1x, y and z are digits that indicate the street, part of the street or even the building of the address 2x is a digit indicating the operator: 2 for the former national operator,Romtelecom, and 3 for other ground telephone networks
Timișoara (;[a] seeother names) is the capital city ofTimiș County,Banat, and the main economic, social and cultural center in WesternRomania. Located on theBega River, Timișoara is considered the informal capital city of the historicalBanat region. From 1848 to 1860 it was the capital of theSerbian Vojvodina and theVoivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar. With 250,849 inhabitants at the2021 census, Timișoara is the country'sfifth most populous city.[10] It is home to around 400,000 inhabitants in itsmetropolitan area, while the Timișoara–Arad metropolis concentrates more than 70% of the population of Timiș andArad counties. Timișoara is a multicultural city, home to 21 ethnic groups and 18 religious denominations.[14] Historically, the most numerous were theSwabian Germans,Jews andHungarians, who still make up 6% of the population in Timișoara.[15]
Conquered in 1716 by the Austrians from the Ottoman Turks, Timișoara developed in the following centuries behind the fortifications and in the urban nuclei located around them. During the second half of the 19th century, the fortress began to lose its usefulness, due to many developments in military technology. Former bastions and military spaces were demolished and replaced with new boulevards and neighborhoods.[16] Timișoara was the first city in theHabsburg monarchy withstreet lighting (1760) and the first European city to be lit by electric street lamps in 1884.[17] It opened the first public lending library in the Habsburg monarchy and built a municipal hospital 24 years ahead ofVienna.[17] Also, in 1771 it published the first German newspaper inSoutheast Europe (Temeswarer Nachrichten).[17] In December 1989, Timișoara was the starting point of theRomanian Revolution.[18]
Timișoara is one of the most important educational centers in Romania, with about 40,000 students[19] enrolled in the city's six universities. Like many other large cities in Romania, Timișoara is amedical tourism service provider, especially fordental care andcosmetic surgery.[20] Several breakthroughs in Romanian medicine have been achieved in Timișoara, including the firstin vitro fertilization (IVF), the first laserheart surgery and the firststem cell transplant.[17] As a technology hub, the city has one of the most powerfulIT sectors in Romania alongsideBucharest,Cluj-Napoca,Iași, andBrașov. In 2013, Timișoara had the fastest internet download speed in the world.[21]
Nicknamed the "Little Vienna" or the "City of Roses", Timișoara is noted for its large number ofhistorical monuments and its 36 parks and green spaces.[22] Thespa resortsBuziaș andBăile Călacea are located at a distance of 30 and 27 km (19 and 17 miles) from the city, respectively, mentioned since Roman times for the properties of healing waters. Along withOradea, Timișoara is part of theArt Nouveau European Route.[23] It is also a member ofEurocities.[24] Timișoara has an active cultural scene due to the city's three state theaters,opera,philharmonic and many other cultural institutions. In 2016, Timișoara was the first Romanian Youth Capital,[25] and in 2023 it held the title ofEuropean Capital of Culture, along with the cities ofVeszprém inHungary andElefsina inGreece.[26]
TheHungarian name of the city,Temesvár, was first recorded asTemeswar in 1315.[27] It refers to a castle (vár) on theTimiș River (Temes).[27] Timiș belongs to the family of hydronyms derived from the Indo-European radicalthib "swamp".[28] TheRomanian andGerman oikonyms (Timișoara and Temeschburg,[29] respectively) derived from the Hungarian form.[27] The Habsburg/Austrian authorities also usedTemeschwar,Temeswar orTemeschburg, names that have become commonplace in current usage. The name of the city comes from the river which passes the city, Timișul Mic (German:Kleine Temesch;Hungarian:Kistemes),[30] hydronym which was in use until the 18th century when it was changed to Bega or Beghei.[31]
The southeastern part of thePannonian Basin is bounded by theMureș, theTisza and theDanube; the region was very fertile and already offered favorable conditions for food and human livelihood in 4000 BC.[41] Archeological remains attested the presence of a population of farmers, hunters and artisans, whose existence was favored by mild climate, fertile soil and abundant water and forests.
The first identifiable civilization in Banat were theDacians who left traces of their past.[42] Several Romanian historians have advanced the idea that the current location of Timișoara corresponds to the Dacian settlement ofZurobara. Although its location is unknown, the coordinates given by geographerPtolemy inGeographike Hyphegesis place it in the northwest of Banat.[43]
It is assumed that in the 9th century, KnyazGlad ruled over these lands, accepting Hungarian sovereignty, though no contemporary accounts exist.[41] Timișoara was first officially mentioned in 1212 as the RomancastrumTemesiensis[44] orcastrum regium Themes.[45] This year is disputed by historians of the opinion that the city's first documentary mention comes from 1266, when heir apparentStephen V of Hungary donates part of theTymes fortress, built by his father,Béla IV, to Count Parabuch.[46] The city was destroyed by theTatars in the 13th century,[44] but the city was rebuilt and grew considerably during the reign ofCharles I of Hungary, who, upon his visit there in 1307, ordered the strengthening of the fortress with stone walls and the building of a royal palace. The palace was built by Italian craftsmen and was organized around a rectangular court having a main body provided with a dungeon or a tower.[47][48] He even moved the royal seat fromBuda to Timișoara between 1316 and 1323.[41] Timișoara's importance also grew due to its strategic location, which facilitated control over the Banat plain.[48]
By the middle of the 14th century, Timișoara was at the forefront of WesternChristendom's battle against theMuslimOttoman Turks. In 1394, the Turks led byBayezid I passed Nagybecskerek (present-dayZrenjanin) and Timișoara on their way toWallachia where they were defeated by VoivodeMircea the Elder in thebattle of Rovine.[41] Timișoara once again served as a concentration point for the Christian armed forces, this time for thebattle of Nicopolis. After the Christians' defeat, the Ottomans devastated Banat to Timișoara, from where they were expelled by Count István Losonczy.[41] Appointed Count of Timiș in 1440,John Hunyadi moved with his family to Timișoara, which he would turn into a permanent military camp.[49] John Hunyadi would come to be known throughout the region for hisvictory in Belgrade over the Ottomans, considered at that time a defender of Christianity. An important event in the city's history was the peasant uprising led byGyörgy Dózsa. On 10 August 1514 he tried to change the course ofBega River to be able to enter more easily into the city, but he was defeated by attacks from both inside and outside the city.[41]
Timișoara in 1656, a map byNicolas Sanson. Note the mosques with minarets and crescent moons on towers characteristic of cities during the Ottoman era.Temeşvar Eyalet and the surroundingOttoman Hungary in 1683.
Thefall of Belgrade in 1521 and thedefeat at Mohács in 1526 caused the division of theHungarian Kingdom in three parts, andBanat became the object of contention between theHabsburg Kingdom of Hungary andOttomans. After a failed siege in 1551, the Turks regrouped and returned with a new strategy. On 22 July 1552, a 160,000-strong army led byKara Ahmed Pashaconquered the city and transformed it into a provincial capital in the newly established province of (Temeşvar Eyalet). The Eyalet included most of Banat and southernCrișana. Local military commander, István Losonczy, and other Christians were massacred on 27 July 1552 while escaping the city through the Azapilor Gate.[50] After the death ofJohn Zápolya, Habsburgs tried to obtainTransylvania and Banat, including Timișoara, with mixed results; Transylvania even entered into dual vassalage for a time.[41]
Timișoara remained under the Ottoman rule for 164 years, controlled directly by the Sultan and enjoying a special status, similar to other cities in the region, such asBudapest andBelgrade.[51] During this period, Timișoara was transformed into an Ottoman fortification, withmosques,minarets,Quran schools,Turkish baths, andbazaars being built.[52][53] Timișoara became home to a largeIslamic community and was predominantly populated byMuslims.[54]The Ottoman period of Timișoara produced famous historical figures, such asOsman Ağa of Temeşvar andAli of Temeşvar.[55][56]
Except for a period in the late 16th century, the city did not suffer sieges until the end of the 17th century. In 1594, Gregory Palotić,Ban of Lugos and Karánsebes, started an anti-Ottoman uprising in Banat, with its starting point in Nagybecskerek. Following a strong Transylvanian offensive led by György Borbély, the Christian army conquered several towns, but Timișoara remained untouched.[57] Another attempt to retake the city took place in 1596, when an army ofSigismund Báthory began the siege of the city. After 40 days of futile efforts, the besiegers drew back.[58]
After thevictory at Petrovaradin on 5 August 1716, the Austrian army led byPrince Eugene of Savoy decided to conquer Timișoara. The Ottoman military, thekuruc and the Turkish civilian population were forced to leave the city after a48-day siege marked by repeated bombings that destroyed much of the city's buildings.[59] After theTreaty of Passarowitz (1718), theBanat of Temeswar became the province of theHabsburg monarchy and was proclaimed "possession of the Crown" with a military administration which ruled Timișoara until 1751 when it was replaced by a civil one.
