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Timeline of space exploration

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about highlighting milestones in space exploration. For a comprehensive list of all events, seeTimeline of Solar System exploration.

This articlemay containunverified orindiscriminate information inembedded lists. Please helpclean up the lists by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.(February 2023)

This is atimeline ofspace exploration which includes notable achievements, first accomplishments and milestones in humanity's exploration ofouter space.

This timeline generally does not distinguish achievements by a specific country or private company, as it considers humanity as a whole. See otherwise thetimeline of private spaceflight or look for achievementsby each space agency.

Pre-20th century

[edit]

Date	Event leading to space exploration	Country	Researcher(s)
1610	First telescopic observation of the night sky: discovery of theGalilean moons,lunar craters and thephases of Venus.	Venice	Galileo Galilei
1668	Firstreflecting telescope.	England	Isaac Newton
1781	First telescopic discovery of planet (Uranus).	Great Britain	William Herschel
1801	First discovery of asteroid (Ceres).	Sicily	Giuseppe Piazzi
1813	First exposition of therocket equation based on Newton's third law of motion:Treatise on the Motion of Rockets.	UK	William Moore
1840	First clear telescopic photograph of another world: theMoon.	United States	John William Draper
1845	First proper observation of other galaxies which are termed "whirlpool nebulae".	UK	William Parsons
1861	A Journey Through Space makes first proposal of using rockets for space flight.	UK	William Leitch
1895	First proposal ofspace elevator.	Russia	Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

1900–1956

[edit]

Date	Mission success	Country	Mission name	Ref(s).
1903	Publication ofExploration of the Universe with Rocket-Propelled Vehicles^[1] that showed physicalspace exploration was theoretically possible, including theTsiolkovsky rocket equation, multi staged rockets and using liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in liquid propellant	Russia	Konstantin Tsiolkovsky	^[2]
1914	Goddard files for and is subsequently awarded U.S. patents on multistage and liquid-fueled rockets.	United States	Robert H. Goddard
1917	First observation of an extrasolar planet (exoplanet) roundVan Maanen 2 although it is not recognised as such at the time.	Netherlands	Adriaan van Maanen
1919	Goddard's widely influential paper "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" discussed solid- and liquid-fueled rocketry.	United States	Robert H. Goddard
15 December 1923	Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ("By Rocket into Planetary Space") self-published after its rejection as a doctoral thesis.	Germany	Hermann Oberth
1924	Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel founded.	USSR	Members include Konstantin Tsiolkovsky,Friedrich Zander,Yuri Kondratyuk
16 March 1926	Goddard launches thefirst liquid-fueled rocket.	United States	Robert H. Goddard
1927	Verein für Raumschiffahrt (Society for Space Travel) formed; it includes many top European rocket scientists.	Germany
1927	Завоевание межпланетных пространств (The Conquest of Interplanetary Space) discusses rocket mechanics and orbital effects including thegravitational slingshot.	USSR	Yuri Kondratyuk
1928	Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums – der Raketen-Motor (The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor) discusses space travel and its potential uses for scientific experiments.	Germany	Herman Potočnik
January 1933	British Interplanetary Society founded.	UK	Philip E. Cleator
April 1933	First detection of radio waves from an astronomical object.	United States	Karl Jansky
September 1933	Establishment of the Soviet rocket research labReactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII) by combining theGroup for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD) with theGas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL).	USSR	Key peopleSergei Korolev &Valentin Glushko	^[3]
20 June 1944	Firstspaceflight in history. First human-made object in space (later defined as above theKármán line).	Germany (Wehrmacht)	V-2 rocket (MW 18014)
October 1945	Article inWireless World, "Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?" makes first discussion ofgeostationary satellites as a means of communication.	UK	Arthur C. Clarke
10 May 1946	First space research flight (cosmic radiation experiments).	United States	captured and improvedV-2 rocket
24 October 1946	First pictures of Earth from 105 km (65 mi).	United States	V-2	^[4]^[5]
20 February 1947	Fruit flies become the firstanimals in space to survive a space flight.	United States	V-2	^[4]^[6] ^[7]^[8]
24 February 1949	First two-stage liquid-fueled rocket, that sets a record altitude of 244 miles (393 km) (WAC Corporal missile mounted onto a V-2 rocket).	United States	Bumper-5
14 June 1949	First mammal in space (Albert II, a rhesus monkey). First primate in space.	United States	V-2
22 July 1951	First mammal to survive a space flight. (Dezik and Tsygan).	USSR	Soviet space dogs	^[9]
5 October 1954	The composite image taken from specially modified cameras on-board an Aerobee sounding rocket produces the first color picture of Earth and the first detailed view of a tropical cyclone.	United States	Dr. Otto Berg's films	^[10]^[11]^[12]
20 September 1956	First rocket to pass thethermopause and enter theexosphere. At 682 miles (1,098 km) altitude and 3,335 miles range, the 3-stage Jupiter-C breaks both records and achieves Mach 18 velocity.	United States	Jupiter-C	^[13]^[14]

