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Timeline of the Arab Spring

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2010

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December

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17 December 2010:Mohamed Bouazizi sets himself on fire following harassment by a municipal officer,[1] sparkingprotests acrossTunisia.[2]

29 December 2010:Protests erupt inAlgeria following housing shortages.[3]

2011

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January

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14 January 2011: Thousands ofJordaniansprotest rising food prices, unemployment, and the government.[4] TheTunisian government is dissolved and PresidentZine El Abidine Ben Ali flees the country after making concessions that fail to satisfy protestors.[5]

17 January 2011:Protests begin inOman, responding to corruption and high food prices.[6]

25 January 2011: Thousands ofprotesters inEgypt gather inTahrir Square,Cairo, demanding the resignation of PresidentHosni Mubarak.[7]

27 January 2011: Thousands ofprotesters gather inYemen demanding a change in government.[8]

February

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1 February 2011: KingAbdullah II of Jordan dismisses Prime MinisterSamir Rifai and his cabinet.[9]

11 February 2011:Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak resigns and transfers his powers to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.[10]

12 February 2011:Protests erupt inIraq, responding to government corruption, a lack of electricity, and similar protests in Egypt.[11]

14 February 2011: Protests inBahrain start, initially for greater political freedom and respect for human rights; they were not intended to directly threatenthe monarchy.[12][13]

15 February 2011: Protests break out againstMuammar Gaddafi's regime inBenghazi,Libya, leading to theFirst Libyan Civil War.[14][15]

17 February 2011: Bahraini police raid a protest at thePearl Roundabout in Manama; four protesters are killed.[16][17][18][19]

19 February 2011: Stateless people (Bedoon) inKuwait protest for citizenship and access to social services.[20]

20 February 2011: Thousands of protestors gather inMorocco, demanding constitutional reform.[21]

23 February 2011:Algerian PresidentAbdelaziz Bouteflika promises to lift the 19-year-old state of emergency.[22][23][24]

26 February 2011: Omani SultanQaboos bin Said al Said makes some economic concessions.

March

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3 March 2011:Egyptian Prime MinisterAhmed Shafik resigns following protests.[25]

13 March 2011: Sultan Qaboos promises to grant lawmaking powers to Oman's elected legislature.[26][27]

14 March 2011:Gulf Cooperation Council forces (composed mainly ofSaudi andUAE troops) occupy Bahrain on request of the government.[28][29]

15 March 2011: Hundreds ofSyrians gather to protest theal-Assad government, calling for democratic reforms and the release of political prisoners.[30]

18 March 2011: The Bahraini government tears down thePearl Roundabout monument.[31]

April

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15 April 2011: Algerian President Bouteflika announces major reforms.[32]

26 April 2011: King Abdullah of Jordan creates the Royal Committee to Review the Constitution in accordance with calls for reform.[33]

June

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3 June 2011:Yemeni PresidentAli Abdullah Saleh is injured in a failed assassination attempt. He temporarily makes Vice PresidentAbd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi the acting president of the nation.[34]

26 June 2011: Thousands of Kuwaitis rally inAl-Erada Square to protest against a court ruling that dissolved the opposition-dominated parliament.[35]

July

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1 July 2011: Aconstitutional referendum is held in Morocco.[36]

August

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20–28 August 2011: TheBattle of Tripoli occurs inLibya. Rebel forces capture and effectively gain control of the capital city of Tripoli, therefore practically overthrowing the regime of dictatorMuammar Gaddafi.[37]

27 August 2011: Around 3,000 people, mainly men in traditional Kuwaiti dress, gather opposite parliament at Al-Erada Square to protest changes to the electoral law.[38]

September

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30 September 2011: Abdullah II approves changes to all 42 articles of the Constitution.[citation needed]

October

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9–10 October 2011:Coptic Christians in Egyptprotest against the destruction of a church. The Army responds by attacking the protesters with tanks, killing many.[39]

20 October 2011: Muammar Gaddafi is captured and killed by rebels in the city ofSirte.[40]

23 October 2011: TheNational Transitional Council (NTC) officially declares an end to the First Libyan Civil War.[41]

24 October 2011: Abdullah II dismisses Prime Minister Marouf al-Bakhit and his cabinet.

November

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16 November 2011: Kuwaitis storm their parliament and demand the resignation of Prime MinisterNasser Al-Sabah.[42]

19 November 2011: Muammar Gaddafi's son,Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, was finally captured after hiding inNigeria.[43]

19–21 November 2011: Many people once again protest in Cairo's Tahrir Square, demanding that the SCAF speed up the transition to a more civilian government. Protesters and soldiers clash and many are injured and killed.[44][45]

23 November 2011: TheBahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry released its report on its investigation of the events, finding that the government had systematically tortured prisoners and committed other human rights violations. It also rejected the government's claims that the protests were instigated byIran.

