The Times is a Britishdailynational newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the titleThe Daily Universal Register, adopting its modern name on 1 January 1788.The Times and itssister paperThe Sunday Times (founded in 1821), are published by Times Media, since 1981 a subsidiary ofNews UK, in turn wholly owned byNews Corp.The Times andThe Sunday Times were founded independently and have had common ownership only since 1966.[2] It is considered anewspaper of record in the UK.[3]
The Times was the first newspaper to bear that name, inspiring numerous other papers around the world. In countries where these other titles are popular, the newspaper is often referred to asThe London Times[4] orThe Times of London,[5] although the newspaper is of national scope and distribution.
The Times had an average daily circulation of 365,880 in March 2020; in the same period,The Sunday Times had an average weekly circulation of 647,622.[1] The two newspapers also had 304,000 digital-only paid subscribers as of June 2019.[6] An American edition ofThe Times has been published since 6 June 2006.[7] A complete historical file of the digitised paper, up to 2019, is available online fromGale Cengage Learning.[8][9] The political position ofThe Times is considered to becentre-right.[10]
The Times was founded by publisherJohn Walter (1738–1812) on 1 January 1785 asThe Daily Universal Register,[11] with Walter in the role of editor.[12] Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company for which he worked went bankrupt due to losses from a Jamaican hurricane. Unemployed, Walter began a new business venture.[13][14] At that time, Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was reputedly faster and more precise (although three years later, it was proved less efficient than advertised). Walter bought the logography's patent and, with it, opened a printing house to produce books.[14] The first publication ofThe Daily Universal Register was on 1 January 1785. Walter changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 toThe Times.[11][14] In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship tohis son of the same name.[14] Walter Sr's pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers,[15] in spite of a sixteen-month incarceration inNewgate Prison forlibels printed inThe Times.[14]
The Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits ofThe Times were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed byFriedrich Koenig (1774–1833).[16][17] In 1815,The Times had a circulation of 5,000.[18]
Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817. In the same year, the paper's printer, James Lawson, died and passed the business onto his son, John Joseph Lawson (1802–1852). Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841,John Thadeus Delane, the influence ofThe Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst theCity of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained forThe Times the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform."). The increased circulation and influence of the paper were based in part to its early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press. Distribution viasteam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.[19]
The Times was one of the first newspapers to sendwar correspondents to cover particular conflicts.William Howard Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in theCrimean War, was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England.[20][21]
The Times faced financial failure in 1890 underArthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor,Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911),The Times became associated with selling theEncyclopædia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced byHorace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. Due to legal fights between theBritannica's two owners, Hooper andWalter Montgomery Jackson,The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspapermagnate,Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.[22]
In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914,Wickham Steed, theTimes's Chief Editor, argued that theBritish Empire should enterWorld War I.[23] On 8 May 1920, also under the editorship ofSteed,The Times, in an editorial, endorsed theanti-Semitic fabricationThe Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a genuine document, and called Jews the world's greatest danger. In the leader entitled "The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry", Steed wrote aboutThe Protocols of the Elders of Zion:
What are these 'Protocols'? Are they authentic? If so, what malevolent assembly concocted these plans and gloated over their exposition? Are they forgery? If so, whence comes the uncanny note of prophecy, prophecy in part fulfilled, in part so far gone in the way of fulfillment?".[24]
The following year, whenPhilip Graves, theConstantinople (modernIstanbul) correspondent ofThe Times, exposedThe Protocols as a forgery,[25]The Times retracted the editorial of the previous year.
Kim Philby, a double agent with primary allegiance to theSoviet Union, was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during theSpanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined British Military Intelligence (MI6) duringWorld War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, and defected to theSoviet Union when discovery was inevitable in 1963.[28]
Frontpage weekly magazineThe Times, 15 May 1940, with headline: "The old prime minister and the new".
Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historianE. H. Carr was assistant editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials.[29] In December 1944, when fighting broke out inAthens between the Greek CommunistELAS and the British Army, Carr in aTimesleader sided with the Communists, leadingWinston Churchill to condemn him and the article in a speech to the House of Commons.[30] As a result of Carr's editorial,The Times became popularly known during that stage of World War II as "thethreepennyDaily Worker" (the price of the Communist Party'sDaily Worker being one penny).[31]
On 3 May 1966, it resumed printing news on the front page; previously, the front page had been given over to small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society. Also in 1966, theRoyal Arms, which had been a feature of the newspaper's masthead since its inception, was abandoned.[32][33] In the same year, members of theAstor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnateRoy Thomson. HisThomson Corporation brought it under the same ownership asThe Sunday Times to formTimes Newspapers Limited.[34]
An industrial dispute prompted the management to shut down the paper for nearly a year, from 1 December 1978 to 12 November 1979.[35]
The Thomson Corporation management was struggling to run the business due to the1979 energy crisis and union demands. Management sought a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, had the resources, and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.[citation needed]
In 1981,The Times andThe Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch'sNews International.[38] The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators John Collier andBill O'Neill. Murdoch gave legal undertakings to maintain separate journalism resources for the two titles.[39] TheRoyal Arms were reintroduced to the masthead at about this time, but whereas previously it had been that of the reigning monarch, it would now be that of theHouse of Hanover, who were on the throne when the newspaper was founded.[33]
After 14 years as editor,William Rees-Mogg resigned upon completion of the change of ownership.[38] Murdoch began to make his mark on the paper by appointingHarold Evans as his replacement.[40] One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. Between March 1981 and May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metalLinotype printing process used to printThe Times since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photocomposition.The Times and theSunday Times were able to reduce their print room staff by half as a result. However, direct input of text by journalists ("single-stroke" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until theWapping dispute of 1986, whenThe Times moved from NewPrinting House Square in Gray's Inn Road (nearFleet Street) to new offices inWapping.[41][42]
Robert Fisk,[43] seven times British International Journalist of the Year,[44] resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting down ofIran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the paper's pro-Israel stance.[45]
In June 1990,The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles ("Mr", "Mrs", or "Miss" prefixes) for living persons before full names on the first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. In 1992, it accepted the use of "Ms" for unmarried women "if they express a preference."[46]
In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes.[47] Over the next year, the broadsheet edition was withdrawn fromNorthern Ireland,Scotland, and theWest Country. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.[48]
On 6 June 2005,The Times redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. According to itsleading article "From Our Own Correspondents", the reason for the removal of full postal addresses was to fit more letters onto the page.[49]
In a 2007 meeting with theHouse of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.[50]
In May 2008, printing ofThe Times switched from Wapping to new plants atWaltham Cross in Hertfordshire, andMerseyside andGlasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.[51]
On 26 July 2012, to coincide with the official start of theLondon 2012 Olympics and the issuing of a series of souvenir front covers,The Times added the suffix "of London" to its masthead.[citation needed]
In March 2016, the paper dropped its rolling digital coverage for a series of 'editions' of the paper at 9am, midday, and 5pm on weekdays.[52] The change also saw a redesign of the paper's app for smartphones and tablets.[53]
In April 2018, IPSO upheld a complaint againstThe Times for its report of a court hearing in a Tower Hamlets fostering case.[54]
In April 2019,culture secretaryJeremy Wright said he was minded to allow a request byNews UK to relax the legal undertakings given in 1981 to maintain separate journalism resources forThe Times andThe Sunday Times.[39][55]
