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Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of theLGBTQ rights series
Notes
  1. ^abPerformed in the Netherlands proper (including theCaribbean Netherlands), as well as inAruba and Curaçao. May be registered inSint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^Neither performed nor recognized inTokelau or the associated states of theCook Islands andNiue.
  3. ^Same-sex marriage is also legal in theCrown Dependencies ofGuernsey, theIsle of Man andJersey, and theBritish Overseas Territories ofAkrotiri and Dhekelia, theBritish Antarctic Territory, theBritish Indian Ocean Territory, theFalkland Islands,Gibraltar, thePitcairn Islands,Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, andSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Same-sex marriage is not performed in six British Overseas Territories:Anguilla,Bermuda, theBritish Virgin Islands, theCayman Islands,Montserrat, and theTurks and Caicos Islands.
  4. ^abNeither performed nor recognized insome tribal nations of the US. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations andAmerican Samoa.
  5. ^Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights in Israel. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^abcdTheComan v. Romania ruling of theEuropean Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses ofEU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^Guardianship agreements confer some limited legal benefits in China, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^Hong Kong provides inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^Indian courts have recognizedguru–shishya,nata pratha ormaitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^Most Japanese cities and prefectures issuepartnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse provide residency rights in Namibia.
  13. ^Romania provides hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
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This article contains a timeline of significant events regardingsame-sex marriage in the United States. On June 26, 2015, the landmarkUS Supreme Court decision inObergefell v. Hodges effectively ended restrictions on same-sex marriage in the United States.

Pre-1950s

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1886

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1950s

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1953

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  • August: Shipment of the August 1953 issue ofONE magazine, with the cover story "Homosexual Marriage?", is delayed byU.S Post Office officials for three weeks while they try to determine whether its contents are obscene.[2]

1958

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  • January 13, 1958: InOne, Inc. v. Olesen, the United States Supreme Court rules that homosexual writings cannot be banned from mailing under the guise of obscenity.

1960s

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1964

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  • A woman inJess Stearn's popular non-fiction workThe Grapevine: A Report on the Secret World of the Lesbian explains that she congratulated two men on their wedding because "Having no status in the law of the land...the homosexual marriage must be maintained only through mutual love and devotion of those involved."[3]

1966

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1967

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  • December 3: Theologians who object to acceptance of homosexual relationships are reported to be "dubious about how 'fulfilling' even a lasting homosexual relationship can be and point out that a homosexual 'marriage' lacks the discipline and formal commitment of legal sanctions".[5]

1968

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  • December 22: A report in theNew York Times says the plot ofSpitting Image, a play scheduled for Off Broadway in February, involves "a pair of homosexuals who marry and have a baby". It calls the premise "farcical" and an "outrageous charade".[6]

1970s

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History of same-sex marriage legal status, 1971-2015, with influential legal decisions. Plot shows proportion of US states and the District of Columbia with: historical/traditional definition of marriage (gray); legislation enacted to ban same-sex marriage (blue); constitutional bans on same-sex marriage (yellow, includes states that also have legislative ban); statewide legal same-sex marriage (green). Red bar shows period in whichDOMA prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages.[7]

1970

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The modern gay movement forPRIDE and marriage equality in the United States began on theMinneapolis campus (U of M) of the University ofMinnesota.[8] James Michael McConnell, librarian,[9] andRichard John Baker,[10] law student, applied for amarriage license.[11] Gerald R. Nelson, Clerk of District Court, denied the license because both applicants were men.[12]

1971

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  • January 26:Look magazine devotes three pages of its cover story "The American Family" to a gay couple, Jack Baker and Michael McConnell.[14]
  • June 4: Members of theGay Activists Alliance demand marriage rights for same-sex couples at New York City's Marriage License Bureau.[15][16]
  • Jack Baker and Michael McConnell apply and are granted a marriage license inBlue Earth County, Minnesota after discovering the county has no laws prohibiting same sex marriage. Therefore on 3, Sept, 1971 both men became the first legally married same sex couple in US and modern recorded history.
  • October 15: TheMinnesota Supreme Court rules inBaker v. Nelson that the state's statute limiting marriage to different-sex couples does not violate the U.S. Constitution. However this ruling did not invalidate the 1971 license in Blue Earth County[17]