28 November 2011: Kuwaiti Prime MinisterNasser Al-Sabah resigns.[46][47]

December

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20 December 2011: Many women protest in Egypt against human rights violations.[48]

2012

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January

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10 January 2012:Syrian PresidentBashar al-Assad gives a speech in which he blames the uprising on foreigners and says it will require the cooperation of all Syrians in order to stop the rebels.

24 January 2012: EgyptianField Marshal and military leaderMohamed Hussein Tantawi announces the decades-oldstate of emergency will be partially lifted the following day.[49]

February

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3 February 2012: The Syrian government beginsan attack on the city of Homs.[50]

27 February 2012: Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh officially resigns and then transfers his powers to Vice PresidentAbd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi.[51]

April

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20 April 2012: Many people once again protest in Cairo's Tahrir Square, demanding a quicker transfer of power to a new president.[52]

May

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2 May 2012: As the protests continue,Awn Al-Khasawneh resigns,[53] and the King appointsFayez Tarawneh as the new prime minister of Jordan.[54]

23–24 May 2012: Egyptians vote in the first round of apresidential election.Ahmed Shafik andMohammed Morsi win this election.[55]

25 May 2012: The Syrian government carries out amassacre in Houla, killing 108 people.[56]

June

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2 June 2012: The former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak is sentenced to life in prison by an Egyptian court.

13 June 2012: The former Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali is sentenced to prison by a Tunisian court.

16–17 June 2012: Egyptians vote in the 2nd round of a presidential run-off election, whichMohammed Morsi wins.[55]

20 June 2012: The Constitutional Court of Kuwait declares the February 2012election illegal and reinstates the previous parliament.[57]

24 June 2012:Egypt's election commission announces thatMuslim Brotherhood candidateMohammed Morsi won Egypt's presidential runoff. Morsi won by a narrow margin overAhmed Shafiq, the last prime minister under deposed leaderHosni Mubarak. The commission says Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote versus 48.3 for Shafiq.

July

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12 July 2012: The Syrian army carries out amassacre in the Village of Tremseh. Up to 225 people are killed.

15 July 2012: TheInternational Committee of the Red Cross officially declares that the Syrian uprising is now acivil war.

18 July 2012: Abombing in Damascus kills many members of President Bashar al-Assad's inner circle, including his brother-in-lawAssef Shawkat.

19 July 2012: Former Egyptian Vice PresidentOmar Suleiman dies of aheart attack at a hospital inCleveland, Ohio,United States.

27 July 2012: Government forces and rebels begin fighting a battle to capture Syria's largest city,Aleppo. TheUN reports that over 200,000 Syrian refugees have fled the country since the fighting began.

September

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In late September, theFree Syrian Army moved its command headquarters from southern Turkey into rebel-controlled areas of northern Syria.[58]

11 September 2012:Islamic militants attack the American diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, killing U.S. AmbassadorJ. Christopher Stevens andSean Smith, U.S. Foreign Service Information Management Officer.

October

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9 October 2012: The Free Syrian Armyseizes control of Maarat al-Numan, a strategic town inIdlib Governorate on the highway linking Damascus with Aleppo.[59] By 18 October, the FSA had captured Douma, the biggest suburb of Damascus.[60]

10 October 2012: Abdullah dissolves the parliament for new early elections and appointsAbdullah Ensour as the new prime minister.

19 October 2012:Wissam al-Hassan, abrigadier general of theLebaneseInternal Security Forces, dies along with several others in the2012 Beirut bombing.

November

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22 November 2012:[61] Hundreds of thousands of protestersdemonstrate againstEgyptian presidentMohammed Morsi after he grants himself unlimited powers to “protect” the nation[62][63] and the power tolegislate without judicial oversight or review of his acts.[64]

2013

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January

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25 January 2013:Protests againstMohamed Morsi develop all overEgypt on the second anniversary of the2011 revolution, including inTahrir Square, where thousands of protesters gathered. At least 6 civilians and 1 police officer are shot dead in the Egyptian city ofSuez, while 456 others are injured nationwide.[65][66][67][68]

February

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In early February, Syrian rebels begin anoffensive on Damascus.