In 2019, IPSO upheld complaints againstThe Times over their article "GPS data shows container visited trafficking hotspot",[56] and for three articles as part of a series on pollution in Britain's waterways: "No river safe for bathing", "Filthy Business", and "Behind the story".[54] IPSO also upheld complaints in 2019 against articles headlined "Funding secret of scientists against hunt trophy ban,"[57] and "Britons lose out to rush of foreign medical students."[58]
In 2019,The Times published an article about Imam Abdullah Patel that wrongly claimed Patel had blamed Israel for the 2003 murder of a British police officer by a terror suspect in Manchester. The story also wrongly claimed that Patel ran a primary school that had been criticised byOfsted for segregating parents at events, which Ofsted said was contrary to "British democratic principles."The Times settled Patel's defamation claim by issuing an apology and offering to pay damages and legal costs. Patel's solicitor, Zillur Rahman, said the case "highlights the shocking level of journalism to which the Muslim community are often subject".[59]
In 2019,The Times published an article titled "Female Circumcision is like clipping a nail, claimed speaker". The article featured a photo ofSultan Choudhury beside the headline, leading some readers to incorrectly infer that Choudhury had made the comment. Choudhury lodged a complaint with theIndependent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) and suedThe Times for libel. In 2020,The Times issued an apology, amended its article, and agreed to pay Choudhury damages and legal costs. Choudhury's solicitor, Nishtar Saleem, said, "This is another example of irresponsible journalism. Publishing sensational excerpts on a 'free site' while concealing the full article behind a paywall is a dangerous game".[60]
In December 2020,Cage andMoazzam Begg received damages of £30,000 plus costs in a libel case they had brought againstThe Times newspaper. In June 2020, a report inThe Times suggested that Cage and Begg were supporting a man who had been arrested in relation to a knife attack in Reading in which three men were murdered.The Times report also suggested that Cage and Begg were excusing the actions of the accused man by mentioning mistakes made by the police and others. In addition to paying damages,The Times printed an apology. Cage stated that the damages amount would be used to "expose state-sponsored Islamophobia and those complicit with it in the press. ... The Murdoch press empire has actively supported xenophobic elements and undermined principles of open society and accountability. ... We will continue to shine a light on war criminals and torture apologists and press barons who fan the flames of hate".[61][62]
Long described as Britain’s "newspaper of record",The Times was forced to correct a false article in January 2025 aboutelectric vehicle (EV) sales, following successful complaint toIPSO.[63]
The Times features news for the first half of the paper; the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section, with world news normally following this. The Register, which contains obituaries, a Court & Social section, and related material, follows the business pages on the centre spread. The sports section is at the end of the main paper.
The Times' main supplement, every day, istimes2, featuring various columns.[64][65] It was discontinued in early March 2010,[66][67] but reintroduced on 12 October 2010 after discontinuation was criticised.[68] Its regular features include a puzzles section calledMind Games. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which it was calledT2 and previouslyTimes 2.[68] The supplement contains arts and lifestyle features, TV and radio listings, and theatre reviews. The newspaper employsRichard Morrison as its classical music critic.[69]
The Saturday edition ofThe Times contains a variety of supplements.
Beginning on 5 July 2003 (issue 67807)[71] and ending after 17 January 2009 (issue 69535),[72][73] Saturday issues ofThe Times came with a weekly magazine calledTheKnowledge containinglistings for the upcoming week (from that Saturday to the next Friday) compiled by PA Arts & Leisure[74] (part ofPress Association Ltd[75][76]).[non-primary source needed] Its taglines include "Your pocket guide to what's on in London",[77] "The World's Greatest City, Cut Down To Size",[71] and "Your critical guide to the cultural week".[78][79]
These supplements were relaunched on 24 January 2009 as:Sport,Saturday Review (arts, books, TV listings, and ideas),Weekend (including travel and lifestyle features),Playlist (an entertainment listings guide), andThe Times Magazine (columns on various topics).[2][73]
The Times Magazine features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and gardens, or simply writers' anecdotes. Notable contributors includeGiles Coren, Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 andNadiya Hussain, winner ofThe Great British Bake Off.[80]
"The Times Online" redirects here. For the online version ofThe Beaver County Times, seeThe Beaver County Times.