After the conquest of Banat, the imperial authorities inVienna began an extensive process ofcolonization, inviting especially German Catholics fromWürttemberg,Swabia,Nassau, etc. who would become known asBanat Swabians.[41] In Timișoara, the Swabians settled mainly in Fabric, where they strongly developed craftsmanship. The main function of Timișoara during this period was that of a military fortress. The existing fortifications could not cope with the new military techniques, so the entire fortress was rebuilt in a late, flat and inconsistent adaptation of theVauban style. It had an area 10 times larger than the medieval Turkish fortress. Between 1728 and 1732, Bega River was regulated, creating a navigable canal.[41]
Under the political pressure of theHungarian Diet, the Viennese Imperial Court accepted that the three counties of Banat to be reincorporated into the Hungarian Kingdom, in 1779.[60] In 1781Joseph II declared Timișoara free from the county authority and, to prevent the nobles from interfering with the administration of the city, he raised it to the rank of a "free royal city".[41] This status would secure Timișoara's internal self-government, the right to have representatives in the Diet and that of disposing its own revenues. The city wasunder siege in 1848 for 107 days. The Hungarians unsuccessfully tried to capture thefortress in thebattle of Temesvár. It was the last major battle in theHungarian Revolution of 1848.[44] By theMarch Constitution, the region was incorporated to theVoivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, which became a crownland of theAustrian Empire. The new imperial province, the existence of which had also been consecrated by the imperial decree of 18 November 1849, was ruled both militarily and civilly. Timișoara was designated as the residence of the governor, and the city maintained its privileges as a free royal city.[41]
A Hungarian-language map of late-19th century Timișoara with the four historical districts:Cetate (Belváros),Fabric (Gyárkülváros),Elisabetin (Majorkülváros) andIosefin (Józsefkülváros)
In 1860, the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar was abolished and most of its territory was incorporated into the HabsburgKingdom of Hungary, although direct Hungarian rule began only following theAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, after the establishment of thedual monarchy. As part ofAustria-Hungary, the city experienced a fast economic and demographic growth. Credit institutions invested large sums in the development of local industry; at the turn of the 20th century there were many enterprises here: two breweries, an iron foundry, a match factory, a brick factory, a gas factory, a chain factory, a hat factory, a chocolate factory, etc.[41] In this period horse-drawn tram, telephone and street lighting were introduced and roads were paved.
In 1892, EmperorFranz Joseph I decided to abolish the fortress status of Timișoara.[16] The demolition of the fortifications began in 1899. The main functions of the city thus became the economic ones, especially the commercial and banking ones.[60]
On 31 October 1918, local military and political elites established the Banat National Council, together with representatives of the region's main ethnic groups:Germans,Hungarians,Serbs andRomanians. On 1 November, they proclaimed the short-livedBanat Republic.[citation needed] In the aftermath ofWorld War I, the Banat region was divided between theKingdom of Romania and theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Timișoara came under Romanian administration after Serbian occupation between 1918 and 1919. The city was ceded from Hungary to Romania by theTreaty of Trianon on 4 June 1920. In 1920, KingFerdinand I awarded Timișoara the status of a University Center, and theinterwar years saw continuous economic and cultural development. A number ofanti-fascist andanti-revisionist demonstrations also took place during this time.[citation needed]
DuringWorld War II, Timișoara suffered damage from bothAllied andAxisbombing raids, especially during the second half of 1944. On 23 August 1944, Romania, which until then was a member of the Axis, declared war onNazi Germany and joined the Allies. The German and Hungarian troops attempted to take the city by force throughout September, but without success.
After the war, thePeople's Republic of Romania was proclaimed, and Timișoara underwentSovietisation and, later,Systematisation. The city's population tripled between 1948 and 1992. Timișoara became highly industrialized both through new investments and by increasing the capacities of the old enterprises in various industries: machine building, textile and footwear, electrical, food, plastics, optical, building materials, furniture, etc.[61][62]
Protesters on Emanoil Ungureanu Street during the1989 Revolution
In December 1989, Timișoara witnessed a series of mass street protests in what was to become theRomanian Revolution.[63] On 20 December, three days after bloodshed began there, Timișoara was declared the first city free ofCommunism in Romania.[64]
Timișoara lies at an altitude of 90 meters on the southeast edge of the Banat Plain, part of thePannonian Plain, near the divergence of theTimiș andBega rivers.[65] The waters of the two rivers form a swampy and frequently flooded land. Timișoara developed on one of few places where the swamps could be crossed. These constituted a natural protection around the fortress for a very long time and favored a wet and insalubrious climate, which spread plague and cholera and kept the number of inhabitants relatively low, preventing civic development. With time, these rivers were drained, dammed and diverted. Due to the hydrographical projects undertaken in the 18th century, the city no longer lies on the Timiș River, but on theBega Canal. This improvement of the land was made irreversible by building the Bega Canal (started in 1728) and by the complete draining of the surrounding marshes. The city lies only 0.5 to 5 meters above the water table, which disallows the construction of tall buildings.[66] The rich black soil and relatively high water table make this a fertile agricultural region.
Taken as a whole, the relief of Timișoara appears as a relatively flat, monotonous surface, the smoothness of the surface interrupted only by the Bega riverbed. Researched in detail, the relief of the city and its surroundings presents a series of local peculiarities, represented mainly by deserted meanders, micro-depressions and ridges (generally made of coarse materials). These are the result of the deposits in the area of the Timiș and Bega rivers, before their drainage, regularization and damming (concretized altimetrically by modest bumps, which do not exceed anywhere, the interval of 2–3 m).[65]
Timișoara is a fairly active seismic center, but of the manyearthquakes observed, few have exceeded magnitude 6 on theRichter scale. There are two activeseismic faults that cross the western part of the city.[67] The earthquakes recorded in the region are normal earthquakes, of crustal type, with depths of foci between 5 and 30 km (3.1 and 18.6 mi).[68]
In the past, there were extensiveoak forests between theTisza andTimiș.[69] Over time, they were cleared to obtain the wood needed to build the fortress and houses, as well as to gain arable land.[70] Today, except for the areas forested withTurkey oak andHungarian oak (Green Forest, Bistra Forest, Timișeni–Șag Forest), the territory falls within the anthropogenicforest steppe that characterizes the entirePannonian Basin. The landscape is diversified by meadow vegetation, along the main rivers, in which softwood trees predominate:willows,poplars,alders. Within the city limits is the Green Forest (Romanian:Pădurea Verde), a forest massif with an area of about 724 ha (1,790 acres), systematically arranged in squares of 15 ha (37 acres).[69] The forest is man-made; first organization plans were carried out in 1860 by the Hungarian Forest Service.[69] About 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Timișoara is the Bazoș Dendrological Park, a forest reserve which since 1994 has the status of protected area. The first trees of the reserve were brought in 1909 from theHarvard University nursery. Today, the reserve includes 800 different species of trees and shrubs and is part of the International Association of Botanical Gardens.[71]
The fauna of Timișoara includes few mammals, represented only by a few insectivores and rodents. The birds, on the other hand, are numerous, some of which are of hunting importance (thepheasant).[70] Theurban wildlife, although less varied than the forest wildlife, has a higher number of species of hunting interest (rabbit,deer,quail,partridge,pheasant,hedgehog, etc.) and reptiles.[70] In the parks of Timișoara there arehedgehogs,moles,tree frogs and a lot of birds.[70] Regarding the piscifauna, the dominant species is thecarp, along with which livebreams,bleaks,roaches,zieges,pikes, natural support forsport fishing.[70] Timișoara used to have the only zoo in western Romania,Timișoara Zoological Garden, but it was closed.
The main watercourse is theBega River, the southernmost tributary of theTisza. Springing from thePoiana Ruscă Mountains, Bega is canalized, and from Timișoara to its outflow it was arranged for navigation (115 km [71 mi]).[65] TheBega Canal was built between 1728 and 1760, but its final arrangement was made later.[65] The Bega Canal was designed for the access of barges of 600–700 tons and an annual transport capacity of three million wagons.[65]
From the multitude of arms that existed before the canalization of Bega, only Bega Moartă (Dead Bega; in the Fabric neighborhood) and Bega Veche (Old Bega; to the west, flowing through Săcălaz) are preserved inside the city.[65]
In addition to permanent courses and those that dry out, often during the summer, on the territory of Timișoara there are a number of lakes: either natural, formed instead of the old meanders or subsidence areas, such as those near Kuncz, Giroc, Pădurea Verde, etc., or of anthropic origin, such as those from Fratelia, Freidorf, Ciarda Roșie, Ștrandul Tineretului, etc.[69] Timișoara's drinking water is provided byLake Surduc, an anthropic lake (1976), the largest in Timiș County, located 87 km (54 mi) from the city.[72]
The dominant air masses, during spring and summer, are the temperate ones, of oceanic origin, which bring significant precipitations. Frequently, even in winter, humid air masses arrive from theAtlantic, bringing significant rains and snows, less oftencold waves. From September to February there are frequent penetrations of continental polar air masses, coming from the east. In Banat, the influence of cyclones and hot air masses from theAdriatic Sea and theMediterranean Sea is also strongly felt, which in winter generate complete thawing and in summer impose periods of stifling heat.[73]
The average annual temperature was 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) between 1991 and 2020.[75] The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 22.7 °C (72.9 °F).[75] The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 1.0 °C (33.8 °F).[75] The lowest temperature recorded in Timișoara was −35.3 °C (−31.5 °F), on 24 January 1963,[76] while the highest temperature was 42 °C (108 °F), recorded in August 2017.[77] The average number of frost days (with minimum temperatures below 0 °C [32 °F]) is 80,[75] and the average number of winter days (with maximum temperatures below 0 °C) is 17.[75] The average number of tropical days (with maximum temperatures above 30 °C [86 °F]) is 45.[75]
Predominantly under the influence of the maritime air masses from the northwest, Timișoara receives a higher amount of precipitation than the cities in theWallachian Plain.[73] The average amount of precipitation for the year in Timișoara is 604.4 mm (23.80 in), falling on 87 days.[75] The month with the most precipitation on average is June with 80.8 mm of precipitation.[75] The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of 34.2 mm (1.35 in).[75]
Climate data for Timișoara (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
From a demographic point of view, Timișoara is defined, according to theZipf's law, as a second-tier city, along withIași,Constanța,Cluj-Napoca andBrașov, with extensive macro-territorial functions and having the second largestfunctional urban area, afterBucharest, of over 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi).[82] In 2013, Bucharest and Timișoara were also the only metropolitan European growth areas (MEGAs) in Romania.[82] Nationally, Timișoara has been recognized as the largest polarizing center in western Romania.[83]
According to the2021 census, the population of Timișoara amounted to 250,849 inhabitants,[10] a decrease compared to the previous census in 2011, when 319,279 inhabitants were registered.[84] However, these figures are questioned by local authorities and sociologists due to the defective way in which the census was conducted.[85][86] According to the mayor's office and local population records, Timișoara numbers over 309,000 inhabitants as of 2023.[87] The population of the city represents roughly 38% of the population ofTimiș County, 15% of the population of theWest development region and 1.3% of the total population of Romania.[82] As defined byEurostat, the Timișoarafunctional urban area has a population of 364,325 inhabitants (as of 2018).[88]
According to a study conducted by theWorld Bank, Timișoara was between 2001 and 2011 the regional city in Romania that attracted the highest number of in-migrants.[89] Timișoara serves as an important polarizer of the labor force for other regions of the country, with a demographic surplus, especially for the counties in northernMoldavia, northwesternTransylvania andOltenia.[82] Timișoara manages to attract about 8,000 new inhabitants annually, most coming mainly fromTimiș County, but also from smaller cities in neighboring counties –Caraș-Severin,Hunedoara andArad.[90] In fact, 46.2% of the current population of Timișoara is made up of people who have moved here from elsewhere.[89] In 2017, the former mayorNicolae Robu stated that the city of Timișoara has an additional population of over 100,000 people compared to the officially registered residents. This includes students, workers, and other categories of floaters, who are not included in the statistical reports as they no longer acquire a residence visa.[91]
Timișoara has stood out since ancient times as an ethnically diverse city.[92] In1910, the largest community was represented byGermans, followed byHungarians,Romanians,Jews,Serbs and many other smaller communities, such asCzechs,Slovaks,Croats,Romas,Bulgarians,Poles, etc.[93] The figures and percentage ratios are much changed today, but the multiethnic aspect of the city persists. Nowadays, 85% of the inhabitants are Romanians, while the minorities are much more diverse due to the presence of Asians, Italians, Muslims, and fewer Germans and Hungarians.[94] Yet, in Timișoara live mostGermans in Romania as share in the population of a city.[95] The decline of German and Hungarian communities is mainly due toassimilation (for instance, 64% of Hungarians in Timișoara live in mixed marriages), migration and low birth rates.[96] Timișoara is also home to an importantSerb community, which in 2011 numbered almost 5,000 people. Many of them useSerbian as asecond language, preferring Romanian. Serbian is more common among older generations educated in it.[97]
In 2018, according to official data, over 7,000 foreigners lived in Timișoara.[98] The actual figure is higher, given that many foreigners living in Timișoara do not apply for permanent residence, while spending most of their time in the city.