1972

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  • The National Coalition of Gay Organizations calls for the repeal of all statutes that limit marriage to different-sex couples and for extending the legal benefits of marriage to all cohabiting couples.[18]
  • March 21: SenatorBirch Bayh of Indiana, principal sponsor of theEqual Rights Amendment, defends it against critics who contend it would require states to permit same-sex marriages: "All it says is that if a state legislature makes a judgment that it is wrong for a man to marry a man, then it must say that it is wrong for a woman to marry a woman".[19]
  • October 10: TheUnited States Supreme Court dismisses appeal inBaker v. Nelson, a decision that refused to invalidate Minnesota's restriction of marriage to different-sex couples, "for want of a substantial federal question."[20][21][22]
    • Until26 June 2015, dismissal of the appeal challenging theMinnesota opinion[23] was treated as a binding precedent. Thus, lower federal courts could not offer a contrary conclusion when presented with the precise issue "necessarily decided" by the Court.[24]
    • Because Hennepin County had argued that the marriage license issued previously in Blue Earth County rendered this caseMoot,[25] the "precise issue" necessarily decided by the Court may not have been the inherent right of gay citizens to marry the adult of one's choice.

1973

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  • January: TheYale Law Journal publishes an unsigned article, "The Legality of Homosexual Marriage", which argues that "[a] credible case can be made that the denial of marriage licenses to all homosexual couples violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment" and that the proposedEqual Rights Amendment would make such a claim irrefutable.[26]
  • July 1:Maryland bans same-sex marriage, the first state to enact such a statute.[27]
  • November 9: TheKentucky Court of Appeals rules inJones v. Hallahan that two women were properly denied a marriage license based on dictionary definitions of marriage, despite the fact that state statutes do not restrict marriage to a female-male couple.[28]

1974

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1975

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  • March 26 – April 22: In Colorado, theBoulder County Clerk,Clela Rorex, issues marriage licenses to 6 same-sex couples after receiving a favorable opinion from an assistant district attorney.[32][33] When one of those married in Boulder tried to use it to sponsor his husband for immigration purposes, he lost his case,Adams v. Howerton, years later in federal court.[34]
  • Virginia enacts a statute that says "A marriage between persons of the same sex is prohibited."[35]

1977

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  • June 8: GovernorReubin Askew signs legislation banning same-sex marriage in Florida.[36]
  • August 18: GovernorJerry Brown signs legislation banning same-sex marriage in California.[37]
  • Wyoming bans same-sex marriage by statute.[38]

1980s

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1980

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1982

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  • February 25: TheNinth Circuit Court of Appeals, decidingAdams v. Howerton, holds that for immigration purposes Congress intended its use of the wordsmarriage andspouse to have their "ordinary meaning" which "contemplates a relationship between a man and a woman".[40]
  • May:San Francisco Board of Supervisors passesHarry Britt's measure to extend health insurance coverage to same-sex domestic partners of public employees, largely because of the reaction to the early days of AIDS, but does not provide for a registry available to the general public. MayorDianne Feinstein vetoes the measure.[41]

1984

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  • May 11: A three-judge panel of theSuperior Court of Pennsylvania rules inDe Santo v. Barnsley that a same-sex couple cannot contract a common law marriage: "the limits of common law marriage must be defined in light of the limits of statutory marriage."[42]
  • TheUnitarian Universalist Association endorses "services of union" for same-sex couples.[43]
  • 4 December: TheBerkeley City Council passes adomestic partnership policy to offer insurance benefits to city employees in same-sex relationships, which madeBerkeley the first city in the U.S. to do so. Among the people who fought for the approval of the policy wasTom Brougham, a Berkeley city employee who coined the term "domestic partner" and created the concept in a letter sent to the Berkeley City Council a few years earlier.[44]

1985

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1987

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  • New Hampshire bans same-sex marriage by statute.[38][47]

1989

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1990s

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1991

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  • California AssemblymanJohn L. Burton, D-San Francisco, proposed Assembly Bill 167 that would have changed the state civil marriage code to permitsame-sex marriages.[53]
  • June: Berkeley becomes the third city in California to create a domestic partnership registry for same- and opposite-sex couples.
  • October:Fox Broadcasting Company airs the first same-sex wedding on national television in the episode "Can't Help Loving That Man" of its sitcomRoc.[54]

