


This is a timeline of theJurchens.
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 667 | Bojang of Goguryeo plots withMohe people to reviveGoguryeo[1] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 748 | Jurchens (Ruzhe) are mentioned for the first time bearing tribute to theTang court[2] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 900 | Hanpu of theWanyan clan is recorded to have lived around this time[3] | |
| 907 | 27 February | Khitan chieftainAbaoji, also known asEmperor Taizu of Liao, becomes khagan of theKhitans[4] |
| 925 | AJurchen embassy bears tribute to theLater Tang court[2] | |
| 960 | February | Zhao Kuangyin declares himselfEmperor Taizu of Song, replacingLater Zhou[5] |
| 961 | Jurchens bear tribute to theSong dynasty[2] | |
| 973 | Jurchens raidLiao dynasty[6] | |
| 976 | Jurchens raidLiao dynasty[6] | |
| 986 | Jurchens preventGoryeo from expanding into theYalu River basin[7] | |
| 991 | Khitans attempt to prevent theJurchens from contacting theSong dynasty by erecting palisades to block the land route[3] | |
| 994-996 | Goryeo builds forts in Jurchen territory south of theYalu River[8] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1010 | Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War:Jurchens ally withGoryeo in a conflict against theKhitans and emerge victorious[3] | |
| 1038 | 10 November | Li Yuanhao declares himselfEmperor Jingzong of Western Xia[9] |
| 1051 | Goryeo repels a Jurchen attack and beheads 20 people[10] | |
| 1056 | Goryeo repels a Jurchen attack and wipes out 20 villages that made up their base[10] | |
| 1074 | Wugunai of theWanyan clan unites theJurchens of eastern and northernManchuria and is succeeded by his son,Wanyan Helibo[11] | |
| 1080 | Munjong of Goryeo leads a force of 30,000 into Jurchen territory and conquers ten villages[12] | |
| 1092 | Wanyan Helibo is succeeded by his brotherWanyan Polashu | |
| 1094 | Wanyan Polashu is succeeded by his brotherWanyan Yingge |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1103 | Wanyan Yingge is succeeded by his nephewWanyan Wuyashu[11] | |
| 1104 | Wanyan clan entersGoryeo territory in pursuit of enemy tribes and defeat Im Gan, takingChongju castle[13][12] | |
| 1107 | Goryeo invasion led byYun Kwan into Jurchen territory succeeds and builds Nine Fortresses in the area[14][15][16] | |
| 1108 | Goryeo returns the Nine Fortresses region to theWanyan clan, possibly in exchange for Poju (Uiju);Yun Kwan is removed from office[15][17] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1113 | Wanyan Wuyashu is succeeded by his brotherWanyan Aguda[18] | |
| 1114 | Wanyan Aguda attacks theLiao dynasty[19] | |
| 1115 | spring | Wanyan Aguda declares himselfemperor of theJin dynasty, named after theAshi River, the "Golden River"[18] |
| 1116 | Gao Yongchang rebels against theLiao dynasty and asks theJurchens for help and ends up getting annexed by theJin dynasty[20] | |
| 1117 | Emperor Taizu of Jin defeats theKhitan army of theLiao dynasty[20] | |
| 1118 | Emperor Taizu of Jin captures theLiao dynasty'sEastern Capital[21] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1120 | Emperor Taizu of Jin captures theLiao dynasty'sSupreme Capital[22] | |
| 1121 | Emperor Taizu of Jin captures theLiao dynasty'sCentral Capital[23] | |
| 1122 | Jin dynasty conquers theWestern Capital andSouthern Capital[23] | |
| 1123 | Yelü Dashi is captured by theJin dynasty and leads an attack onEmperor Tianzuo of Liao, who escapes; afterwardsYelü Dashi escapes from theJurchens and rejoins the emperor[24] | |
| Zhang Jue rebels inPing Prefecture and defects to theSong dynasty but theJin dynasty immediately retaliates and crushes his army; Zhang Jue is executed by the Song as reconciliation towards the Jin[25] | ||
| 19 September | Emperor Taizu of Jin dies and is succeeded by his brother Wuqimai, who becomesEmperor Taizong of Jin[26] | |
| 1124 | Emperor Tianzuo of Liao attacks theJin dynasty despite warnings fromYelü Dashi[24] | |
| Jin dynasty vassalizes theWestern Xia[26] | ||
| 1125 | 26 March | Emperor Tianzuo of Liao is captured by theJin dynasty; so ends theLiao dynasty[24] |
| November | Jin dynasty invades theSong dynasty and occupiesShanxi andHebei[25] | |
| 1126 | 31 January | Jin army lays siege toKaifeng[27] - earliest recorded use of thunderclapbombs[28] |
| 5 March | Jin army retreats fromKaifeng after theSong dynasty promises to pay an annual indemnity[27] | |
| summer | Jin dynasty vassalizesGoryeo[29] | |