Population by ethnic groups underHungarian and Romanian administration[93]
Timișoara's linguistic landscape is shaped by its complex historical, cultural, and demographic evolution.Romanian is the official and predominant language, spoken by the vast majority of the population. Reflecting the city's ethnic diversity, several minority languages continue to be present, includingHungarian,German, andSerbian, particularly within older generations and specific ethnic communities.[102] Beyond these, languages such asSlovak,Bulgarian, andRomani have also been part of the city's linguistic fabric for centuries.[103] WhileYiddish, once widely spoken among the Jewish population, has nearly vanished, German dialects – especially those of theSwabian (Schwäbisch) variety – remain in use in some communities.[103] In recent decades, the city has experienced increased linguistic diversity due to new waves of migration. Additionally, foreign languages play a significant role in education and daily life:English is widely spoken by younger generations and in professional settings, whileFrench,German,Italian, andSpanish are commonly taught in schools.
Although much changed throughout its history, the religious composition of Timișoara is diverse. If in 1910 most of the inhabitants wereRoman Catholics,[104] in 2011 75% declared themselvesRomanian Orthodox.
In Timișoara there are 80 churches, 12 of which were built after 1989;[105] 41 belong to theOrthodox Church, eight to theRoman Catholic Church and three to theGreek Catholic Church.[82] In addition, there are threesynagogues inCetate,Fabric andIosefin neighborhoods, all three built beforeWorld War I, whenJews accounted for 10% of the city's population;[106] the Orthodox synagogue in Iosefin and the central Neolog synagogue still hold regular religious services.[107][108]Timișoara is the seat of the Archiepiscopate of Timișoara, the see of theMetropolis of Banat, as well as the seat of theDiocese of Timișoara, one of the six Roman Catholic dioceses in Romania.
The first free local elections in post-communist Timișoara took place in 1992. The winner wasViorel Oancea, of the Civic Alliance Party (PAC), which later merged with theNational Liberal Party (PNL). He was the first officer who spoke to the crowd of revolutionaries gathered in Opera Square.[109] The 1996 elections were won byGheorghe Ciuhandu, of theChristian Democrats (PNȚ-CD). He had four terms, also winning elections in 2000, 2004 and 2008. Meanwhile, Ciuhandu took over the Christian Democratic Party and ran for president of Romania in 2004.[110]Nicolae Robu (PNL) was elected mayor in 2012 and again in 2016. In 2020,Dominic Fritz, a native of Germany, was elected mayor on behalf of theUSR with support from theFDGR.[111] He won a new mandate in 2024 on behalf of the United Timișoara Alliance (USR–PMP–FD–UDMR).[112]
The Local council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population. Decisions are discussed and approved by theLocal Council (Romanian:Consiliu Local) made up of 27 elected councilors. After the2024 local elections, the Local Council has the following composition by political parties:[5]
Additionally, as Timișoara is the capital ofTimiș County, the city hosts the Administrative Palace, the headquarters of theCounty Council (Romanian:Consiliu Județean) and theprefect, who is appointed by Romania's central government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and his role is to represent the national government at the local level, acting as a liaison and facilitating the implementation of national development plans and governing programs at the local level.
In 2003, neighborhood advisory councils were set up as a measure to improve local government consultation with citizens on local public policies.[113] As of 2013, Timișoara had 20 neighborhood advisory councils.[114]
Timișoara is the informal capital of theWest development region, which is equivalent toNUTS-II regions in theEuropean Union and is used by the European Union and theRomanian Government for statistical analysis and coordination of regional development projects. The West development region is not an administrative entity.[115] Timișoara is also the largest economic, social and commercial center of theDKMT Euroregion.
Several localities neighboring Timișoara have experienced a significant development in recent years. Ghiroda, Giroc, Dumbrăvița, Chișoda, Moșnița Nouă and Utvin became suburbs of Timișoara due to the development of facilities, utilities and infrastructure, territorially joining the city. In the last 20 years, Timișoara has expanded its borders by about 8%, which means about 1,000 hectares, due to the construction of new neighborhoods or residential complexes.[129] The city limits were moved outwards in 2006 by almost 5 km (3.1 mi). The largest expansion took place towards Șag.[129]
In August 2016, mayorsNicolae Robu andGheorghe Falcă signed the deed of establishment of the Timișoara–Arad metropolis,[130] the first of its kind in Romania, part of the integrated development strategyTimișoara Vision 2030, carried out with the support of theWorld Bank, ADR Vest and FZMAUR. The project has been under discussion since 2006 and involved the unification of the metropolitan areas of Timișoara andArad.[131] In 2018, the population of the metropolis was 805,000 and is expected to exceed one million by 2030.[132]
Timișoara has a complex judicial structure due to its role as the capital of Timiș County. The local judicial body is the Timișoara Court of Justice, which operates under the authority of the Timiș County Tribunal. This tribunal also oversees the courts inLugoj,Deta,Sânnicolau Mare, andFăget.[133] Appeals and more serious cases from these courts are handled by the Timișoara Court of Appeals. Additionally, the city is home to the county's commercial and military tribunals.
Timișoara maintains its own municipal police force,Poliția Municipiului Timișoara, which is responsible for law enforcement throughout the city and operates several specialized divisions. The headquarters is located on Andrei Mocioni Street near the city center, with five precincts distributed across the city. The municipal police operate under the authority of the County Police Inspectorate, based on Take Ionescu Boulevard.[134] Additionally, the City Hall runs its own community police force,Poliția Primăriei, which focuses on local community matters. Timișoara is also home to the County Gendarmerie Inspectorate.
Although theRomanian Police reported a relatively high localcrime rate of 799 incidents in 2024,[135] Timișoara nevertheless continues to rank among the safest urban areas in Romania.[136] This apparent contrast underscores the city's broader security context, in which isolated increases in reported crime coexist with stable institutional effectiveness, low levels of violent offending, and consistently favorable perceptions of public safety.