1957–1959

[edit]

For the milestones relevant to the Space Race only, seeTimeline of the Space Race.

Date	Mission achievements	Country/organization	Mission name
4 October 1957	First artificialsatellite. First human-made signals from space.	USSR	Sputnik 1
3 November 1957	First mammal inorbit, the dogLaika.	USSR	Sputnik 2
31 January 1958	Confirmed existence of theVan Allen radiation belt.	USA (ABMA)	Explorer 1
17 March 1958	First use ofsolar power in space. The oldest artificial object still in space.	USA (NRL)	Vanguard 1
4 January 1959	First rocket to reach Earthescape velocity. First spacecraft to attempt to impact the Moon's surface. First artificial object inheliocentric orbit. First detection ofsolar wind.	USSR	Luna 1
17 February 1959	Firstweather satellite.	USA (NRL)	Vanguard 2
7 August 1959	First photograph of Earth from Earth orbit.	USA (NASA)	Explorer 6
13 September 1959	First spacecraft to impact another celestial body (theMoon). First delivery of national pennants to a celestial body.	USSR	Luna 2
4 October 1959	First photos of another world from space: thefar side of the Moon. Firstgravity assist.	USSR	Luna 3

1960–1969

[edit]

For the milestones relevant to the Space Race only, seeTimeline of the Space Race.