1993

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  • May 5: TheSupreme Court of Hawaii sends the case ofBaehr v. Miike to a trial court after ruling that the state same-sex marriage ban was presumed to be unconstitutional and that the State would need to demonstrate a compelling interest in denying same-sex couples the right to marry.[55][56]
  • The Conference of Bishops of theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America write in a pastoral letter that they find no scriptural basis for blessing same-sex unions.[57]
  • December: InA Place at the Table,Bruce Bawer argues for the legal and religious recognition of same-sex relationships as marriages, arguing for what he calls the "silent majority" of non-radicals like himself and criticizing the gay community's identification of homosexuality with sexual behavior.[58]

1994

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  • September: GovernorPete Wilson fromCalifornia vetoes a bill that would have legalized domestic partnerships in the state.[59]

1995

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1996

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  • 21 September: As a direct result of theBaehr v. Lewin ruling of 1993, PresidentBill Clinton signs theDefense of Marriage Act (DOMA) into law, which banned the federal Government from recognizing same-sex unions.[61][62]
  • December 3: A Hawaii trial court holds that no compelling interests support Hawaii's statute limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples. The decision is stayed pending review by the Supreme Court of Hawaii.[63][64]
  • TheUnitarian Universalist Association adopts a resolution calling for full marriage equality for same-sex couples[43]
  • At its General Convention, theUnited Methodist Church, which in 1972 said that "the practice of homosexuality [is] incompatible with Christian teaching", votes 553 to 321 to adopt a rule that "Ceremonies that celebrate homosexual unions shall not be conducted by our ministers and shall not be conducted in our churches."[65]

1997

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1998

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  • February 27: InBrause v. Bureau of Vital Statistics, an Alaska court orders the state to show it has a compelling reason for prohibiting same-sex couples from marrying.[69]
  • November 3: Hawaii voters pass aconstitutional amendment to give theHawaii State Legislature the power to reserve marriage to different-sex couples.[70]
  • November 3: Voters in Alaska approve a stateconstitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[71]

1999

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  • 22 September: GovernorGray Davis fromCalifornia signs adomestic partnerships bill into law that provided limited rights for same-sex couples,[72] which made California the first state in the country to have a statewide domestic partnership scheme and the second to provide a registry for same-sex couples afterHawaii.
  • December 9: The Supreme Court of Hawaii inBaehr v. Miike upholds the state's ban on same-sex marriage.[73]
  • December 20: TheVermont Supreme Court holds inBaker v. Vermont that excluding same-sex couples from marriage violates theVermont Constitution and orders the legislature to establish same-sex marriage or an equivalent status.[74]

2000s

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2000

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  • March 7: California voters approveProposition 22, adding the statement "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California" to the state's statutes.[75]
  • 26 April: GovernorHoward Dean fromVermont signs a civil unions bill in response to the ruling ofBaker v. Vermont, thus making Vermont the first state in the U.S. to give civil union rights to same-sex couples. It became law on 1 July.[76][77][78]
  • November 7: Voters inNebraska approve aconstitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[79]

2002

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  • May 15: Rep.Ronnie Shows (D-MS) introduces theFederal Marriage Amendment, a law to amend the U.S. Constitution to define marriage as the union of a man and a woman and to prevent the extension of the rights of marriage to unmarried persons.[80]
  • November 5: Voters in Nevada approve a stateconstitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[81]

2003

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2004

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  • 12 January: The Legislature ofNew Jersey passes a registered partnerships bill. It came into effect on 10 July.
  • February 4: The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, responding to a query from the state Senate, issues an opinion that same-sex couples must be allowed to marry and that a designation likecivil union constitutes discrimination.[83]
  • February 12 – March 11:San Francisco issues marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
  • February 20: A clerk inSandoval County, New Mexico, issues licenses to same-sex couples until state Attorney General Patricia Madrid issues an opinion stating that the licenses are "invalid under state law".[84]
  • February 25: PresidentGeorge W. Bush calls for aconstitutional amendment "defining and protecting marriage as a union of a man and woman as husband and wife."[85]
  • February 27: Several same-sex couples are wed inNew Paltz, New York. The marriages are later invalidated.[86]
  • March 5–9: A clerk inAsbury Park, New Jersey, processes several marriage licenses for same-sex couples until warned by the state attorney general to stop. A deputy mayor officiates at the marriage of one couple on March 8.[87][88]
  • March 3:Multnomah County, Oregon, issues marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[89]
  • April: The U.S. state ofMaine adopts a registered partnerships bill. The law came into effect on 30 July.[90]
  • April 20: An Oregon state judge ordersMultnomah County to stop issuing same-sex marriage licenses, declares the 3,000 issued since March 3 valid, and orders the state legislature to create an equivalent of marriage for same-sex couples.[91]
  • May 17: Same-sex marriage starts in Massachusetts.[92]
  • August 3: Voters inMissouri approve a stateconstitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[93]
  • August 4: AKing County Superior Court judge finds for the plaintiffs in a challenge to the state's Defense of Marriage Act inAndersen v. King County, becoming the first trial judge in the country to rule a state DOMA unconstitutional;[94] theruling is stayed pending appeal.
  • August 12: TheCalifornia Supreme Court rules that the same-sex marriages performed in San Francisco in February and March are void.[95]
  • September 18: Voters inLouisiana approve a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[96]
  • November 2: Voters inArkansas,Georgia,Kentucky,Michigan,Mississippi,Montana,North Dakota,Ohio,Oklahoma,Oregon, andUtah approve state constitutional amendments defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[97]