Timișoara is one of the most dynamic economic centers in Romania.[137] Based on its proximity to the western border, Timișoara has managed to attract many foreign investments in recent years, forming, together withArad, the second largest area in Romania in terms of economic mass.[138] By the mid-2000s, the foreign investments in Timișoara amounted to €753 per capita, compared to €450 per capita at county level.[139] Most of these investments come from theEU countries, especially from Italy, Germany and France. Similar to other growth poles in Romania, the services sector has developed significantly in recent years, accounting for half of the revenues.[139]
After the fall of communism and the transition to amarket economy, the private sector grew steadily. In the first decade of the 21st century, Timișoara has experienced aneconomic boom as the amount of foreign investment, especially inhigh-tech sectors, has risen. In an article in late 2005, French magazineL'Expansion called Timișoara Romania's economic showcase, and referred to the increased number of foreign investments as a "second revolution".[140] In 2016, Timișoara was awarded byForbes as the most dynamic city and the best city for business in Romania.[141] Between 2000 and 2013, Timișoara had the highest growth rate ofGDP per capita, surpassing even Bucharest.[89] The local economic development has been reflected accordingly in the unemployment figures. For instance, in December 2019, theunemployment rate in Timișoara was among the lowest in the country, with only 0.8%.[142]
After 1989, major changes took place in the structure of industrial activities in Timișoara due to the restructuring and retrofitting processes, industrial production currently including both traditional sub-branches and new, modern and dynamic ones. Unlike cities such as Cluj-Napoca, Iași or Bucharest, the localization of industry within the city is specific to Timișoara.[145] The main industrial groups in the city can be structured in three types: urban industrial areas, with large area and complex profile (Calea Buziașului, Freidorf, pericentral area along the railway, Calea Șagului, etc.), industrial platforms with unitary profile (UMT and Solventul) and dispersed industrial units, respectively.[146] In recent decades, industrial areas have developed along major road or rail arteries, with a tendency to group units by industrial profiles.[82]
Buziașului industrial area concentrates units forchemical industry and production of automotive and electronic components. The area has seen an important development in recent years, attracting major investments fromProcter & Gamble,Continental,Dräxlmaier, Elbromplast, AEM, Saguaro, etc. In 2013 Optica Business Park was inaugurated here.[147] Developed on the old buildings of the former lens factory, Optica Business Park offices have attracted tenants such asMicrosoft,Linde orZTE.[148] Șagului industrial area includes warehouses of construction materials (Arabesque, Arthema, Lipoplast, Mobexpert, etc.), as well as a significant number of showrooms and car dealers (Mercedes-Benz,Ford,Mitsubishi,Hyundai,Citroën,Opel, etc.). An important role in the development and diversification of the profile of the area is played by the Incontro Industrial Park, where construction companies are mainly located. Calea Șagului has also become an important commercial area, with hypermarkets such asBrico Dépôt,Auchan,Jysk,Metro orLeroy Merlin.[82] Stretched on a usable area of 63 ha, Freidorf Industrial Park is an important area for attracting foreign investment, encouraging business development and creating new jobs. The automotive components industry predominates in the area (Kromberg & Schubert, ContiTech, ELBA, etc.).[82] In the UMT industrial area are located mainly chemical and automotive industry units (Continental,Linde,Hella, etc.), but also warehouses.[82] Torontalului industrial area includes units formanufacturing industry (Flex,Coca-Cola,SCA, etc.). The Timișoara Technology and Industrial Park was arranged here, with the aim of supporting the development of SMEs in fields such as software, IT and communications or electronics and electrical engineering.[149] Aradului industrial area is the newest industrial area, with various locations for storage and provision of services. Like Calea Șagului, the Aradului area has become an important commercial hub, retailers likeSelgros,Hornbach, Altex orAuchan operating here.[82]
The main industrial branches, which have experienced an important growth in Timișoara, are theautomotive industry, thechemical andpetrochemical industry, as well as theelectronics industry. The automotive components industry has registered a strong development in recent years, as a consequence of the need for technological development within existing industrial units, in Timișoara concentrating renowned companies in this field (Dräxlmaier, Kromberg & Schubert, ContiTech,TRW Automotive,Mahle,Hella,Dura,Valeo,Autoliv,Honeywell, etc.).[82] In 2016, a competence center for automotive engineering – CERC – was inaugurated in the Freidorf area.[150] This economic branch has old traditions. Between 1988 and 1991, the Romanian car modelDacia 500 Lăstun was made in the Tehnometal factories.[151]
The electronics and electrical engineering industry is a successful branch of Timișoara's industry, especially due to the investments of large companies with activities in high tech production (Flex,Bosch,ABB, AEM, ELBA,Ericsson, etc.), which determined a development of local companies, suppliers or subcontractors.[82]
The chemical and petrochemical industry, traditional in Timișoara, has developed especially through the investments made byContinental,Procter & Gamble and Azur.[82]
The office sector has boomed in the last decade,[152] the stock of class A offices available for rent reaching 290,000 m2 in 2020, almost 10% ofBucharest's stock.[153] The return on investment in office buildings exceeds the level in Bucharest (7%), standing at around 8.25%.[153] The city has the lowest vacancy rate of class A office spaces, 5% in 2014.[154]
City Business Center is the main office park in Timișoara, located in the city center. Completed in 2015, the complex is fully leased, with tenants including international companies such asAccenture,SAP,Deloitte,Wipro,IBM,Visma,Hella, etc.[155] Named the greenest office project in Romania byBREEAM, Vox Technology Park was completed in early 2018.[156] Bega Business Park is located near the historic center. The first two buildings were completed in 2015 and early 2018, respectively, and are fully occupied byNokia's campus.[157] Under construction are ISHO Offices, part of a larger project, and United Business Center.[158] The latter will include the tallest office building in Romania (155 m).[159]
At national level, Timișoara is one of the poles of the most intense activities in theIT industry.[160] Well-known companies such asGoogle,Microsoft,IBM,Intel,Nvidia,Siemens,Nokia,Huawei,Atos,Accenture,Endava,Bitdefender orVisteon have offices in the city, supporting – through the hubs and the digital workshops created – start-ups and SMEs in the field. Before the rapid expansion ofCluj-Napoca, Timișoara concentrated the most IT professionals afterBucharest. In 2014, Timișoara had 7,000 employees in the field.[161] In the same year, the Incuboxx cluster was inaugurated.[162] Incuboxx is the largest IT&C business incubator in Romania, which includes 54 office spaces addressed to entrepreneurs and companies with local capital in the field.
Timișoara ranks 394th in the 2019 Innovation Cities Index, an annual list of the world's most innovation-friendly cities.[163] Bucharest and Timișoara are the only Romanian cities on the list published by theWorld Economic Forum.[164]
The real estate market in Timișoara, supported by the upward economic trend, has been booming lately. In 2017, about 4,000 living spaces were delivered to the market,[165] an increase of almost 60% compared to the previous year, most of the projects representing high-rise residential complexes, addressed to the mass and mid-market segments. In the first nine months of 2016, according to the National Agency for Cadastre and Real Estate Advertising, over 32,000 sale/purchase transactions were concluded, making Timiș County the largest real estate market in Romania after Bucharest–Ilfov.[166] 87% of them took place in Timișoara and neighboring communes. Among the largest residential complexes in Timișoara are ISHO, Adora Forest, Vivalia Grand, XCity Towers, Vox Vertical Village, Ateneo and City of Mara.[167]
After 1989 the rural areas within the city became "hot spots" for housing investors, and the emergence of themiddle class after 2000 changed both the landscape and the prices of houses and land.[168] In 2020, for example, the price of an apartment reached 1,300 euros/m2, the third-highest among Romanian big cities, afterCluj-Napoca andBucharest.[169] On the other hand, the phenomenon ofgentrification renewed a part of the underused housing stock.
Bega Shopping Center is the only shopping center in the center of Timișoara and the first in the city. Bega Shopping Center is structured on six levels and has a leasable area of 7,500 m2, of which 1,300 are allocated to aCarrefour supermarket.[170]Bega Group, the holding company that owns Bega Shopping Center, has opened three otherretail parks in Buziașului,Circumvalațiunii andLipovei.[171]
Iulius Mall was inaugurated in October 2005.[172] Following an investment by Iulius Group and Atterbury Europe, Iulius Mall has been integrated into a large urban regeneration project –Iulius Town, complementing it with retail, office and entertainment functions. Iulius Town has the largest shopping area in Romania (120,000 m2), a space that brings together over 450 stores.[173] The estimated annual traffic for Iulius Town is over 20 million visitors.[158]
The second mall,Shopping City, opened in March 2016.[174] The shopping center has a leasable area of 70,000 m2, covering almost 20 ha and comprising 110 stores on two levels. Within Shopping City, the largestCinema City multiplex outside Bucharest was opened in April 2016, with 133D rooms, anIMAX room and a4DX room.[175] In the first year since its opening, Shopping City had a traffic of over nine million visitors.[176]
The firststrip mall in the city, Funshop Park, opened in 2022.[177] Built on the former industrial platform of Azur, Funshop Park has a leasable area of 10,800 m2 and is provided with an outdoorfood court area.[178]
Timișoara is the central point oftourism in the region, attracting 80% of its tourists. In the first half of 2017, Timișoara and its surroundings attracted just over 50,000 foreign tourists to the third most visited region in Romania, afterBucharest–Ilfov andBrașov.[179] Recreational tourism (such as city breaks and visits to friends and relatives) accounts for the largest share, followed by business and study tourism. The majority of tourists are young, well-educated individuals, primarily from Romania and other European countries.[180]
In 2013, in Timișoara there were 107 accommodation units (comprising 49hotels, sevenhostels, 50pensions, and an internationalcampsite) totaling 5,547 accommodation places.[14]
The specificity of pre-university education in Timișoara is the diversity of teaching languages. The city's rich multiethnic tradition has been maintained by the schools with teaching inHungarian (Béla Bartók High School),German (Nikolaus Lenau High School), English (William Shakespeare High School),French (Jean-Louis Calderon High School) andSerbian (Dositej Obradović High School).
Higher education has a tradition of over 100 years, with the establishment of thePolytechnic University in 1920. From then until today, Timișoara has become the most important university and academic center in western Romania, with about 40,000 students enrolled inundergraduate andpostgraduate study programs in fourpublic and twoprivate universities.[187] There are branches of theNational Alliance of Student Organizations in Romania andAIESEC. Student organizations are very active, known for events such as StudentFest, the largest international student art and culture festival in Southeast Europe[188] or the ten-day International Student Week.[189]
The student campuses are located in Complexul Studențesc–Medicinei (25 dormitories), Lipovei–Tipografilor (six dormitories) and Blașcovici (two dormitories), offering a total of about 13,000 accommodation places.[196] Complexul Studențesc in particular is known for itsnightlife, with severalpubs,bistros,nightclubs and themedbars concentrated here.