| June | Jin dynasty defeats twoSong armies[27] | |
| December | Jin army returns withfire arrows andgunpowder bombs and lays siege toKaifeng[27][30] | |
| 1127 | 9 January | Jingkang incident:Kaifeng falls to theJin dynasty and emperorsQinzong andHuizong are captured; territory north of theHuai River is annexed by the Jin[29] - earliest recorded use of "molten metal bombs", suspected to containgunpowder[30] |
| 1129 | FormerSong official Liu Yu is enthroned as emperor of theJin puppet state of Qi[31] | |
| Yelü Dashi annexes twoJin tribes[32] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1132 | Siege of De'an:Jin dynasty fails to captureDe'an - earliest recorded use of thefire lance[33][34][35] | |
| Yelü Yudu rebels against the Jurchens[36] | ||
| 1134 | Yelü Dashi launches an invasion of theJin dynasty, which ends in failure[37] | |
| 1135 | 9 February | Emperor Taizong of Jin dies and Hela, a grandson ofEmperor Taizu of Jin, succeeds him asEmperor Xizong of Jin[38] |
| Jin puppet state Qi capturesXiangyang[38] | ||
| Yue Fei of theSong dynasty retaliates and recaptures much of the lost territory[38] | ||
| 1137 | TheJin puppet state of Qi is dissolved and Liu Yu is sent off to live out his life under supervised retirement[38] | |
| Khitans raidJin dynasty[39] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1140 | Yue Fei launches a successful attack against theJin and makes considerable territorial gains, but is forced to withdraw byEmperor Gaozong of Song[40] | |
| 1142 | October | Song andJin agree to theTreaty of Shaoxing which stipulates that the Song must pay Jin an annual indemnity; theHuai River is settled as the boundary between the two states[41][40] |
| 1146 | Khabul Khan of theKhamag Mongols rebels against theJin dynasty[42] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1150 | 9 January | Emperor Xizong of Jin is murdered by his cousin,Wanyan Liang, who ascends theJin throne as "Prince of Hailing"[43] |
| 1152 | ThePrince of Hailing relocates to theCentral Capital[44] | |
| 1153 | TheJin dynasty starts issuing paper money calledjiaochao ('exchange notes')[45] | |
| 1157 | ThePrince of Hailing orders the destruction of palace structures in theSupreme Capital[44] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1161 | Khitans rebel against theJin dynasty[46] | |
| 27 October | ThePrince of Hailing's cousin Wulu is proclaimedEmperor Shizong of Jin in a coup[47] | |
| 16 November | Battle of Tangdao: ASong fleet sinks aJin fleet off the shore ofShandong peninsula - earliest recorded use offire arrows in naval combat[48] | |
| 26–27 November | Battle of Caishi:Song treadmill boats sink aJin fleet on theYangtze - earliest recorded use of thunderclapbombs in ship combat[48] | |
| 15 December | ThePrince of Hailing is murdered by a group of officers[47] | |
| 1163 | TheKhitan rebellion is defeated by theJin dynasty[46] | |
| 1165 | Song andJin conclude a peace treaty[49] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1175 | Naimans andKankalis submit to theJin dynasty[50] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1189 | 20 January | Emperor Shizong of Jin dies and his grandson Madage succeeds him asEmperor Zhangzong of Jin[51] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1190 | TheTatars declare independence from theJin dynasty[52] | |
| 1192 | Jin dynasty starts constructing fortifications in the northwest to prevent depredations by theMongols[53] | |
| 1196 | Jin andMongol troops carry out a punitive expedition against theTatars[52] | |
| 1194 | TheYellow River changes course and causes mass devastation to surrounding regions[51] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1204 | Song forces start showing military aggression along theJin border[54] | |
| 1206 | spring | Kokochu, also known as Teb Tengri, chief shaman of theMongols, bestows upon Temüjin the title ofGenghis Khan, "Oceanic Ruler" of theMongol Empire, at thekurultai ofBurkhan Khaldun, sacred mountain of the Mongols[55] |
| 20 June | Song dynasty declares war onJin dynasty[54] | |
| December | The governor-general ofSichuan, Wu Xi, defects to theJin dynasty[56] | |
| 1207 | 29 March | Song loyalists kill Wu Xi[56] |
| Song forces slaughter aJin camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses - earliest recorded use of thunderclapbombs in open combat[57] | ||
| April | Song andJin enter a stalemate[56] | |
| 1208 | 2 November | Song andJin agree to a peace renewing the Song's tributary relationship with the Jin[58] |