12 February 2013: TheUnited Nations states the death toll of theSyrian Civil War has exceeded 70,000 people.[69]

March

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6 March 2013: Syrian rebelscapture Ar-Raqqah, the first major city to be under rebel control in theSyrian civil war.[70] Meanwhile, theSyrian National Coalition is granted Syria's membership in theArab League.[71][72]

April

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24 April 2013: The minaret of theGreat Mosque of Aleppo, Syria, built in 1090,[73] is destroyed during an exchange of heavy weapons fire between government forces and rebels.[74][75][76]

June

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June 5 2013: Syrian government forcesretake the strategic town ofAl-Qusayr.[77][78]

July

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3 July 2013: Mohamed Morsi is deposed in militarycoup d'état,[79][80] followed byclashes between security forces and protestors.[81][82]

8 July 2013: Egyptian Prime MinisterHisham Qandil resigns and the cabinet is dissolved,[83] paving the way for military chiefAbdel Fattah el-Sisi torun for president.

August

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14 August 2013: Egyptian security forces, under the command ofel-Sisi,attack protesters in Cairo, leaving hundreds dead and thousands wounded.[84][85] Scholars argue the massacre ended the Arab Spring, at least in Egypt.[86]

21 August 2013: In theGhouta chemical attack, several areas disputed or controlled by theSyrian opposition are struck byrockets containing thechemical agentsarin. Estimates of the death toll range from 281[87] to 1,729.[88]

December

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30 December 2013: TheIraqi Civil War officially begins.

2014

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January

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Aconflict between the Syrian opposition and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant erupts.

May

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7 May 2014: Syrian rebels withdraw from theSiege of Homs.[89]

16 May 2014: TheSecond Libyan Civil War begins.

30 May 2014: Sisi wins the Egyptian presidential election, while his opponent says the vote was unfair.[90]

September

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8 September 2014:Haider al-Abadi is elected Prime Minister of Iraq.