2005

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  • January 20: An Indiana appeals court upholds the constitutionality of the state's statute defining marriage as the union of a man and a woman.[98] The plaintiffs do not appeal to the state supreme court.[99]
  • April 5: Kansas voters approve a stateconstitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[100]
  • April 14: Oregon's highest court rules inLi & Kennedy v. State of Oregon that the 3,000 same-sex marriages performed in the state in March and April 2004 were never valid.[101]
  • April 20: GovernorJodi Rell from the U.S. State ofConnecticut signs a same-sex civil unions bill into law after passing the State Senate 26 to 8 earlier that day. The bill was previously approved on 13 April by the State House of Representatives in an 85–63 vote. It came into effect on 1 October.
  • May 12: U.S. District JudgeJoseph Bataillon rules inCitizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning that aconstitutional amendment to the Nebraska Constitution that denies recognition of same-sex couples under any designation violates the U.S. Constitution.[102] (His decision is overruled in 2006 by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals.)[103]
  • July 4: At the 25th General Synod of the United Church of Christ in Atlanta, Georgia, delegates voted to adopt the resolution, "Equal Marriage Rights for All," affirming homosexuality as compatible with Christian living and allowing for same-sex marriage ceremonies to be performed in UCC congregations. The United Church of Christ became the first majorMainline Christian body and major Christian denomination in the United States to do so.[104]
  • September 29: California GovernorArnold Schwarzenegger vetoes legislation establishing same-sex marriage.[105]
  • November 8: Voters in Texas approve a stateconstitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[106]

2006

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2007

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  • May 9: GovernorTed Kulongoski fromOregon signs a domestic partnerships bill into law. It came into effect on 1 February 2008.
  • May 31: GovernorJohn Lynch fromNew Hampshire signs a civil unions bill into law. It came into effect on 1 January 2008.
  • August 30: A court ofIowa strikes down its ban on same-sex marriage as a result of a legal challenge. About 20 couples obtained marriage licenses and one couple married before the judge issued a stay of his ruling pending appeal.[116]
  • September 18: Maryland'shighest court decidesConaway v. Deane, rejecting a challenge to the state's prohibition on same-sex marriage.[117]
  • October 12: California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoes same-sex marriage legislation for the second time.[118]

2008

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  • May 14: New York GovernorDavid Paterson orders state agencies to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.[119]
  • May 15: TheSupreme Court of California decidesIn re Marriage Cases and overturns the state's ban on same-sex marriage.[120]
  • 22 May: GovernorMartin O'Malley ofMaryland signs into law two bills legalizing domestic partnerships. They came into effect on 1 July.
  • 29 May: GovernorDavid Paterson fromNew York signs an executive order mandating state agencies to recognize same-sex marriages performed out-of-state equally under the law. New York thus became the first U.S. state that did not allow same-sex marriages,[citation needed] but whose state agencies recognized same-sex marriages performed elsewhere.
  • June 17: In California, county clerks begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[121]
  • July 31: Massachusetts repeals its1913 law invalidating any marriage of non-residents if the marriage is invalid in the state where they live.[122]
  • August 25: The Democratic National Convention adopts a platform that "oppose[s]the Defense of Marriage Act and all attempts to use this issue to divide us" and suggests support for same-sex marriage.[123]
  • September 1: The Republican National Convention adopts a platform that "laments that judges are ... undermining traditional marriage laws", endorses theFederal Marriage Amendment and state initiatives that support "traditional marriage", and references "the right of states not to recognize same-sex 'marriages'".[124]
  • October 10: TheSupreme Court of Connecticut, inKerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health, rules that the state's prohibition of same-sex marriage violates the state constitution.[125]
  • November 4: Voters inArizona,California, andFlorida approve state constitutional amendments defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[126]
  • November 5:Proposition 8 takes effect in California, preventing the issuance of same-sex marriage licenses.
  • November 12: Same-sex marriage starts in Connecticut.[127]