Date	Mission success	Country/organization	Mission name	Ref(s).
March 1960	First solar probe.	USA (NASA)	Pioneer 5
19 August 1960	First plants and animals to return alive from Earth orbit.	USSR	Sputnik 5
25 September 1960	First rocket engine fired in space.	USA (NASA)	Pioneer P-30	^[15]
31 January 1961	Firsthominidae in space (chimpanzeeHam). First tasks performed in space.	USA (NASA)	M-R 2
12 February 1961	First launch from Earth orbit ofupper stage into aheliocentric orbit. First mid-course corrections. Firstspin-stabilisation.	USSR	Venera 1
12 April 1961	Firsthuman spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin). First human-crewed orbital flight.	USSR	Vostok 1	^[16]^[17]
5 May 1961	First human-piloted space flight (Alan Shepard). First human-crewed suborbital flight.	USA	Freedom 7
19 May 1961	First planetary flyby (within 100,000 km ofVenus – no data returned).	USSR	Venera 1
6 August 1961	First crewed space flight lasting over twenty four hours byGherman Titov, who is also the first to suffer fromspace sickness.	USSR	Vostok 2
7 March 1962	First orbitalsolar observatory.	USA (NASA)	OSO-1
26 April 1962	First spacecraft to impact thefar side of the Moon.	USA (NASA)	Ranger 4	^[18]
11 August 1962	First dual crewed spaceflight. First communication between two crewed space vehicles in orbit. First person to float freely in microgravity.	USSR	Vostok 3 andVostok 4
18 August 1962	First auroral research rocket launched into the ionosphere.	Norway	Ferdinand 1
November 1962	First Mars flyby (11,000 km) but contact was lost.	USSR	Mars 1
14 December 1962	First planetary flyby with data returned (Venus). First successfulplanetary science mission.	USA (NASA)	Mariner 2	^[19]
16 June 1963	First woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova).	USSR	Vostok 6
19 July 1963	Firstreusable crewed spacecraft (suborbital).	USA (NASA)	X-15 Flight 90
12 October 1964	First multi-person crew (3) in orbit.	USSR	Voskhod 1
18 March 1965	First space walk/extra-vehicular activity (Alexei Leonov).	USSR	Voskhod 2
March 1965	First crewed spacecraft to change orbit.	USA (NASA)	Gemini 3
14 July 1965	First flyby ofMars (returned pictures).	USA (NASA)	Mariner 4	^[20]
14 July 1965	First photographs of another planet from deep space (Mars).	USA (NASA)	Mariner 4	^[20]
15 December 1965	First orbitalrendezvous (parallel flight, no docking).	USA (NASA)	Gemini 6A/Gemini 7
3 February 1966	Firstsoft landing on another world (the Moon). First photos from another world.	USSR	Luna 9	^[21]
1 March 1966	First impact into another planet (Venus).	USSR	Venera 3
16 March 1966	First orbital docking between two spacecraft.	USA (NASA)	Gemini 8/Agena target vehicle
3 April 1966	First artificial satellite around another world (theMoon).	USSR	Luna 10
23August 1966	First picture of Earth from another astronomical object (theMoon). First probe tomap the Moon.	USA	Lunar Orbiter 1	^[22]
8 May 1967	Firstpolar orbit around the Moon.	USA	Lunar Orbiter 4	^[23]
July 1967	First photos of theLunar south pole.	USA	Lunar Orbiter 4	^[23]
30 October 1967	First automated (crewless)docking.	USSR	Cosmos 186/Cosmos 188
17 November 1967	First liftoff from another celestial body (theMoon).	USA	Surveyor 6	^[24]
September 1968	Firstanimals andplants to leave Earth orbit and travel to and around the Moon. First lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully.	USSR	Zond 5	^[25]
7 December 1968	First orbital ultraviolet observatory.	USA (NASA)	OAO-2
21 December 1968	First human excursion beyond low Earth orbit. First in-person observations of Earth from a distance. FirstTrans-Earth injection.	USA (NASA)	Apollo 8	^[26]
24 December 1968	First human flight to another celestial body (theMoon) and to enter its gravitational influence.	USA (NASA)	Apollo 8	^[26]
January 1969	First docking between two crewed spacecraft in Earth orbit. First crew exchange in space.	USSR	Soyuz 4 andSoyuz 5
January 1969	First spacecraft to parachute in Venus's atmosphere, lost contact before landing.	USSR	Venera 5
23 May 1969	First docking of two crewed spacecraft around another celestial body. First lunar mission to include alunar landing module.	USA (NASA)	Apollo 10	^[27]
20 July 1969	First human on anothercelestial body (the Moon). First words spoken from another world.	USA (NASA)	Apollo 11	^[28]
21 July 1969	First space launch from another celestial body. Firstsample return from another celestial body.	USA (NASA)	Apollo 11	^[28]
19 November 1969	Firstrendezvous on the surface of a celestial body. First meet up between human explorers and a robotic spacecraft in space (on theMoon).	USA (NASA)	Apollo 12/Surveyor 3	^[29]

1970–1979

[edit]