By country or region

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See also

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References

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  1. ^"Mohamed Bouazizi (Tunisian street vendor and protester) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Archived fromthe original on 20 February 2012.
  2. ^"Tunisia's protest wave: Where it comes from and what it means". 3 January 2011.
  3. ^"Scores hurt in Algeria protests".Al Jazeera English. Archived fromthe original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved1 October 2025.
  4. ^"JORDAN: Thousands of demonstrators protest food prices, denounce government". Archived fromthe original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved2 October 2025.
  5. ^"Jasmine Revolution | Tunisia, Arab Spring, Timeline, & Results | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved8 May 2024.
  6. ^"Oman protestors call for fight against corruption - Culture & Society - ArabianBusiness.com".www.arabianbusiness.com. Archived fromthe original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved1 October 2025.
  7. ^"Egypt - Unrest in 2011: January 25 Revolution | Britannica".
  8. ^"Thousands in Yemen Protest Against the Government (Published 2011)". 27 January 2011. Archived fromthe original on 30 July 2025. Retrieved2 October 2025.
  9. ^Kadri, Ranya; Bronner, Ethan (February 2011)."King of Jordan Dismisses His Cabinet".The New York Times.
  10. ^Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2011)."Egypt Erupts in Jubilation as Mubarak Steps Down".The New York Times.
  11. ^"Egyptian revolution sparks protest movement in democratic Iraq". Archived fromthe original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved1 October 2025.
  12. ^Richter, Frederik (14 February 2011)."Protester killed in Bahrain "Day of Rage" - witnesses".Reuters. Archived fromthe original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved3 September 2021.
  13. ^"Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry".Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry. Retrieved3 September 2021.
  14. ^Kawczynski, Daniel (2011).Seeking Gaddafi: Libya, the West and the Arab Spring. London: Biteback. p. 231.ISBN 978-1-84954-148-0.
  15. ^St. John, Ronald Bruce (2012).Libya: From Colony to Revolution (rev. ed.). Oxford: Oneworld. pp. 279–281.ISBN 978-1-85168-919-4.
  16. ^"Clashes Rock Bahraini Capital". Al Jazeera. 17 February 2011.Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved15 April 2011.
  17. ^Razaq, Rashid (17 February 2011)."Girl, 2, Shot Dead as Bahrain Police Swoop on Peaceful Protest Camp".Evening Standard. London. Retrieved15 April 2011.
  18. ^Box-Turnbull, Greg (18 February 2011)."5 Killed as Bahrain Cops Fire on Protesters".Daily Mirror. UK. Retrieved15 April 2011.
  19. ^Staff writer (17 February 2011)."Bahrain Military Locks Down Capital".Ynetnews. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  20. ^"Stateless Arabs Demonstrate in Kuwait".The Wall Street Journal. 19 February 2011.
  21. ^Champion, Marc (20 February 2011)."Region's Protests Spread to Morocco".Wall Street Journal.ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved2 October 2025.
  22. ^"Archived copy".www.cnn.com. Archived fromthe original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ^"Algeria appeases protesters by lifting 19-year-old state-of-emergency". 24 February 2011.
  24. ^"Algerian Emergency Law to End".Voice of America. Archived fromthe original on 12 September 2021.
  25. ^Luhnow, David (5 March 2011)."Egypt PM Undone by TV Debate".The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved10 April 2012.
  26. ^"Oman ruler shifts lawmaking powers".Al Jazeera. Retrieved8 May 2024.
  27. ^"Oman sultan to cede some powers after protests".Reuters. 13 March 2011.
  28. ^"Timeline of the GCC Summit". 5 December 2010.
  29. ^"Saudi intervention in Bahrain increases Gulf instability | DW | 16.03.2011".Deutsche Welle.
  30. ^"Mid-East unrest: Syrian protests in Damascus and Aleppo".BBC News. 15 March 2011. Retrieved2 October 2025.
  31. ^"Bahrain Tears Down Statue at Focus of Anti-monarchy Protests".Haaretz.
  32. ^"The Arab Spring. Is Algeria the Exception?". Retrieved1 October 2025.
  33. ^"On the occasion of presenting the suggested constitutional amendments by the Royal Committee on Constitutional Review | King Abdullah II Official Website".
  34. ^"Al-Hadi acting President of Yemen". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 4 June 2011.
  35. ^"Kuwait protest at court ruling dissolving parliament". BBC News. 27 June 2012. Retrieved25 September 2012.
  36. ^"AFP: Morocco to vote on new constitution". Archived fromthe original on 8 December 2012.
  37. ^Fahim, Kareem; Mazzetti, Mark (23 August 2011)."Rebels' Assault on Tripoli Began with Careful Work Inside".The New York Times.
  38. ^Westall, Sylvia (27 August 2012)."Thousands of Kuwaitis protest electoral law move".Reuters. Retrieved25 September 2012.
  39. ^"Cairo clashes leave 24 dead after Coptic church protest".BBC News. 9 October 2011.
  40. ^"Gaddafi caught like "rat" in a drain, humiliated and shot".Reuters. 21 October 2011.
  41. ^"NTC declares 'Liberation of Libya'".Al Jazeera. 24 October 2011. Retrieved8 May 2024.
  42. ^Baker, Aryn (17 November 2011)."Storming Kuwait's Parliament: What's Behind the Latest Arab Revolt".Time.ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved2 October 2025.
  43. ^"Saif al-Islam: From heir apparent to prisoner". 19 November 2011.
  44. ^Kirkpatrick, David D. (22 November 2011)."Deal to Hasten Transition in Egypt is Jeered at Protests".The New York Times.
  45. ^"Egypt protests: Death toll up in Cairo's Tahrir Square".BBC News. 21 November 2011.
  46. ^"Kuwait's prime minister resigns after protests".BBC News. 28 November 2011.
  47. ^"UPDATE 4-Kuwait PM, government resign after protests".Reuters. 28 November 2011.
