural and historical links. A third village called Ghaga, at the confluence of Tinkar and Nampa rivers, is populated by other classes of people.[7]
Upstream along one of the headwaters of the Tinkar Khola is the Tinkar Pass (or "Tinkar Lipu"[8]) at the top of the Great Himalayan range, which provides a historical trading route for the Byansis to the Tibetan town ofBurang. This pass is however insignificant for the overall economy of Nepal because the far-western region is cut off from the rest of the country by "high impassable mountains and glaciers".[9] Manzard et al. state that the Tinkar Byansis also used to use the Lipulekh Pass because the Tinkar Pass is quite difficult to traverse.[7]
While the general border runs along the Mahakali River, in the upper headwaters above theKalapani village, it is thewatershed of the streams that flow into the river. This was a decision made by theBritish Indian government in the 19th century.[10][11]Two significant peaks, P. 6172 and Om Parvat (5590 m), lie on this watershed range, which are popular trekking destinations.[3][5] Nepal has ongoing claims to the territory beyond the watershed, up to the main headwater stream, which is termed theKalapani territory.[12][13]
According to theHimalayan Gazetteer, the entire Byans region to the south as well as north of the Mahakali River used to be part ofKumaon.[14] After theunification of Nepal in the 18th century, Nepal expanded northwest and conquered the kingdoms of Kumaon as well asGarhwal. The expansion lasted till 1815. In that year, theAnglo-Nepalese War saw the British generalOchterlony evict the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Mahakali River.[15][16] After agreeing theTreaty of Sugauli, which made a territorial settlement along the Mahakali River, the Nepalese appealed to the British governor general that they were entitled to the areas to the east (here, southeast) of the Mahakali River. The British conceded the demand, and the Tinkar Valley with its large villages of Chhangru and Tinkar was transferred to Nepal. The British, however, retained the areas to the northwest of the Mahakali River, including theKuthi Valley and theKalapani territory near the headwaters of the Mahakali. Thus the "parganah [of] Byans" got divided across the two countries.[17][18]
Since the British operated an open border with Nepal, allowing free movement of people across it, the normal intercourse of the Tinkaris with their fellow Byansis on the Indian side is likely to have continued unhindered. They continued to use theLipulekh Pass on the Indian side for their commerce with the Tibetans.[6][19] They also use the road on the Indian side to travel toKhalanga where they spend the winters as part of theirtranshumance practices. The footbridge at Sitapul near the mouth of Tinkar Khola is used to transit to the Indian side of the border.[7] Likewise thezamindars (landholders) on the Indian side that owned land in Nepal continued to operate such lands.[7]
The Tinkar Pass at the top of the Tinkar Valley is thede facto tri-junction between China, India and Nepal. Article 1 of theChina–Nepal border treaty of 1961 states:
The Chinese-Nepalese boundary line starts from the point where the watershed between the Kali River and the Tinkar River meet the watershed between the tributaries of the Mapchu (Karnali) River on the one hand and the Tinkar River on the other hand.[20]
This being the precise geographical description of the location of the Tinkar Pass, the Border Pillar numbered 1 of the China–Nepal border was placed here.[21]
Following the Chinese take-over of Tibet, India and Nepal jointly operated a number of checkposts along the Tibet border starting in 1952.[22] According to Nepalese geographerBuddhi Narayan Shrestha, one of these was at the Tinkar Pass.[23][a] In 1969, Nepal asked for the Indian personnel to be withdrawn from the posts, and India did so, with the understanding that Nepal would continue to man the posts. Former Indian Army generalAshok K. Mehta states that none of the posts remained afterwards.[13] Subsequently, India stepped up security and surveillance on the Indian side of the Nepal–India border and also introduced a permit system for the use of Indian roads.[24]
According toThe Rising Nepal, a checkpost was established at the Tinkar village around 1972, by an Assistant Sub-Inspector, who was also in charge of patrolling up to Chhangru. The officer claimed to have patrolled up to the Kalapani village with arms once, along the Indian road, while the Indian security kept him under surveillance. He was denied a permit to visit it a second time.[24]
After the 1962border war between India and China, India closed the Lipulekh Pass at the top of the Kalapani river valley. The Byansis of Kumaon then used the Tinkar Pass for all their trade with Tibet.[25][26] In 1997, India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass,[27] and the use of the Tinkar Pass had declined.
According to the Chairperson of the Byas Rural Municipality, Chhangru is the last Nepali village along the Mahakali river heading north.[b] He states that the roads on the Nepali side are bad and the villagers have to use the Indian roads to get to Chhangru.[c] They have to obtain permits from the Indian administration for this purpose. He complained of the attitude of the Indian administrators, which he described as "condescending".[29]
There is a walk bridge over the Mahakali River near Chhangru calledSita Pul, which allows passage between India and Nepal. Nepal used to have a customs point at this location, which was abandoned during theconflict period, and has not yet been reinstated.[30] During the conflict period, the area was controlled by theMaoist rebels, who charged "tax" (protection money) on wildlife trafficking through the Tinkar route. Illegal animal products from India are said to have been trafficked, including tiger skins, tiger bones and parts, musk deer pouches and yarsagumba. TheNepali Times journalists estimated that the rebels earned Rs. 35 million annually through such "taxes".[28] Such trafficking is still ongoing as of 2019.[31]
News reports in May 2018 state that the trade with Tibet is "almost nil", and it has been so for the last five or six years. "There is neither road access from the Nepal side to bring goods imported from Tibet nor is there [a] customs office," according toThe Kathmandu Post.[30]
Between 2013 and 2020, India laid a (motorable) link road on the Indian side of the river. When it was inaugurated in May 2020, the Nepalese government protested, calling it a "unilateral act".[32]
Bir Bahadur Chand, the police officer that established the Tinkar checkpost, states that the controversies surrounding theKalapani territory are raised only by theKathmandu media, and they cause a lot of difficulties for the people of the Tinkar region.[24]