The Renewable Energy–Photovoltaic Laboratory within theINCEMC
Several institutes operate within the Timișoara branch of theRomanian Academy: the National R&D Institute for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, the National R&D Institute for Welding and Materials Testing, the Titu Maiorescu Institute of Banat Studies, the Coriolan Drăgulescu Institute of Chemistry and the Astronomical Observatory.[201][202]
In the patrimony of theWest University there are several research centers, such as: the Institute of Advanced Environmental Research, the Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen Interdisciplinary Training and Research Platform, the Creation Center of Contemporary Visual Arts, the Research Laboratory in Structural and Computational Chemistry–Physics for Nanosciences and QSAR, the Research Center in Criminal Sciences, the East European Center for Research in Economics and Business, the Center for Romance Studies, the Research Center in Computer Sciences, the Center for Social Research and Development, the Institute of Socio-Political Research, etc.[203] Also in Timișoara there are branches of the Academy of Medical Sciences[204] and the Academy of Technical Sciences,[205] respectively.
The firstcomputer built in Romania (1961) was put into operation within the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara, nowadays thePolytechnic University. It was calledMECIPT, an acronym for "Electronic Computing Machine of the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara" (Romanian:MașinaElectronică deCalcul aInstitutuluiPolitehnic dinTimișoara).[206] Its design was started in 1956 by a team led by mathematician Iosif Kaufmann, electronic engineer Wilhelm Löwenfeld and student Vasile Baltac.[207]
In the second half of May, biannually, the Timișoara branch of the Romanian Academy organizes, collaborating and involving the local academic, cultural and scientific community, the Timișoara Academic Days.[209]
Due to the specialized university programs, Timișoara is a research center in the fields of medicine and public health; there are branches of the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Student Society of Surgery, the headquarters of the Romanian Hemophilia Association,[210] the Romanian Society of Medical Informatics[211] and the Romanian Society of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,[212] as well as the regional training center inemergency medicine, operated bySMURD.
Première Hospital (the largest private hospital in western Romania, owned by Regina Maria health network).[215]
There are also: six integrated specializedoutpatient clinics (four public and two private); threeambulance services (one public and two private); 494dental offices; 229family medicine offices; 138 specialized offices; seven medical expertise offices and 24 work capacity recovery offices; 39 schooldispensaries; 11 student dispensaries; a sports dispensary; 63pharmacies and 32 pharmaceutical warehouses.[82]
Timișoara is an important regionalroad and railway hub, connecting the city toBucharest and other major cities, as well as Romania to Hungary andSerbia, and further toWestern Europe. It is located along thePan-European Corridor IV linking Germany to Turkey and has access, thanks to theBega Canal, to the Pan-European Corridor VII.[139] Furthermore, Timișoara is crossed by twoTEN-T core network corridors:Orient/East–Med and Rhine–Danube (waterway focus).[216]
The street plot of Timișoara is composed of 1,278 streets totaling almost 750 km (470 mi).[217] The street network is based on a radial model, consolidated by a series of five concentric rings, none of them completely built. Unlike other cities of similar size, there is no predominant corridor in terms of loading, with traffic volumes distributed fairly evenly across a series of radial and circular arteries.[218] The shape of the road network outside the city is web-like, all the main roads in the county converging towards the capital city.
In the northern part of the city there is abypass; its southern extension is currently under construction.[219] The city is crossed in the northeast by theA1 motorway, a segment that continues with theM43 motorway in Hungary. The A1 is connected nearLugoj to theA6 motorway, which is under construction.[220]
Locally, car transport experienced a boom after 1990, so that in 2017 the degree ofmotorization in Timișoara was among the highest in Romania, with one car for every 2.66 inhabitants.[221] Timișoara has one of the most extensive infrastructures for chargingelectric cars andplug-in hybrids in Romania, with 16 stations located throughout the city[222] and a hub in 700 Square.[223]
Bus,trolleybus andtram in characteristic white and purple
Timișoara's public transport network consists of ninetram lines, eighttrolleybus lines and 31 bus lines and is operated bySTPT (Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara).[224] The network covers all the important areas of the city and it also connects Timișoara with some of the communes of the metropolitan area. 45% of urban public transport is served by trams, 22% by trolleybuses, 18% by buses and the remaining 15% bywater buses and alternative means of transport.[225] In 2019, Timișoara became the second city in Romania to introduce public school transport, afterCluj-Napoca;[226] as of 2020, it is served by 14 lines.[227]
Timișoara has a well-developed market for taxi services.[228] There are also severalcar rental companies. Alternatively, short- and long-distancecarpooling platforms operate in Timișoara, such asUber,Bolt orBlaBlaCar.
For internalcoach transport there are several coach stations, most located around theTimișoara North railway station and on Stan Vidrighin Way.[229] There are also daily coach trips to destinations in Europe, served by private passenger transport companies, such as Atlassib,Eurolines orFlixbus.[230]
Timișoara has the oldest and the densest railway network in Romania, with over 91.9 km (57.1 mi) of lines for 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) of territory, although some of the components are no longer operational due to low demand and lack of maintenance.[139] Therefore, Timișoara is the most important rail hub in Timiș County and in western Romania. Most of the railway lines that intersect in Timișoara are secondary lines; the most important areline 900 fromBucharest, with international connections toSerbia and the main line Timișoara–Arad–Oradea, which ensures the connection withline 200 (Brașov–Sibiu–Arad–Curtici) and, implicitly, with Hungary.[82]
Although the nature of freight traffic has changed, decreasing the requirement for maneuvering and recomposing trains, Timișoara is an important center forrail freight transport; there are several large industrial concerns that receive and ship goods by train.[218]
Located 12 km (7.5 mi) from Timișoara, in the northeastern part of the city,Traian Vuia International Airport is thefourth-busiest Romanian airport in terms of passenger numbers (~1.2 million in 2022)[234] and the most important air hub in theDKMT Euroregion. In 2017, it became the first airport in Romania certified byEASA.[235] In 2018, Traian Vuia International Airport attracted 15.1% of the total number of passengers embarked at Romanian airports, 32.8% of the total tons of goods loaded and 13.2% of the total number of flights.[236] Traian Vuia International Airport serves as an operational base forWizz Air. As of 2021, the airport is undergoing expansion works, by adding two terminals – internal arrivals and external departures – and creating an intermodal center for freight transport.[237]
The city's first airport, theCioca Airfield, had remained in use for recreational and utility aviation.[238]
TheBega Canal is the first navigable canal built in Romania, connecting Timișoara with the Serbian town ofTitel. Its total navigable length was 114 km (71 mi), of which 33 km (21 mi) on the Romanian territory.[239] In 2018, repair works were started on the navigation infrastructure of the Bega Canal, which would allow the resumption of naval traffic between Timișoara andSerbia, halted in 1967.[240]
Since 2018, Timișoara is the first Romanian city with urban public transport by water, made withvaporetto-like boats on a single line with six stations.[241]
Timișoara has the most developed integrated cycling system in Romania. Cyclists have access to more than 100 km (62 mi) ofbike lanes,[242] including 37 km (23 mi) outside the city via the Bega Canal cycle path, which connects Romania with Serbia,[243] providing a direct connection to the European network of cycling routes –EuroVelo.[244] Timișoara is the first city in Romania with a publicbike-sharing system, VeloTM, inaugurated in 2015. The system has 440 bicycles in the 25 stations in the city[245] and, depending on the season, is accessed by 1,000–1,500 people daily.
Timișoara has the largest architectural ensemble of historic buildings in Romania (around 14,500),[65][247] consisting of the urban patrimony of the neighborhoods of Cetate, Fabric, Iosefin and Elisabetin.[248] Most of these buildings are part of the imperial heritage, a period of economic prosperity that left its mark on the city.[249] The architectural diversity, represented bybaroque,historicism,neoclassicism,Art Nouveau andWiener Secession, earned Timișoara the nickname "Little Vienna".[250] The oldest building in Timișoara isHuniade Castle, which today houses theMuseum of Banat. Destroyed during thesiege of 1849, the castle was later rebuilt, but still retains elements of the former castle built byJohn Hunyadi between 1443 and 1447, but also elements from the period ofCharles I of Hungary.[248]
Timișoara is a city with a polynuclear urban structure. The current urban structure, the result of historical evolution, is relatively clear: in the middle of the urban agglomeration is the historic center (Cetate neighborhood) around which the other neighborhoods revolve. Due to their independent development, they have distinct features both functionally and architecturally.[251] The center of today's Timișoara is the "successor" of the Austrian military fortress built mostly between 1732 and 1761.[252] Today, only a few parts of the old city wall remain standing, namely theTheresia Bastion in the east and a few others which are located on the western limit of the old city wall.[253] These were later listed as part of the architectural heritage of Timișoara.