Date	Mission success	Country/organization	Mission name	Ref(s).
14 April 1970	Farthest distance from Earth traveled by humans.	USA (NASA)	Apollo 13	^[30]^{[note 1]}
24 September 1970	Firstautomatic sample return from the Moon.	USSR	Luna 16
17 November 1970	Firstrover on another celestial body (the Moon). Firstlunar rover.	USSR	Lunokhod 1
12 December 1970	FirstX-ray orbital observatory.	USA (NASA)	Uhuru
15 December 1970	First soft landing on another planet (Venus). First signals from another planet.	USSR	Venera 7
19 April 1971	Firstspace station.	USSR	Salyut 1
June 1971	Firstcrewed orbital observatory.	USSR	Orion 1
30 July 1971	Firstmotor vehicle on another celestial body (Lunar Roving Vehicle).	USA (NASA)	Apollo 15	^[33]
14 November 1971	First spacecraft to orbit another planet (Mars).	USA (NASA)	Mariner 9
27 November 1971	First spacecraft to impact another planet (Mars).	USSR	Mars 2
2 December 1971	Firstsoft landing on Mars. First signals fromMartian surface. First photograph from Martian surface.	USSR	Mars 3
3 March 1972	Firstspacecraft on a trajectory out of the Solar System. First spacecraft to use all-nuclear electrical power (SNAP-19 RTGs).	USA (NASA)	Pioneer 10	^[34]
15 July 1972	First spacecraft to enter theasteroid belt. First spacecraft beyond theorbit of Mars.	USA (NASA)	Pioneer 10	^[34]
15 November 1972	First orbitalgamma ray observatory.	USA (NASA)	SAS 2
3 November 1973	First mission sent to studyMercury.	USA (NASA)	Mariner 10	^[35]
3 December 1973	First flyby ofJupiter. First spacecraft beyond the Inner Solar System.	USA (NASA)	Pioneer 10	^[34]
January 1974	First spacecraft to return data on along-period comet.	USA (NASA)	Mariner 10	^[35]
5 February 1974	First mission to explore two planets in a single mission (Mercury and Venus). First photograph ofVenus from space. First use ofsolar wind for spacecraft orientation.	USA (NASA)	Mariner 10	^[35]
29 March 1974	First flyby ofMercury.	USA (NASA)	Mariner 10	^[35]
21 Sept. 1974	First spacecraft to flyby the same planet multiple times (Mercury).	USA (NASA)	Mariner 10	^[35]
15 July 1975	First multinational crewed mission.	USSR USA (NASA)	Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
20 October 1975	First spacecraft to orbit Venus.	USSR	Venera 9
22 October 1975	First successful photos from the surface of another planet (Venus).	USSR	Venera 9
20 July 1976	First successful photos and soil samples from thesurface of Mars.	USA (NASA)	Viking Lander
26 January 1978	First real time remotely operated ultraviolet orbital observatory.	USA (NASA) ESA UK (SERC)	International Ultraviolet Explorer
20 November 1978	First spacecraft to orbit the Sun atLagrange 1.	USA (NASA)	ISEE-3/ICE	^[36]
4 December 1978	First extended (multi-year) orbital exploration of Venus (from 1978 to 1992).	USA (NASA)	Pioneer Venus Orbiter
5 March 1979	Jupiter flyby (closest approach 349,000 km) Encounters with fiveJovian moons. Discovery of volcanism onIo.	USA (NASA)	Voyager 1
1 September 1979	First flyby ofSaturn. First photograph ofTitan from deep space.	USA (NASA)	Pioneer 11

1980–1989

[edit]

Date	Mission success	Country/organization	Mission name	Ref(s).
12 November 1980	Saturn flyby (closest approach 124,000 km), close encounter ofTitan and encounters with adozen other moons.	USA (NASA)	Voyager 1
12 April 1981	First reusable crewed orbital spacecraft (Space Shuttle).	USA (NASA)	STS-1
1 March 1982	FirstVenus soil samples First sound recording of another world (Venus).	USSR	Venera 13
10 June 1982	First spacecraft to conduct a deep survey ofEarth's magnetic tail.	USA (NASA)	ISEE-3/ICE	^[36]
19 August 1982	First mixed gender crew aboard space station, and first woman,Svetlana Savitskaya, on space station.	USSR	Salyut 7
1982	Firstplants grown in space (Arabidopsis).	USSR	Salyut 7	^[37]^[38]
25 January 1983	First Infrared orbital observatory.	USA (NASA) UK (SERC) Netherlands (NIVR)	IRAS
13 June 1983	First spacecraft beyond the orbit ofNeptune. First spacecraft beyond all Solar System planets.	USA (NASA)	Pioneer 10	^[34]
7 February 1984	First untetheredspacewalk (Bruce McCandless II).	USA (NASA)	STS-41-B
25 July 1984	First spacewalk by a woman (Svetlana Savitskaya).	USSR	Salyut 7
11 June 1985	Firstballoon deployed on another planet (Venus).	USSR	Vega 1
11 September 1985	First spacecraft to flyby a comet (21P/Giacobini-Zinner).^{[note 2]}	USA (NASA)	ISEE-3/ICE	^[36]
24 January 1986	First spacecraft to flybyUranus.	USA (NASA)	Voyager 2	^[39]
19 February 1986	First consistently inhabited long-term researchspace station.	USSR	Mir
13 March 1986	First close up observations of a comet (Halley's Comet, 596 kilometers).	ESA	Giotto
July 1988	First suspected detection of anexoplanet (Gamma Cephei Ab).^{[note 3]}	Canada	Astronomers Bruce Campbell, Gordon Walker and Stephenson Yang.	^[40]
8 August 1989	Firstastrometric satellite.	ESA	Hipparcos
25 August 1989	First spacecraft to flybyNeptune. First spacecraft to study all four of the Solar System'sgiant planets at close range.	USA (NASA)	Voyager 2	^[39]
18 November 1989	First orbital cosmicmicrowave observatory.	USA (NASA)	COBE