The Times andThe Sunday Times have had an online presence since 1996, originally atthe-times.co.uk andsunday-times.co.uk, and later attimesonline.co.uk. There are now two websites:thetimes.co.uk is aimed at daily readers, and thethesundaytimes.co.uk site provides weekly magazine-like content. There are alsoiPad and Android editions of both newspapers. Since July 2010,News UK has required readers who do not subscribe to the print edition to pay £2 per week to readThe Times andThe Sunday Times online.[81]
Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million.[82] In April 2009, thetimesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day.[83] In October 2011, there were around 111,000 subscribers toThe Times' digital products.[84] AReuters Institute survey in 2021 put the number of digital subscribers at around 400,000, and rankedThe Times as having the sixth highest trust rating out of 13 different outlets polled.[85]
The Times Digital Archive is available by subscription.
The Times had a circulation of 70,405 on 5 September 1870, due to a reduction in price and theFranco-Prussian War.[89][90][91]The Times had a circulation of 150,000 in March 1914, due to a reduction in price.[92]The Times had a circulation of 248,338 in 1958, a circulation of 408,300 in 1968, and a circulation of 295,863 in 1978.[93] At the time of Harold Evans' appointment as editor in 1981,The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies in comparison to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival,The Daily Telegraph.[40] By 1988, The Times had a circulation of 443,462.[93] By November 2005,The Times sold an average of 691,283 copies per day, the second-highest of any British "quality" newspaper (afterThe Daily Telegraph, which had a circulation of 903,405 copies in the period), and the highest in terms of full-rate sales.[94] By March 2014, average daily circulation ofThe Times had fallen to 394,448 copies,[95] compared toThe Daily Telegraph's 523,048,[96] with the two retaining respectively the second-highest and highest circulations among British "quality" newspapers. In contrast,The Sun, the highest-selling "tabloid" daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, sold an average of 2,069,809 copies in March 2014,[97] and theDaily Mail, the highest-selling "middle market" British daily newspaper, sold an average of 1,708,006 copies in the period.[98]
The Sunday Times has significantly higher circulation thanThe Times, and sometimes outsellsThe Sunday Telegraph. In January 2019,The Times had a circulation of 417,298[99] andThe Sunday Times 712,291.[99]
In a 2009 national readership survey,The Times was found to have the highest number ofABC1 25–44 readers and the largest number of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers.[100]
The Times is the originator of the widely usedTimes New Roman typeface, originally developed byStanley Morison ofThe Times in collaboration withMonotype Imaging for its legibility in low-tech printing. In November 2006,The Times began printing headlines in a new typeface,Times Modern.The Times was printed inbroadsheet format for 219 years, but switched tocompact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport.The Sunday Times remains a broadsheet.
The… typeface — The Times New Roman — debuted on October 3, 1932… The design was exclusively available toThe Times for one year, and then made available to other customers on October 3, 1933. (Documented in a few places, but the reference I have in front of me is The Monotype Recorder vol. XXXI, no. 247, from September–October 1932. Complicating matters, this was misprinted as being vol. XXI, no. 246.)
This is the big one: the previous face was not known as Times Old Roman. Jeez. Just think about it: why would something be known as "old" whatever before there was a new version? In fact — and this is documented inPrinting in the Twentieth Century (published byThe Times), The Monotype Recorder, and elsewhere — the various typefaces used before the introduction (The) Times New Roman [sic] didn't really have a formal name.
They were a suite of types originally made by Miller and Co. (later Miller & Richards) in Edinburgh around 1813, generally referred to as "modern". When The Times began using Monotype (and other hot-metal machines) in 1908, this design was remade by Monotype for its equipment. As near as I can tell, it looks like Monotype Series no. 1 – Modern (which was based on a Miller & Richards typeface) – was what was used up until 1932.