Timișoara is regarded as a city with strong potential for densification, thanks to its numerous vacant lots and buildable areas located right in the city center—an advantage that other cities of similar size in the country lack. As a result, the city experienced few major demolitions during the communist era and has largely retained its original radial-concentric urban structure.[254]
The Cetate neighborhood, the political, administrative and cultural center of Timișoara, is divided into two distinct urban areas. The first area is the "inner city" of the 18th and 19th centuries.[255] The whole area has the status ofheritage site.[256] The area houses the oldest buildings of the city, dating from the 18th century.[257] The second area was established after 1900 on the lands liberated by the demolition of the fortifications.[255] Construction in this area followed the trend at the time, thefin de siècle style. The Secessionist school of Banat was influenced by both Austrian and Hungarian styles, resulting from the direct participation of some architects fromBudapest on various representative buildings.[258] This style underwent two different stages: the first occurred approximately between 1900 and 1908 and was similar toArt Nouveau, with floral and curvilinear decorations, while the second, which continued untilWorld War I, saw simpler, larger buildings with geometrical designs, similar to Viennese architecture at the time.[258] Due to the fact that secessionism existed in Timișoara only between 1900 and 1914, its influence on more modest buildings was not as strong as that ofeclecticism. If eclecticism became a true art of the masses, used in all buildings, secessionism remained a style of the elites, which penetrated Banat through cult architecture.[259]
The historic center of Timișoara has a system consisting of three urban squares, unique in Romania, each square presenting different sizes, plastic solutions and architectural styles.[260]Union Square (Romanian:Piața Unirii), built inbaroque style, is the oldest square in Timișoara. It is also called Dome Square (Romanian:Piața Domului), because it houses theRoman Catholic Dome, built in 1774.[260] The middle of the square is dominated by the Plague Column. On the southern side of the square is the Baroque Palace, designed after thePalais Kinsky inVienna, which today houses the Art Museum.[2] On the western side are the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral and the Serbian Orthodox Episcopal Palace, representative of theneo-Serbian style.[261]
Victory Square (Romanian:Piața Victoriei), also known as the Opera Square (Romanian:Piața Operei), is the central square of Timișoara. The entire square was designed by the then chief architect László Székely, educated in Budapest, but a great admirer of Austrian architecture.[262] The square was completely pedestrianized in the late 1980s, with the removal of tram rails.[260] Spatially, the square stretches between theMetropolitan Cathedral and the Palace of Culture which houses theNational Theater and Opera. Although built around the same time, the two belong to diametrically opposed styles. The Opera building was built inRenaissance style. Today, only its sides retain this style, the facade rebuilt after a fire in theneo-Byzantine style characteristic of Romanian interwar architecture.[263] The Metropolitan Cathedral is the largest religious building in Timișoara and the second tallest church in Romania, after thePeople's Salvation Cathedral inBucharest. It stands out for its massiveness, having no less than 11bell towers and architectural style, unusual for a 20th-century building, inspired by the architecture ofMoldavian monasteries.[264] The promenade side from the Opera to the cathedral is called Corso and houses several 1900s style palaces (Lloyd, Neuhaus, Merbl, Dauerbach, Hilt and Széchenyi); the opposite side, Surogat, houses two palaces (Löffler and Chamber of Commerce) and severalmodernist blocks of flats.[255] In the middle of the square are the statue of theCapitoline Wolf and the fountain with fish.
To the north of Victory Square isLiberty Square (Romanian:Piața Libertății). Formerly called the Parade Square (Romanian:Piața de Paradă), the square houses several buildings with military functions: the Garrison Command, former Chancellery of War, the Military Casino, etc.[260] The Military Casino is built in baroque style with someRococo influences.[265] The other buildings are in theclassic style, in the 1900s style –szecesszió movement and in other styles. Liberty Square is the pedestrian link between Union Square and Victory Square. In the extension of the Liberty Square there is a smaller square,St. George Square (Romanian:Piața Sfântul Gheorghe), known in the past as Seminar Square (Romanian:Piața Seminarului). Its eastern side was formed by the Jesuit Church,[266] transformed into a mosque during the Ottoman occupation[267] and demolished during the modernization works provided in the urbanistic plan of 1911 (in its place was built the Szana Bank).[255] The walls of the former church were brought to the surface in 2014.[268] The square is dominated by the equestrian statue ofSaint George fighting the dragon, built in 1996.[269] It is one of several monuments erected in the 1990s in parts of the city where people were killed during theRomanian Revolution. In this square, the firsthorse-drawn tram was set in motion in July 1869.[269]
The Fabric neighborhood has earned its name from the many manufactories, workshops and guilds established here.[270] The neighborhood is bordered by the Neptune Baths, the Timișoara East railway station, the waterworks and the Timișoreana breweries.[270] In the center of the neighborhood is Trajan Square (Romanian:Piața Traian). This is a smaller replica of the Union Square; both are rectangular and flanked on the eastern side by a religious building. The oldest building in Trajan Square is the Serbian Orthodox Church, built between 1745 and 1755 in theclassicist style.[255] Most of the buildings in the square were built at the end of the 19th century and belong to different movements of theArt Nouveau style.[255] In Romans' Square (Romanian:Piața Romanilor) is theMillennium Church, ahistoricist building withneo-Gothic andneo-Romanesque elements.[255]
At the beginning, theIosefin neighborhood had a rural character, with isolated houses, similar to theBanat Swabians plain villages. The houses had only one level and, for the most part, had facades decorated withpediments.[255] The rural character of the neighborhood is maintained until 1857, when Timișoara is connected to the railway system ofCentral Europe. Then, in the northern part of Iosefin, thefirst railway station of the city was built.[255] Apart from the St. Mary Catholic Church, which was built between 1774 and 1775, all the buildings in Iosefin are built after 1868, most of which were built around 1900.[257] Thus, in this area, there are numerous buildings ineclectic historicist style, specific to the second half of the 19th century, as well as several architectural ensembles in the 1900s style with its specific stylistic derivations –Art Nouveau,Jugendstil orSecession.[257] Representative for this style are the historical monuments from urban ensembles IV and V: the Water Palace, the Délvidéki Casino, the former House of Savings, the Anchor Palace, the twin palaces of Nándor and Tamás Csermák, the Notre Dame Church, the Water Tower, etc.[271][272]
16 December 1989 Boulevard forms the traditional historical border between the Iosefin and Elisabetin neighborhoods. Along it are a series of Art Nouveau palaces (Besch–Piffl, Kuncz, Menczer, etc.), as well as the 1900s-style Fire Station.[273] The boulevard divides Alexandru Mocioni Square (Romanian:Piața Alexandru Mocioni) into two unequal parts, the triangular one (formerly called Küttl Square and Sinaia Square) belonging to Iosefin.[274] The square is flanked by the Orthodox Church, built inneo-Byzantine style and inspired byHagia Sophia,[275] in contrast to theArt Nouveau architecture of the surrounding buildings.
Like the Iosefin neighborhood, Elisabetin had a rural appearance for a long time.[255] Only after 1892, with the dismantling of the military fortress, Elisabetin experienced a strong development. Only two buildings have been preserved in Elisabetin since the 18th century: Dissel House and the Orthodox Church in the Church Square, the oldest Romanian church in Timișoara.[255] Although it is a protected historical area, the urban ensemble I of Elisabetin is affected by the so-calledurban sprawl. Many ground floor houses, typical of the historical urban morphology of the neighborhood, have been transformed into multi-story buildings.[255] The buildings in the urban ensemble VIII date from 1890 to 1900. Some belong to theclassicist style, while others fall into theeclectic historicist style, especially theneo-baroque movement.[255]
One of Elisabetin's squares of historical importance is Mary Square (Romanian:Piața Maria), dominated by theneo-Romanesque monument of St. Mary.[59] According to tradition,György Dózsa, the leader of thepeasant uprising of 1514, was martyred in this place.[276] Other squares in Elisabetin are the Nicolae Bălcescu Square (Romanian:Piața Nicolae Bălcescu) with its 57-meter-high Catholic Church[277] and the smaller Pleven Square (Romanian:Piața Plevnei), surrounded by an ensemble ofArt Nouveau residential buildings (the House with Peacocks, the Szilárd House, the House with Beautiful Gate, etc.).[255]
The neighborhoods of individual villas, the houses with several apartments and the religious and socio-cultural endowments dating from the first half of the 20th century, especially from the interwar period, predominate in the interstitial spaces between the historic neighborhoods, giving the respective areas the aspect of agarden city.[255]
The architecture of the new buildings erected in the interwar period kept some decorative elements widespread at the beginning of the 20th century, but theneo-Romanian style, then themodernist andcubist ones, became more and more popular.[278][279] More and more projects have been entrusted to Romanian architects, from Timișoara orBucharest. Outside the former walls of the fortress and in Elisabetin, numerousvillas were built in which the influence of the modern style, of the Brâncovenesc style as well as theFrench influences are predominant, but also public buildings, emblematic for the new architectural line.[278] In the interwar years, important buildings of the city were built according to the plans of the Bucharest architectDuiliu Marcu: the new facade of the Theater, the main building, the student dormitory and the laboratories of thePolytechnic Institute, the Capitol cinema, etc.[278]
The neo-Romanian style was consciously promoted by the state. Like secessionism, the neo-Romanian style remained a style of elites that did not influence in any way the architecture of the more modest buildings that were built in large numbers in the interwar period.[259]
Opened in 1971, Continental Hotel is the firsthigh-rise building in Timișoara.