1990–1999

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Date	Mission success	Country/organization	Mission name	Ref(s).
14 February 1990	First photograph of the whole Solar System(Family Portrait).	USA (NASA)	Voyager 1	^[41]
24 April 1990	First telescope designed to be repaired in space.	USA (NASA) ESA	Hubble Space Telescope	^[42]
2 July 1990	First time a spacecraft coming from deep space uses the Earth for agravity-assist manoeuvre.	ESA	Giotto	^[43]
21 October 1991	Firstasteroid flyby (951 Gaspra closest approach 1,600 km).	USA (NASA)	Galileo
1992	First confirmed observation of an exoplanet.	Canada Poland	Aleksander Wolszczan &Dale Frail
8 February 1992	Firstpolar orbit around theSun. First mission to survey the space environment above and below the poles of the Sun.	USA (NASA) ESA	Ulysses	^[44]
13 September 1992	First spacecraft tomap Venus in its entirety.	USA (NASA)	Magellan	^[45]
22 March 1995	Record longest duration spaceflight to date (437.7 day byValeri Polyakov).	Russia (FKA)	Mir
July 1995	Identification and confirmation of the firstexoplanet orbiting amain-sequence star.	Switzerland	Michel Mayor,Didier Queloz	^[46]
7 December 1995	First orbit of Jupiter.	USA (NASA)	Galileo
7 December 1995	First spacecraft to enter the atmosphere of agas giant (Jupiter).	USA (NASA)	Galileo's atmospheric entry probe	^[47]
1995	Firstlaser communication from space.	Japan (NASDA,NICT)	ETS-VI	^[48]
12 February 1997	First orbital radio observatory.	Japan (ISAS)	HALCA
4 July 1997	First operationalrover on another planet (Mars).	USA (NASA)	Mars Pathfinder /Sojourner
17 September 1997	First spacecraft to use aerobraking to enter orbit (Martian orbit).	USA (NASA)	Mars Global Surveyor	^[49]
20 November 1998	First multinational space station. Largest artificial object built in space to date.	Russia (FKA) USA (NASA) Europe (ESA) Japan (JAXA) Canada (CSA)	International Space Station

2000–2009

[edit]