  48. ^"Attack on Egyptian women protesters spark uproar".Reuters. 21 December 2011.
  49. ^"Egyptian junta's lifting of state of emergency fails to convince".TheGuardian.com. 24 January 2012.
  50. ^"Syria: '300 killed' as regime launches huge attack on besieged city of Homs".TheGuardian.com. 4 February 2012.
  51. ^"Yemen's president Ali Abdullah Saleh cedes power".BBC News. 27 February 2012.
  52. ^"Egyptians mass to demand army retreat from power".Reuters. 20 April 2012.
  53. ^"Jordan's prime minister Khasawneh resigns".Reuters. 26 April 2012.
  54. ^"Jordan's king swears in new cabinet".The Times of Israel.
  55. ^ab"Muslim Brotherhood-backed candidate Morsi wins Egyptian presidential election".Fox News. 26 March 2015.
  56. ^Nebehay, Stephanie (29 May 2012)."Most Houla victims killed in summary executions: U.N."Reuters. Retrieved3 January 2018.
  57. ^"Kuwait court voids election and reinstates parliament".BBC News. 20 June 2012. Retrieved29 September 2025.
  58. ^"Rebel Group Says It Is Now Based in Syria, a Major Step".New York Times. 23 September 2012. Retrieved23 September 2012.
  59. ^"Syrian rebels claim control of strategic town".Al Jazeera. 10 October 2012. Retrieved10 October 2012.
  60. ^Di Giovanni, JANINE (18 October 2012)."Denial Is Slipping Away as War Arrives in Damascus".New York Times. Retrieved20 October 2012.
  61. ^McCrumen, Stephanie; Hauslohner, Abigail (5 December 2012)."Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests to presidential palace".The Independent.Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved5 December 2012.
  62. ^Hendawi, Hamza (28 November 2012)."Egyptian courts suspend work to protest Morsi decrees".Salon. Retrieved8 December 2012.
  63. ^Dina Bishara (28 November 2012)."Egyptian Labor between Morsi and Mubarak". Mideast. Archived fromthe original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved8 December 2012.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
  64. ^David D. Kirkpatrick (26 April 2012)."President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt Said to Prepare Martial Law Decree".The New York Times. Egypt. Retrieved8 December 2012.
  65. ^"Egypt: More than 110 hurt in 2nd anniversary protests".CBS News. 25 January 2013.Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved20 November 2014.
  66. ^Lynch, Sarah (25 January 2013)."7 killed in Egypt protests on uprising anniversary".USA Today. Retrieved14 May 2018.
  67. ^Perry, Tom; Mohamed, Yousri (24 January 2013)."Five die in Egypt violence on anniversary of uprising".Reuters. Retrieved3 September 2021.
  68. ^"Fatal clashes on Egypt uprising anniversary".BBC News. 25 January 2013. Retrieved3 September 2021.
  69. ^"Syria death toll probably at 70,000, U.N. human rights official says". CNN. 12 February 2013. Retrieved12 February 2013.
  70. ^"Syrian activists say rebels seize security buildings in Raqqa, declare it 1st 'liberated' city".Fox News. Retrieved20 November 2014.
  71. ^"Arab foreign ministers formally grant Syrian opposition coalition country's Arab League seat".The Washington Post. 6 March 2013. Archived fromthe original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved3 September 2021.
  72. ^"Syrian refugees top 1 million, rebels take city".The Big Story. Archived fromthe original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved3 September 2021.
  73. ^George Mitchell, ed. (1978).Architecture of the Islamic World. Thames and Hudson. page 231.
  74. ^"Syria clashes destroy ancient Aleppo minaret".bbc.co.uk. 24 April 2013. Retrieved24 April 2013.
  75. ^Minaret of historic Syrian mosque destroyed in Aleppo. Associated Press. 24 April 2013. Retrieved25 April 2013.{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
  76. ^Saad, Hwaida; Gladstone, Rick (24 April 2013)."Storied Syrian Mosque's Minaret Is Destroyed".The New York Times. Retrieved24 April 2013.
  77. ^"Syrian army retakes key town of Qusair from rebels".BBC News. 5 June 2013. Retrieved5 June 2013.
  78. ^"Syrian forces retake strategic town of Qusair - Los Angeles Times".Los Angeles Times. 5 June 2013.
  79. ^"Egypt protests: President Morsi removed by army, reportedly put under house arrest | The Star".The Toronto Star. 3 July 2013.
  80. ^"Egypt's army chief Abdel Fattah al-Sisi receives a promotion ahead of likely presidency bid".Australian Broadcasting corporation. 28 January 2014. Archived fromthe original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved4 May 2015.
  81. ^"Egypt declares national emergency".BBC News. 14 August 2013.
  82. ^"Egypt's Mohammed Morsi: A turbulent presidency cut short".BBC News. 8 June 2012. Retrieved29 September 2025.
  83. ^"Egypt PM Qandil addresses resignation to Morsi, slams military coup - The Journal of Turkish Weekly".www.turkishweekly.net. Archived fromthe original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved30 September 2025.
  84. ^"Cairo erupts into violence as security crushes protest camp - CSMonitor.com".Christian Science Monitor. 14 August 2013.
  85. ^"Hundreds Reported Killed As Egypt Smashes Protests : NPR".NPR.org. Archived fromthe original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved2 October 2025.
  86. ^"The massacre that ended the Arab Spring".Brookings. Retrieved2 October 2025.
  87. ^"France says 'at least 281' killed in Syria chemical attack".The Daily Star. Lebanon. Agence France-Presse. Archived fromthe original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved11 September 2013.
  88. ^"Bodies still being found after alleged Syria chemical attack: opposition".The Daily Star. Lebanon. 22 August 2013. Retrieved24 August 2013.
  89. ^"Syria conflict: Rebels evacuated from Old City of Homs".BBC News. 7 May 2014. Retrieved3 September 2021.
  90. ^"Winner by a landslide".Al Jazeera. Retrieved30 September 2025.
Events by country
Groups
Notable people
Role of the Internet
Impact
UN Resolutions
International reactions
Domestic reactions
Timelines by country
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