During thecommunist period, like other cities in Romania, Timișoara strictly followed theSoviet style. The architects did not have creative freedom, because the ministry imposed a firm control and an austerity regime, with small budgets.[280] The evolution of the postwar architecture of the city was strongly influenced by the activity of the architect Hans Fackelmann, who designed, among others, theWest University, one of the first modern constructions in Romania and the Ion Vidu National Art College.[281]
Despite the central policy ofurban systematization, which saw entire historic neighborhoods demolished, such as the Uranus neighborhood inBucharest, the Timișoara authorities did not demolish old buildings, but only "filled in", where there were no buildings.[280] Thus were built the two blocks that close the front of Victory Square, on its eastern side, towards the Metropolitan Cathedral. In the late 1960s, theCommunist Party called for the construction of a number of commercial venues, hotels, houses of culture, stadiums and sports halls in major cities. It was the period when the Bega store, the Continental and Timișoara hotels, the Youth House, the Modex fashion house, the Olimpia hall and others were built in Timișoara.[280]
The communist era also meant the growth of the population of Timișoara, by moving the workers brought from all over the country. Thus arose the need for new neighborhoods. Between 1974 and 1988, hugebedroom neighborhoods were built, consisting of blocks of flats with four, eight or ten floors, made of large prefabricated panels. At the end of the 1980s, over two thirds of the population of Timișoara lived in such suburbs: Circumvalațiunii, Șagului, Lipovei, etc. The blocks had the technical-municipal installations necessary for housing, but they were poorly executed in the conditions of a pronounced economic decline.[255]
The reconnection, after 1989, of the Romanian architecture to the European architectural culture proved to be very difficult. Most of the projects and constructions did not yet have enough substance or inertially continued the decorativism of the previous period.[282] Re-established in 1990 as a department within the Faculty of Constructions, the Timișoara school of architecture brought together architects from the late 1980s who, embracing the theoretical discourse ofpostmodernism, perpetuated thearts and crafts philosophy of the previous generation, either by a subtle return to historical tradition (Șerban Sturdza, Mihai Botescu or Radu Radoslav), or through a critical regional approach (Vlad Gaivoronschi, Ioan Andreescu or Florin Ionașiu).[283] Constructions such as Austria House (Mihai Botescu), BRD Tower (Radu Radoslav), City Business Center (Vlad Gaivoronschi) or Reghina Blue Hotel (Ioan Andreescu) are linked to their names.[284][285]
Similar to other Romanian cities, Timișoara underwent large-scale de-/reindustrialization andtertiarization after 1989, which shaped its currenturban landscape.[286] The2008–2009 real estate crisis led to a change in the economic behavior of both investors and home buyers. Post-crisis, a number of peripheral real estate projects have been abandoned, and investors and home buyers have shifted their interest to the available plots within the city.[287] As a result of the economic restructuring process during the 2000s, many industrial areas or isolated factories were demolished and their place was taken byresidential complexes andshopping malls.[287]
The 2010s represented a decade in which the city acquainted a period of urban development rebirth. Projects such asIulius Town andISHO were put on the map under the form ofedge cities indicating the growth of the urban tissue and implicitly of the facilities of the city.[288]
In Timișoara there are eightcontemporary art galleries, five of which are publicly funded: the Pygmalion Gallery (House of Arts), the geamMAT Gallery of the Art Museum, the Helios Gallery (Fine Artists' Union), the Mansarda Gallery (Faculty of Arts and Design) and the City Hall Gallery.[249]
Literary life has been revitalized in Timișoara over the last decade: open, public readings ofprose andpoetry have turned into social-literary experiments and two newliterary festivals have been launched – LitVest and Timișoara International Literature Festival.[291]
Theliterary societyAktionsgruppe Banat, founded by German-speaking authors of theBanat Swabian minority, was active in Timișoara between 1972 and 1975.[292] Many of its members also activated in theAdam Müller-Guttenbrunn circle, which included, among others,Herta Müller, Horst Samson and Werner Söllner.[293] A recognized literary figure of the underground in Timișoara in the 1980s, Herta Müller was awarded theNobel Prize for Literature in 2009.[291]
Before having a proper musical society, in Timișoara there was the choral associationTemeswarer Männergesangverein, founded in 1845. The repertoire of this choir included works of great popularity, belonging mainly toGerman romantic music.[294] The Philharmonic Society was founded later, in 1871, as a men's choral society. The inaugural concert took place on 8 December and included theballadsDie Frithjof-Saga byMax Bruch andDer Taucher by Heinrich Weidt.[294] Over the years, guest musicians of the Philharmonic Society were invited to perform in Timișoara, among themFranz Liszt,Johann Strauss II,Joseph Haydn,Pablo de Sarasate,Henryk Wieniawski,Johannes Brahms andBéla Bartók.[294][295] The currentBanatul Philharmonic was founded in 1947 by royal decree.[296] The Philharmonic has been organizing the Timișoara Muzicală International Festival since 1968, the longest-running cultural festival in Timișoara.[249]
The cuisine of Timișoara has been greatly shaped by Austro-Hungarian traditions, as well as by Greek, Italian, Turkish and French influences.[297] InBanat, dishes are typically made withpork,chicken,beef,lamb, orfish, accompanied by vegetable sides fried in lard or oil. Flour-based sauces likerântaș are often used to thicken the dishes, which are generously seasoned with a variety of spices such aspepper,salt,thyme,paprika,rosemary,cumin, oraromatic herbs.[298]
Due to the fast pace of urban life and easy access to a wide range of delivery and catering services, many Timișoara residents also show a notable preference forfast food. This trend is highlighted by the presence of restaurant chains and establishments offering quick dishes, fromshawarma,kebab,burgers,fries,rice, ornoodles topizza,hot dog,grill,salads,sandwiches, or pastries and confectionery, consumed alongsidejuices,energy drinks, orsoft drinks.
Events such asBanat Brunch[300] orMic Dejun la Margina ("Breakfast atMargina"),[301] which celebrate the culinary richness and traditions of Banat cuisine, are popular events in the local gastronomic landscape.
The Banat Village Museum is conceived as a traditional village from Banat, aliving museum and open-air folk architecture reserve located in the Green Forest; it includes rustic households belonging to various ethnic groups in Banat, buildings with social function of the traditional village (town hall, school and church), technical installations and workshops.[249] The Corneliu Miklosi Public Transport Museum is subordinated to the local public transport company.Various types oftrams are on display, including the firsthorse-drawn tram and the firstelectric tram in the city, as well as buses, trolleybuses and vehicle maintenance equipment.[305] There are plans to integrate the museum into a center for art, technology and experiment – MultipleXity.[306] Founded in 1964, the Military Museum operates in the Military Casino in Liberty Square. The museum's patrimony consists of over 2,000 exhibits: maps, documents, models of historical monuments, photographs, weapons and military uniforms.[307] In the museum collections owned by theMetropolis of Banat, the Serbian Orthodox Episcopate and theRoman Catholic Diocese there are objects of worship, icons on wood and glass from the 16th–19th centuries, books, manuscripts and old church objects.[249] A future museum dedicated to theRomanian Revolution will be arranged in the building of the former Military Garrison.[308] At present, there is a Memorial of the Revolution, in the collection of which there is written, audio and video information about the events of 1989.[309]
In addition, there are several independent museums in Timișoara, including the Museum of the Communist Consumer, arranged as a typical house of the Golden Age,[310] the museum dedicated to the Romanian cartoonist Popa's[311] and the Kindlein Museum, a reenactment of Peter Kindlein's jewelry and clock shop and workshop.[312]
In 2013, around 400 cultural manifestations and events (shows, concerts, exhibitions, art and literature salons, festivals, etc.) were organized in Timișoara.[14] Some of these include the music festivals Codru, DISKOteka (largest 1980s and 1990s music festival in Europe), Flight (largest music festival in western Romania), JAZZx, Plai and Vest Fest, the film festivals Ceau, Cinema!, European Film Festival and Festival du Film Français, the theater festivals Eurothalia, FEST-FDR and TESZT, LitVest (literature festival), the Medieval Festival, theFestival of Hearts (festival of world folklore) andTimișoara Pride Week.[313] The latter was first organized in 2019;[314] it has since become one of the best-attended public events among young people in Timișoara.[315]
Timișoara is known as the "city of parks" for its parks and green spaces.[2] These are mainly located around theold town, forming agreen belt along theBega Canal.[316] At the end of 2009, the area of thecity parks was 117.57 ha.[317] In 2015, Timișoara had 16 m2 of green spaces per capita, under the EU recommendation of 26 m2.[318][319]
One of the most famous parks in Timișoara is the Anton Scudier Central Park, founded in 1850.[320] Since 2009, the park has an Alley of Personalities with 24 bronze statues of local personalities.[321] In 2019 the park was redesigned in the style of theSchönbrunn Gardens inVienna.[322] Also close to the city center is the Rose Park, which at the beginning of the 20th century earned Timișoara the nickname "city of roses".[2] The park was inaugurated in 1891 on the occasion of an agro-industrial exhibition, and all the arrangements were made by landscape architect Wilhelm Mühle.[323] The English- and French-style garden stretched over 9 ha and was visited by EmperorFranz Joseph I on 16 September 1891.[324] The current park was arranged between 1928 and 1934, when it was the largest rosary inSoutheast Europe, with 1,200 species and varieties ofroses.[324] In the park there is also the stage of the summer theater where several festivals, concerts and shows take place. Opposite the Rose Park is the Ion Creangă Children's Park. It was inaugurated in the same year as the Rose Park.[325] The delimitation of the two parks was made later, when the area was crossed by the current Michelangelo Street. In 2012 it was redesigned as the largestchildren's playground in the city.[326]
Queen Marie Park, formerly known as the People's Park, is the oldest park in Timișoara, established at the initiative of the governor of theVoivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, CountJohann von Coronini-Cronberg, in 1852.[317] The Botanical Park, improperly called by the locals the Botanical Garden, is thought of as a dendrological park and was inaugurated in 1986, after a project by the architect Silvia Grumeza.[317] The park contains collection species grouped in eight sectors, depending on the region of origin of the plant.[327] One of the newest parks, the Civic Park was arranged over the former military barracks, demolished between 1956 and 1959.[328] The main attraction of the park is thefloral clock, built in 1971.