| 29 December | Emperor Zhangzong of Jin dies and his uncle,Wanyan Yongji, takes theJin throne and becomes "Prince Shao of Wei"[59] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1210 | Genghis Khan breaks off tributary relations with theJin dynasty[52] | |
| 1211 | October | Battle of Yehuling:Genghis Khan invades theJin dynasty and defeats their army before retreating[60] |
| 1212 | autumn | Mongols attack theJin dynasty[60] |
| Yelü Liuge along with hisKhitan followers in northern and centralManchuria defect to theMongols[61] | ||
| 1213 | spring | Mongols break through theJuyong Pass and plunderHebei,Shandong, andShanxi[60] |
| 11 September | Prince Shao of Wei is murdered by the generalHushahu, who installs the previous ruler's nephew Wudubu asEmperor Xuanzong of Jin[60] | |
| 1214 | winter | Mongols blockade theCentral Capital but retreat after peace negotiations[60] |
| Emperor Xuanzong of Jin relocates to theSouthern Capital[62] | ||
| Yang Anguo rebels against theJin dynasty inShandong and is crushed[63] | ||
| Jin troops attackYelü Liuge but fails[61] | ||
| 1215 | spring | Jurchen generalWannu declares independence and the state of Dazhen at theSupreme Capital[61] |
| 31 May | Battle of Zhongdu:Mongols return and capture theCentral Capital[62] | |
| "Red Coat" rebels rise up inShandong[63] | ||
| 1217 | Jin dynasty invadesSong dynasty but is repelled[64] | |
| Western Xia invadesJin dynasty but is repelled[64] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1221 | Jin troops takeQi Prefecture - earliest recorded use of iron casingbombs[65] | |
| 1224 | 14 January | Emperor Xuanzong of Jin dies and his son Ningjiasu succeeds him asEmperor Aizong of Jin[66] |
| Song andJin cease hostilities[66] | ||
| 1225 | Jin andWestern Xia cease hostilities[66] | |
| 1227 | September | Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia surrenders to theMongol Empire and is promptly executed; so ends theWestern Xia[67] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1230 | Ögedei Khan of theMongol Empire renews the invasion of theJin dynasty[68] | |
| 1231 | Jin troops destroy aMongol warship - earliest recorded use ofthunder crash bombs[69] | |
| 1232 | 8 April | Siege of Kaifeng (1232):Mongol generalSubutai lays siege toKaifeng - earliest recorded use of reusablefire lances[69] |
| 1233 | Emperor Aizong of Jin fleesKaifeng[70] | |
| 29 May | Siege of Kaifeng (1232):Kaifeng surrenders to theMongols[70] | |
| Mongols annex the state of Dazhen and takeWannu prisoner[64] | ||
| 1234 | 9 February | Siege of Caizhou:Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates to a distant relative, Hudun, who becomesEmperor Mo of Jin, and commits suicide; Emperor Mo of Jin is killed by theMongols; so ends theJin dynasty[70] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1287 | Hand cannons are employed by the troops ofYuanJurchen commander Li Ting in putting down a rebellion byMongol princeNayan.[71] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1403 | December | Akhachu of theJianzhou Jurchens accepts theMing proposition to establish a guard in his region[72] |
| 1404 | Mentemu of theLeft Jianzhou Jurchens pays tribute toJoseon[73] | |
| 1405 | Mentemu of theLeft Jianzhou Jurchens pays tribute to theMing dynasty[73] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1411 | Ming dynasty sendsYishiha intoManchuria to create theNurgan Regional Military Commission[74] | |
| 1413 | Yongning Temple Stele:Ming dynasty sendsYishiha to theNurgan Regional Military Commission to create postal stations and spreadBuddhism[75] | |
| 1417 | AMing Prefectural Buddhist Registry is founded inJianzhou[75] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1426 | Ming dynasty sendsYishiha to theWild Jurchens to construct shipyards and warehouses[75] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1432 | Ming dynasty sendsYishiha to present seals to Ming-allied Jurchens and to repair theYongning Temple[75] | |
| 1433 | Mentemu of theLeft Jianzhou Guard dies[76] | |
| 1434 | Joseon defeatsLi Manzhu ofJianzhou Jurchens[76] | |
| 1437 | Joseon defeatsLi Manzhu ofJianzhou Jurchens[76] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1442 | Fanca becomes leader of theRight Jianzhou Guard while Dongshan becomes leader of theLeft Jianzhou Guard[77] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1466 | TheMing execute Dongshan[78] | |