In 1908,The Times started using theMonotype Modern typeface.[102]
The Times commissioned theseriftypefaceTimes New Roman, created byVictor Lardent at the English branch ofMonotype, in 1931.[103] It was commissioned afterStanley Morison had written an article criticisingThe Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated.[104] Victor Lardent, an artist fromThe Times' advertising department, created the typeface under Morison's supervision. Morison used an older typeface namedPlantin as the basis for his design but made revisions for legibility and economy of space.Times New Roman made its debut in the issue of 3 October 1932.[105] After one year, the design was released for commercial sale.The Times stayed withTimes New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change frombroadsheet totabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch typeface five times since 1972. However, all the new typeface have been variants of the original New Roman type:
Times Europa was designed byWalter Tracy in 1972 forThe Times, as a sturdier alternative to the Times font family, designed for the demands of faster printing presses and cheaper paper. The typeface features more open counter spaces.[106]
Times Roman replacedTimes Europa on 30 August 1982.[107]
Times Millennium was made in 1991,[107] drawn by Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind Patel, composing manager of News International.
Times Classic first appeared in 2001.[108] Designed as an economical face by the British-type team of Dave Farey and Richard Dawson, it took advantage of the new PC-based publishing system at the newspaper while obviating the production shortcomings of its predecessor,Times Millennium. The new typeface included 120 letters per font. Initially, the family comprised ten fonts, but a condensed version was added in 2004.[109]
Times Modern was unveiled on 20 November 2006, as the successor ofTimes Classic.[107] Designed for improving legibility in smaller font sizes, it uses 45-degree angled bracket serifs. Ben Preston, the deputy editor ofThe Times, and designer Neville Brody led Research Studios in creating the typeface, which Elsner + Flake published as EF Times Modern.[110]
Historically, the paper was not overtly pro-Tory orWhig, but has been a long time bastion of theBritish Establishment and Empire. In 1959, the historian of journalismAllan Nevins analysed the importance ofThe Times in shaping the views of events of London's elite, writing:
For much more than a centuryThe Times has been an integral and important part of the political structure of Great Britain. Its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its whole emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in close touch with10 Downing Street.[111]
The Times adopted a stance described as "peculiarly detached" at the1945 general election; although it was increasingly critical of theConservative Party's campaign, it did not advocate a vote for any one party.[112] However, the newspaper reverted to the Conservatives for thenext election five years later. It supported the Conservatives for the subsequent three elections, followed by support for both the Conservatives and theLiberal Party for the next five elections, expressly supporting a Con-Lib coalition in 1974. The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 1997, when it declined to make any party endorsement but supported individual (primarilyEurosceptic) candidates.[113]
For the2001 general election,The Times declared its support forTony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide (although not as large as in 1997). It supported Labour again in2005, when Labour achieved a third successive win, though with a reduced majority.[114] In 2004, according toMORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for theLiberal Democrats, and 26% for Labour.[115] For the2010 general election, the newspaper declared its support for the Conservatives once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form acoalition with theLiberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority.[116]
The Times occasionally makes endorsements for foreign elections. In November 2012, it endorsed a second term forDemocratBarack Obama, although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy.[118]
In 2022,Tony Gallagher was appointed to replaceJohn Witherow, who had served nine years as editor. A formerSun editor, Gallagher enthusiastically backed Brexit during the 2016 EU referendum. According toThe Guardian, "The Times' readership is split politically, with journalists at the outlet speculating on how Gallagher will shape the paper's editorial line as the prospect of a Labour government became more likely (in 2024)."[121]