Date	Mission success	Country/organization	Mission name	Ref(s).
14 February 2000	First orbit of an asteroid (433 Eros).	USA (NASA) ESA	NEAR Shoemaker
2 November 2000	Beginning of an uninterrupted human presence in space.	Russia (FKA) USA (NASA) Kazakhstan	Expedition 1
12 February 2001	First landing on an asteroid (433 Eros).	USA (NASA)	NEAR Shoemaker
November 2001	Firstlaser communication in space between two objects.	ESAFrance (CNES)	Artemis,SPOT 4	^[50]
17 May 2004	Firstamateur spaceflight.	USA (CSXT)	CSXT GoFast	^[51]
1 July 2004	First orbit ofSaturn.	USA (NASA) ESAItaly (ASI)	Cassini–Huygens
8 September 2004	Firstsample return beyond lunar orbit (solar wind).	USA (NASA)	Genesis
14 January 2005	First landing in theouter Solar System (Titan). First landing ona moon other than Earth's Moon.	ESA USA (NASA) Italy (ASI)	Cassini–Huygens
January–February 2005	First confirmedcryovolcano (Enceladus).	ESA USA (NASA) Italy (ASI)	Cassini–Huygens	^[52]
4 July 2005	First spacecraft to impact a comet (Tempel 1).	USA (NASA)	Deep Impact
19 November 2005	First asteroid ascent (25143 Itokawa). First interplanetary escape without separating and discarding thelanding gear.	Japan (JAXA)	Hayabusa
15 January 2006	Firstsample return from a comet (81P/Wild).	USA (NASA)	Stardust	^[53]
3 January 2007	First confirmedlakes on the surface of another celestial body (lakes of Titan).	USA (NASA) ESA Italy (ASI)	Cassini–Huygens	^[54]^[55]
25 May 2008	First spacecraft to photograph another spacecraft landing on another celestial body (Phoenix, on Mars).	USA (NASA)	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	^[56]
8 November 2008	First discovery oflunar water in the form of ice.^{[note 4]}	India (ISRO)	Chandrayaan-1	^[57]^[58]
6 March 2009	First space telescope designated to search forEarth-like exoplanets.	USA (NASA)	Kepler Mission	^[59]
August 2009	First images of the structures in therings of a planet (rings of Saturn).	USA (NASA) ESA Italy (ASI)	Cassini–Huygens	^[60]^[61]

2010–2019

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Date	Mission success	Country/organization	Mission name	Ref(s).
20 May 2010	Firstsolar sail.	Japan (JAXA)	IKAROS	^[62]
13 June 2010	Firstsample return from an asteroid (25143 Itokawa).	Japan (JAXA)	Hayabusa
25 August 2010	First spacecraft to orbit one of the Moon'sLagrange point (L2).	USA (NASA)	ARTEMIS-P1	^[63]
22 October 2010	First spacecraft to orbit the Moon's Lagrange 1 point.	USA (NASA)	ARTEMIS-P2	^[63]
18 March 2011	First orbit ofMercury.	USA (NASA)	MESSENGER
16 July 2011	First orbit of an object in theasteroid belt (4 Vesta).	USA (NASA)	Dawn
6 August 2012	First use of asky crane to land on another celestial body (Mars).	USA (NASA)	Mars Science Laboratory	^[64]
25 August 2012	First spacecraft to leave theheliosphere. First spacecraft ininterstellar space.	USA (NASA)	Voyager 1	^[65]
January 2013	Firstlaser communication with a lunar satellite.	USA (NASA)	Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter	^[66]
10 September 2014	First spacecraft to orbit acomet nucleus (67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko).	ESA	Rosetta	^[67]
12 November 2014	First soft landing on a comet (67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko).	ESA	Philae	^[68]
6 March 2015	First flyby and orbit of adwarf planet (Ceres). First spacecraft to orbit two separate celestial bodies.	USA (NASA)	Dawn	^[69]
July 2015	First flyby of an object beyond Neptune (Pluto and its moons). First flyby in theKuiper belt. First flyby of atrans-neptunian object. Last original encounter with one of the nine major planetsrecognized before 2006.	USA (NASA)	New Horizons	^[70]
10 August 2015	First foodgrown in space eaten (lettuce).	USA (NASA) Japan (JAXA)	International Space Station	^[71]
14 September 2015	First observation of gravitational waves.	LSC –EGO	LIGO –Virgo	^[72]^[73]
23 November 2015	Firstpropulsive landing of a rocket after sending something into space (suborbital).	USA (Blue Origin)	New Shepard 2	^[74]
21 December 2015	Firstpropulsive landing of an orbital rocket.	USA (SpaceX)	Falcon 9 flight 20
16 April 2016	Firstinflatable space habitat.^{[note 5]}	USA (Bigelow Aerospace)	BEAM	^[75]
15 September 2017	First spacecraft to enter theatmosphere of Saturn.	USA (NASA) ESA Italy (ASI)	Cassini–Huygens	^[76]
19 October 2017	First knowninterstellar object detected passing through the Solar System.	USA (Haleakalā Observatory)	Oumuamua
21 September 2018	First operational rover on an asteroid (162173 Ryugu).	Japan (JAXA)	Hayabusa2	^[77]
1 December 2018	First recorded sounds fromMars.	USA (NASA)	InSight	^[78]
1 January 2019	First flyby of aclassical Kuiper belt object (486958 Arrokoth). First flyby of acontact binary. First spacecraft to make two different flybys in theKuiper belt.	USA (NASA)	New Horizons	^[79]
3 January 2019	Firstsoft landing on thefar side of the Moon. Firstgermination of seeds on another celestial body.	China (CNSA)	Chang'e 4	^[80]
10 April 2019	First direct photograph of ablack hole and its vicinity.	USA (NASA)	Event Horizon Telescope	^[81]