The amateur and performance sports activity has an old tradition in Timișoara through sports associations and clubs. The firstfootball game in Timișoara took place on 25 June 1899.[329] Three years later,CA Timișoara – the firstfootball club in Romania – was founded.[330] Traditional teams have been active between the two world wars.Ripensia Timișoara, founded in 1928 and dissolved in 1948, was the first Romanian club to turn professional.[65] In its short history, the club has won four national titles and twonational cups. Ripensia Timișoara was re-established in 2012[331] and currently plays inLiga 2.Chinezul Timișoara (Hungarian:Temesvári Kinizsi), active between 1910 and 1946, was one of the most successful teams in the history of Romanian football, winning between 1921 and 1927 six consecutive titles of champion of Romania.[65] There are four football clubs:ACS Poli Timișoara,ASU Politehnica Timișoara,CFR Timișoara andRipensia Timișoara. SCM Timișoara, a multi-sport club, was founded in 1982 and includes sections forbasketball (BC Timișoara),handball (SCM Politehnica Timișoara),rugby (Saracens Timișoara),motorcycling andtennis.[332]
24 June 1772 edition ofTemeswarer Nachrichten (Timișoara Times), the first newspaper printed in Timișoara
The first newspaper printed in Timișoara in 1771, edited by typographer Matthias Joseph Heimerl, was calledTemeswarer Nachrichten and appeared in 13 editions.[336] Between 1830 and 1849,Temeswarer Wochenblatt appeared, whose editor was Joseph Klapka, the founder of the firstcirculating library in theHabsburg monarchy (1815) and mayor of Timișoara between 1819 and 1833. Between 1872 and 1918 the Hungarian-language newspapersDélmagyarország andTemesvári hirlap appeared. The Serbian minority first appeared on the local media market in 1829 with theBanatski almanah (Serbian Cyrillic:Банатски алманах).[337] The first Romanian-language newspapers published in Banat were printed inVienna and then inPest, as happened withLuminatorul led byVincențiu Babeș. During the mid-19th century, there was a branch of the stateprinting house in Vienna, and in 1878 PrinceAlexander Karađorđević, fleeing fromSerbia, opened a printing house in Iosefin, which he used exclusively for political purposes.[338] The printing activity was boosted at the end of the century, when the manualprinting machines, driven by a distribution wheel, were replaced by those driven by electricity, after the establishment of the power plant. The first machine of this kind in Timișoara was a Druckmaschine belonging to the episcopal printing house in the Diocese of Cenad, which was inaugurated in 1891.[338] The outbreak ofWorld War I led to a stagnation of printing activity, but, after the city was taken over by the Romanian authorities, it was revived; in 1920 no less than nine printing houses were known in Timișoara.[338]
The interwar years were marked by numerous political, humorous, medical, cultural, economic, religious, agricultural, commercial or almanac weeklies.[338] Also in the interwar period, numerous bilingual or even trilingual publications appeared. The first publication in Romanian, German and Hungarian was the monthlyApicultorul – Bienenzüchter – Méhész.[338] In addition to the publications in the languages spoken in Timișoara, between 1930 and 1936 theEsperanto quarterlyUrmiginta Statoj de Europe appeared, edited by Josef Zauner, and in 1932 the publicationTel-Chaj (טל צ׳ג) was registered, a Jewish bimonthly in Hungarian, but no number appeared.[338] From a catalog prepared by Florian Moldovan and Alexander Krischan, in the documentary fund of the County Library of Timișoara were registered in the early 1970s no less than 143 newspaper and magazine titles, of which 60 were Romanian, 39 Hungarian and 40 German.[339]
After 1945, but especially since 1948, the number of newspapers and magazines was reduced to a few, all published or under the political control of theCommunist Party. There were the following papers in Timișoara between 1970 and 1977:Drapelul roșu,Neue Banater Zeitung (German language),Szabad szó (Hungarian language),Banatske novine (magazine,Serbian language) and the literary revueOrizont, all of them with an important circulation.[340] Even if the years of 1965–1971 are better known as providing a relative political freedom, press in Romania went away with thePCR control. Media was obliged both to put in light the socialist reality in Romania and to combat the ideological bourgeois influences and retrograde mentality.[341] The cultural revues had to promote the "involved" militant socialist arts and literature and criticize the tendencies to separate the artistic creation from the socialist realities; it was the way the Romanian press became an instrument of the PCR.[341]
Apart from the publications previously censored under communist rule, which quickly changed their orientation under new names, in the first months after theRomanian Revolution, the number of newspaper and magazine titles on the local press market increased dramatically.
dailies: in Romanian:Renașterea bănățeană (successor ofDrapelul roșu),Timiș Expres andZiua de Vest; in Hungarian:Nyugati jelen;
one biweekly:Timpolis;
one triweekly:Timișoara;
weeklies: in Romanian:Opinia Timișoarei andBănățeanul; in German:Banater Zeitung (weekly supplement ofAllgemeine Deutsche Zeitung für Rumänien); in Hungarian:Heti új szó; in Serbian:Naša reč;
monthly: in Romanian:Orizont,Monitorul Primăriei municipiului Timișoara andAgenda Consiliului Județean Timiș; in Hungarian:Irodalmi jelen; in Italian:Azienda Italia;
quarterly: in Romanian:Orient latin andAnotimpuri literare; in Serbian:Književni život;
annuals: in Romanian:Almanahul Agenda; in Hungarian:Mindenki kalendáriuma; in German:Die Stafette;
sporadic periodicity:Helion magazine of the homonymousscience fiction club.
In recent years, more and more publications have given up the printed version, continuing their activity only in the online version.
Credit Bank Palace, nowadays home of West City Radio[343]
Radio Timișoara, a public station, is part of Radio România Regional, the network of local and regional publicradios of theRomanian Radio Broadcasting Company. The idea of building aradio station in Timișoara was advanced for the first time in July 1930. The first broadcast of Radio Timișoara dates from 5 May 1955, with Andrei Dângă and Emilia Culea as broadcasters.[344] Today, Radio Timișoara broadcasts in 10 languages on four frequencies that cover a large part of the counties in western Romania.[344] West City Radio has been broadcasting since 1995, when it received the first broadcasting license in western Romania. The station is addressed to an audience aged between 24 and 48 years.[345] Another local private radio station is Radio Europa Nova, founded in July 1995. Its broadcasting area covers 20–30 km (12–19 mi) around the city.
TVR Timișoara is one of the four territorial studios of theRomanian Television Society. It broadcasts since 17 October 1994 and covers the western part of Romania (Timiș,Arad,Caraș-Severin andHunedoara counties), as well as the Romanian communities inVojvodina (Serbia) and southeastern Hungary.[347] TVR Timișoara is a member ofCIRCOM Regional and has collaborated over the years with regional public televisions inNovi Sad (Serbia),Szeged (Hungary) andUzhhorod (Ukraine).[347] Teleuniversitatea (Teleuniversity) has the status of a department within thePolytechnic University, obtaining a broadcasting license in 1994. Teleuniversitatea is atelevision station with educational objectives, which operates on a non-profit basis, without a budget allocation. TV Europa Nova is the only local private television station. It first aired on 1 May 1994.
^Pârvan, Vasile (1982).Getica. O protoistorie a Daciei (2nd ed.). Bucharest: Editura Meridiane. p. 154.Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved22 January 2021.
^abc"Timișoara".Encyclopedia Britannica.Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved17 February 2019.
^Gașpar, Adriana (2023). "Places of worship from the Ottoman Period in Timișoara, Romania".Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 74 (1): 171.doi:10.1556/072.2023.00011. "With the end of the Ottoman rule in Timișoara eyalet and the departure of the Muslim population from the province, according to the plan edited by Perrette, five mosques were left behind in the town, five in the suburb of Palanca Mare, two in the suburb of Palanca Mică, one of which in the neighborhood located east of the castle (...).... No building in Timișoara dating from the Ottoman Period has survived, unlike in Hungary where several places of worship or other contemporary buildings can still be visited."
^Kornauth, Friedrich; Kreutel, Richard Franz, eds. (1966). "Zwischen Paschas und Generälen. Bericht des Osman Aga aus Temeschwar, über die Höhepunkte seines Wirkens als Diwansdolmetscher und Diplomat".Osmanische Geschichtsschreiber. Vol. V. Verlag Styria.ISSN0473-5129.
^Georgescu, Emil-Sever; Dobre, Daniela; Dragomir, Claudiu-Sorin; Borcia, Ioan Sorin."Timișoara și seismele bănățene"(PDF).ROEDUSEIS.Archived(PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^Mitrică, Bianca; Grigorescu, Ines (2016). "Dezvoltarea urbană și ariile metropolitane". In Bălteanu, Dan; et al. (eds.).România. Natură și societate. Editura Academiei Române. pp. 250–291.
^"Rapoarte/Statistici".Biblioteca Centrală Universitară "Eugen Todoran" din Timișoara. Archived fromthe original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^"Institute".Academia Română – Filiala Timișoara. Archived fromthe original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^"Centre de cercetare".Departamentul pentru Cercetare Științifică și Creație Universitară. Archived fromthe original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^"Secții și filiale".Academia de Științe Medicale din România. Archived fromthe original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^"Filiale".Academia de Științe Tehnice din România.Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^Rusu, Dorina N.; Otiman, Păun Ion (2016). "Membrii Academiei Române din Banat 1866 – 2016".Viața academică în Banat 1866 – 2016(PDF). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române. pp. 219–223. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 29 January 2021. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^"V1 M. Viteazul – Ardealul"(PDF).Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara.Archived(PDF) from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^abCrețu, Tudor (2020). "Editorial".The Romanian Riveter(PDF) (8th ed.). European Literature Network.Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^"Muzeul Militar Timișoara".Muzee și Colecții din România. Institutul Național al Patrimoniului.Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^"Muzeul Kindlein".Muzee și Colecții din România. Institutul Național al Patrimoniului.Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved21 January 2021.
^"Festivaluri".Timisoreni.ro.Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved27 July 2023.
^Krischan, Alexander (1987).Die deutsche periodische Literatur des Banats: Zeitungen, Zeitschriften, Kalender 1771–1971. Munich: Das Südostdeutsche Kulturwerk.ISBN978-3-88356-038-0.
^abRămneanțu, Vasile (2019). "Controlul Partidului Comunist Român asupra mediei timișorene în anii '70 ai secolului al XX-lea".Banatica.2 (29):443–473.
_-_img_01.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_04.jpg)
_-_img_02.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_-_IMG_01.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_-_2023_-_IMG_22.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