| 1467 | AMing-Joseon expedition defeats theJianzhou Jurchens and killLi Manzhu[78] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1470 | The governor ofLiaodong,Chen Yue, attacks the Jurchens and demands bribes from Jurchen embassies[78] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1480 | Ming dynasty ceases hostile relations with the Jurchens[78] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1522 | Ming dynasty reimposes trade restrictions on the Jurchens[79] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1548 | TheHulun Confederation is formed underWang Tai, chieftain of theHada tribe[80] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1570 | Wang Gao of theJianzhou Guard raidsMing settlements[79] | |
| 1574 | Li Chengliang killsWang Gao with the help ofGiocangga andTaksi[79] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1582 | Li Chengliang defeats Atai, son ofWang Gao, and burns his fort to the ground, also inadvertently killingGiocangga, whose sonTaksi is killed byMing forces in the confusion[79] | |
| 1583 | Nurhaci becomes leader of the "Jianzhou Left Guard" from Li Chengliang[81] | |
| 1587 | Nurhaci foundsFe Ala[82] | |
| 1589 | Nurhaci obtains the title of assistant commissioner-in-chief from theMing dynasty[83] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1592 | Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98):Nurhaci offers to fight theJapanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops[84] | |
| 1593 | Battle of Gure:Nurhaci defeats theHulun Confederation andKhorchin Mongols[85] | |
| 1595 | Nurhaci obtains the title of dragon-tiger general from theMing dynasty[86] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1600 | Nurhaci creates theBanner Army[87] | |
| 1601 | Nurhaci subjugates the Hada[88] | |
| 1603 | Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories[89] | |
| Nurhaci moves his capital toHetu Ala due to water problems atFe Ala[90] | ||
| 1605 | Gwanghaegun of Joseon sends an expedition north of theTumen River to destroy the JurchenHoljaon community[88] | |
| 1607 | Nurhaci subjugates theHoifa[88] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1611 | Nurhaci subjugates theWild Jurchens[91] | |
| 1613 | Nurhaci incorporates theUla into his confederation[92] | |
| 1615 | Nurhaci increases the number of banners from four to eight[92] | |
| Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary toBeijing[93] | ||
| 1616 | Nurhaci establishes theLater Jin dynasty and rules asKhan[94] | |
| 1618 | 7 May | Nurhaci announces theSeven Grievances which effectively declares war against theMing dynasty |
| 9 May | Battle of Fushun:Later Jin seizesFushun[95] | |
| summer | Battle of Qinghe:Later Jin takesQinghe[96] | |
| 1619 | 18 April | Battle of Sarhū: Ming forces are annihilated byLater Jin[97] |
| 26 July | Battle of Kaiyuan:Later Jin takesKaiyuan[98] | |
| 3 September | Battle of Tieling:Later Jin takesTieling[98] | |
| September | Battle of Xicheng:Later Jin annexes the Yehe Jurchens[99] | |
| Chahar-Jurchen War:Ligdan Khan attacksGuangning, a horse trading town under the protection ofNurhaci, but is defeated[100] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1621 | 4 May | Battle of Shen-Liao:Later Jin seizesShenyang[101] |
| December | Battle of Fort Zhenjiang: Ming raids intoLater Jin are repulsed[102] | |
| 1622 | 11 March | Battle of Guangning:Later Jin seizesGuangning[102] |
| 1625 | Chahar-Jurchen War:Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combinedKhorchinJurchen force[103] | |
| 1626 | 10 February | Battle of Ningyuan: ALater Jin attack onNingyuan is repulsed andNurhaci is wounded[104] |
| 30 September | Nurhaci succumbs to his wounds and dies[105] | |
| 1627 | January - March | Later Jin invasion of Joseon:Hong Taiji is elected khan and subjugatesJoseon[106] |
| spring | Battle of Ning-Jin:Later Jin forces underHong Taiji attackJinzhou but are repelled[107] | |
| 1629 | winter | Jisi Incident:Later Jin forces break through theGreat Wall and loot the region aroundBeijing[108] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1630 | summer | Jisi Incident:Later Jin forces retreat[108] |
| 1631 | 21 November | Battle of Dalinghe:Later Jin seizesDalinghe[109] |
| 1633 | April | Wuqiao Mutiny:Shandong rebels defect toLater Jin[110] |
| summer | Siege of Lüshun:Later Jin seizesLüshun[111] | |
| 1634 | Chahar-Jurchen War:Ligdan Khan of theChahar Mongols is overthrown and displaced byHong Taiji, who takes theImperial Seal of the Mongols[112] | |
| 1635 | Hong Taiji unites all Jurchen tribes under the name ofManchu; so ends the Jurchens[106] |