An Irishdigital edition of the paper was launched in September 2015 at TheTimes.ie.[126][127] A print edition was launched in June 2017, replacing the international edition previously distributed in Ireland.[128] The Irish edition was set to close in June 2019 with the loss of 20 jobs.[129]
The Times Literary Supplement (TLS) first appeared in 1902 as a supplement toThe Times, becoming a separately paid-for weekly literature and society magazine in 1914.[130] TheTLS is owned and published byNews International and co-operates closely withThe Times, with its online version hosted onThe Times website, and its editorial offices based in 1 London Bridge Street, London.[131]
Between 1951 and 1966,The Times published a separately paid-for quarterly science review,The Times Science Review.The Times started a new, free, monthly science magazine,Eureka, in October 2009.[132] The magazine closed in October 2012.[133]
The Times Review of Industry[134] (which began in 1947)[135] andTechnology (which began in 1957)[136] merged in March 1963[137] to becomeThe Times Review of Industry & Technology.[138] From 1952,The Times Review of Industry included theLondon and Cambridge Economic Bulletin.[139]
Times Atlases have been produced since 1895. The Collins Bartholomew imprint of HarperCollins Publishers is currently responsible for producing them. The flagship product isThe Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World.[140]
In 1971,The Times began publishing theTimes Higher Education Supplement (now known as theTimes Higher Education) which focuses its coverage on tertiary education.[141]
In 1915, R P Farley said "the files of the Times must be constantly studied" as an authority for the political and social history of the English people during the period from theReform Bill 1832 to theEducation Act 1870 (1832 to 1870).[142] From 1971 to 1973, John Joseph Bagley saidThe Times is "valuable" as a source of nineteenth-century English history[143] and that the annual index toThe Times is useful for the twentieth century.[144] In 2003, Richard Krzys saidThe Times is very reliable as a source of history.[145] In 2016, Denise Bates saidThe Times is "indispensable" as a source for historical events of national importance.[146]
In 2019, James Oldham saidThe Times is an important source fornisi prius trials.[147] In 2015, Johnston and Plummer said thatThe Times is an important source for music reviews.[148]
Rex Stout's fictional detective,Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the LondonTimes'crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.[151][152]
^Potter, Mitch (26 January 2008)."Times' editorial page calls for intervention to save Winehouse".Toronto Star.Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved8 April 2014.LONDON–The weighty editorial page of The Times of London doesn't make a habit of devoting thought to the travails of pop singers, whose exploits now more than ever keep the red-top British tabloids afroth.
^Bruckner, D. J. R. (20 November 1995)."How the Earlier Media Achieved Critical Mass".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved18 February 2017.the circulation of The Times rose from 5,000 in 1815 to 50,000 in the 1850s.
^Gordon Martel, ed.The Times and Appeasement: The Journals of A L Kennedy, 1932–1939 (2000).
^Frank McDonough, "The Times, Norman Ebbut and the Nazis, 1927–37." Journal of Contemporary History 27.3 (1992): 407–424.
^Cave Brown, Anthony (1995).Treason in the blood: H. St. John Philby, Kim Philby, and the spy case of the century. London: Robert Hale.ISBN978-0-7090-5582-2.
^Beloff, Max. "The Dangers of Prophecy" pages 8–10 fromHistory Today, Volume 42, Issue # 9, September 1992 page 9
^Davies, Robert William. "Edward Hallett Carr, 1892–1982" pages 473–511 fromProceedings of the British Academy, Volume 69, 1983 page 489
^Haslam, Jonathan. "We Need a Faith: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982" pages 36–39 fromHistory Today, Volume 33, August 1983 page 37
^"About us".thetimes.com. London.Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved11 October 2021.The Times and The Sunday Times were first held under common ownership by Lord Thomson in 1966 as Times Media Limited and were bought by Rupert Murdoch in 1981. Times Media is now part of News UK. Both papers introduced digital subscriptions in 2010 to help ensure a sustainable future for their journalism.
^McIlwraith, John (2007) [2007]. "Michael Robert Holmes à Court (1937–1990)".Holmes à Court, Michael Robert (1937–1990). Vol. 17. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved11 October 2021 – via Australian Dictionary of Biography.