Since 2020

[edit]

Date	Mission success	Country/organization	Mission name	Ref(s).
6 April 2021	First confirmedquake on another planet (marsquake).	USA (NASA)	InSight	^[82]
19 April 2021	First aerodynamically powered flight on another celestial body (Mars).	USA (NASA)	Ingenuity	^[83]
20 April 2021	Firstin situ resource utilization. First production of oxygen on another celestial body (Mars).	USA (NASA)	MOXIE	^[84]^[85]
14 December 2021	First spacecraft to fly through theatmosphere of a star (theSun's corona).	USA (NASA)	Parker Solar Probe	^[86]
25 December 2021	Launch of the largestspace telescope to date.	USA (NASA) ESA Canada (CSA)	James Webb Space Telescope	^[87]
26 September 2022	Firstspacecraft to measurably deflect an asteroid. First spacecraft to make contact with anasteroid moon (impact onDimorphos).	USA (NASA)	DART	^[88]
23 August 2023	First landing at thelunar south polar region.	India (ISRO)	Chandrayaan-3	^[89]
14 March 2024	First successful demonstration ofin space propellant transfer.	USA (SpaceX)	Starship flight test 3	^[90]
6 June 2024	First successful instance ofboth stages of a launch vehicle returned for a controlled landing.	USA (SpaceX)	Starship flight test 4	^[91]
25 June 2024	First samples returned from thefar side of the Moon.	China (CNSA)	Chang'e 6	^[92]
13 October 2024	First catch of arocket booster.	USA (SpaceX)	Starship flight test 5	^[93]
1 April 2025	First crewedspaceflight to enter aPolar orbit aroundEarth.	USA (SpaceX)	Fram2	^[94]^[95]

Notes

[edit]

^The record was set because the Moon was nearly atits furthest from Earth during the mission. Apollo 13's unique free return trajectory caused it to go approximately 100 kilometers (60 mi) further from thelunar far side than other Apollo lunar missions, but this was a minor contribution to the record.^[31] A reconstruction of the trajectory by astrodynamicist Daniel Adamo in 2009 records the furthest distance as 400,046 kilometers (248,577 mi) at 7:34 pm EST (00:34:13 UTC). Apollo 10 holds the record for second-furthest at a distance of 399,806 kilometers (248,428 mi).^[32]
^Soviet spacecraftVega 1 andVega 2 and ESA spacecraftGiotto all made a flyby ofHalley's Comet the year after, in 1986.
^Although the discovery was retracted in 1994, and not confirmed until 2002.
^On December 3, 1996 (prior to 2008), the US Department of Defense announced thatClementine data suggested evidence of ice at the lunar south pole. However, the discovery was not confirmed andClementine data might have been misinterpreted.
^The reason why it isBEAM (2016) rather thanGenesis I (2006) is that BEAM was specifically designed for human habitation and was attached to the ISS, whileGenesis I andGenesis II (2007) were technology demonstration prototypes for future space habitats.

References

[edit]

^Russian titleIssledovaniye mirovykh prostranstv reaktivnymi priborami (Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами)
^Siddiqi, Asif (2000).Challenge to Apollo : the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974(PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div. p. 1.Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved24 July 2022.
^Chertok, Boris (31 January 2005).Rockets and People (Volume 1 ed.). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 9.Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved24 July 2022.
^^a ^b"Chronology: Cowboys to V-2s to the Space Shuttle to lasers".Wsmr.army.mil. Archived fromthe original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved4 August 2017.
^"First Photo from Space". Archived fromthe original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved2013-01-17.
^"Part 1".History.nasa.gov. Archived fromthe original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved4 August 2017.
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