^ab"New! Launch Issue".TheKnowledge. 5–11 July 2003. p. 1. Located in:"The Knowledge".The Times. No. 67807. London, England. 5 July 2003.GaleUCTVXJ119947492 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^"Best of Saturday Times : TheKnowledge".The Times. No. 69535. London, England. 17 January 2009. p. 2.GaleIF0503958245 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^ab"Inside your new Saturday Times".The Times. No. 69541. London, England. 24 January 2009. p. 3.GaleIF0503959182 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^"[Imprint]".TheKnowledge. 5–11 July 2003. p. 3. Located in:"Thisweek".The Times. No. 67807. London, England. 5 July 2003.GalePWPZBT215270075 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^"[Coverline]".The Times. No. 67807. London, England. 5 July 2003. p. 1.GaleJRKEEM549392329 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^"The Edinburgh issue".TheKnowledge (London / East England ed.). 6–12 August 2005. p. 1. Located in:"The Knowledge".The Times. No. 68459. London, England. 6 August 2005.GaleIF0502915383 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^"The Knowledge Goes to Edinburgh".The Times. No. 68459. London, England. 6 August 2005. p. 2.GaleIF0502914621 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^J Lee Thompson. Politicians, the Press, & Propaganda. The Kent State University Press. 1999.p 14Archived 3 November 2023 at theWayback Machine.
^abSteve Peak and Paul Fisher (eds). The Media Guide 2001. (The Guardian Media Guide 2001). Ninth Annual Edition. Mathew Clayton. 2000. ISBN 1841154237. p 58.
^An analysis ofThe Times reader demographic (based on NMA figures, news agenda and advertising in the paper) can be seen inthis studyArchived 20 February 2010 at theWayback Machine.
^R P Farley. "Authorities" in "A Political and Social Survey of the Period from 1815-1914". Chapter 2. John Richard Green. A Short History of the English People. Green's Short History of the English People: with Introduction and Notes by L Cecil Jane and a Survey of the Period 1815-1914 by R P Farley. (Everyman's Library). J M Dent & Sons. London and Toronto. E P Dutton & Co. New York. October 1915. Reprinted December 1915. Volume 2. Page 804.
^J J Bagley. "Historical Interpretation 2: Sources of English History: 1540 to the Present Day". Historical Interpretation. St Martin's Press. New York. 1973. [Date of authorship is 1972.]Volume 2Archived 24 November 2023 at theWayback Machine. Page 275. (The value ofThe Times (and other newspapers) for the study of Nineteenth Century history is discussed further on pages 273 to 276 and 281.)
^Richard Krzys. "Library Historiography". Miriam A Drake (ed). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Marcel Dekker. 2003. p 1621 atp 1628Archived 3 November 2023 at theWayback Machine.
^Denise Bates."The Times"Archived 3 November 2023 at theWayback Machine. Historical Research Using British Newspapers. Pen & Sword History. 2016.
^James Oldham, The Law of Contracts as Reported inThe Times, 1785-1820". Ibbetson, Jones anr Ramsay (eds). English Legal History and its Sources. Cambridge University Press. 2019. pp54Archived 7 November 2023 at theWayback Machine & 55.
^Roy Johnston with Declan Plummer. The Musical Life of Nineteenth-Century Belfast. Ashgate Publishing. 2015. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor and Francis. 2016.p 18Archived 3 November 2023 at theWayback Machine
Bingham, Adrian. "The Times Digital Archive, 1785–2006 (Gale Cengage)",English Historical Review (2013) 128#533 pp. 1037–1040.doi:10.1093/ehr/cet144
Evans, Harold (1983).Good Times, Bad Times. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.ISBN0-297-78295-9. – includes sections of black-and-white photographic plates, plus a few charts and diagrams in text pages.
Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher.The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp. 320–29.
Morison, Stanley.The History of the Times: Volume 1: The Thunderer" in the Making 1785–1841. Volume 2: The Tradition Established 1841–1884. Volume 3: The Twentieth Century Test 1884–1912. Volume 4 [published in two parts]:The 150th Anniversary and Beyond 1912–1948. (1952)
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