2009

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  • April 3: TheIowa Supreme Court, ruling inVarnum v. Brien, holds that the state's restriction of marriage to different-sex couples violates the equal protection clause of the Iowa Constitution.[128] All three of the states that had legalized same-sex marriage at this point—Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Iowa—had done so by court ruling.[129]
  • April 7: TheVermont General Assembly overrides GovernorJim Douglas's April 6 veto ofsame-sex marriage legislation, making it the first state to institute same-sex marriage by statute.[130]
  • April 23: Connecticut GovernorJodi Rell signs legislation converting existing civil unions into marriages effective October 1, 2010.[131]
  • April 27: Same-sex marriage starts in Iowa.[132]
  • May 6: Maine GovernorJohn Baldacci signs themarriage equality law, the first governor in the U.S. to sign such legislation.[133]
  • May 18: GovernorChris Gregoire fromWashington signs a so-called "everything-but-marriage" registered partnerships bill into law.[134][135] It was passed by the State Senate on 10 March and by the House of Representatives on 15 April. However, opponents organized a referendum that took place on 3 November.
  • May 26: The California Supreme Court, ruling inStrauss v. Horton, upholdsProposition 8's ban on same-sex marriage and holds that same-sex marriages performed before its passage remain valid.[136]
  • May 31: The Assembly of the U.S. state ofNevada legalizes domestic partnerships by a 28–14 vote,[137] overriding a veto from GovernorJim Gibbons after the Senate did the same on 30 May by a 14–7 vote.[138] The law came into effect on 1 October.[138]
  • June 3: New Hampshire Gov.John Lynch signs legislation legalizing same-sex marriage.[139]
  • June 29: GovernorJim Doyle fromWisconsin signs into law a bill legalizing registered partnerships. The bill was previously approved by the State Assembly in a 50–48 vote on 13 June[140] and by the State Senate in a 17–16 vote on 17 June.[140] The law came into effect on 3 August.
  • July 1: The U.S. state ofColorado begins recognizing designated beneficiary agreements.[141]
  • July 6: TheDistrict of Columbia starts recognizing same-sex marriages performed in other U.S. states, although same-sex marriages cannot be performed in D.C. itself.
  • July 17: The General Convention of theEpiscopal Church approves a resolution calling for the development of a rite for blessing same-sex unions and allowing bishops where unions are legal to use their own judgment in blessing such unions until the rite becomes available.[142][143]
  • August 21: TheEvangelical Lutheran Church in America votes by a 559-441 margin to allow non-celibate gay and lesbian pastors in committed, monogamous relationships to be ordained to pastoral office. It also allows, but not requires, for ELCA pastors to perform blessings on same-sex weddings.[144] It becomes the secondMainline denomination to do so.
  • September 1: Vermont's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[145]
  • September 15: A group of Democratic members of the House of Representatives led byJerrold Nadler,Tammy Baldwin, andJared Polis introduce theRespect for Marriage Act, which would repeal the Defense of Marriage Act.[146]
  • October 2: A Texas judge rules the state's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional while presiding over the divorce proceedings for two gay Texans married in Massachusetts.[147]
  • October 11: California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signs legislation establishing the recognition of same-sex marriages performed elsewhere.[148]
  • November 3: A voterreferendum repeals Maine's same-sex marriage law, preventing it from going into effect.[149][150] While a referendum inWashington upholds the so-called "everything-but-marriage" registered partnerships bill,[151] which came into effect on 3 December.
  • December 18:District of Columbia MayorAdrian Fenty signs a same-sex marriage bill into law.[152] The bill was previously approved by the D.C. Council on 15 December.[153] It came into effect on 3 March 2010.[154]
  • Marlon Reis, The husband of RepresentativeJared Polis, a Colorado Democrat, acquires a Congressional spouse ID, though he is later told he should have been issued a "designee ID", the style given to unmarried partners of members of Congress.[155]

2010s

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2010

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2011

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  • January 31: GovernorPat Quinn fromIllinois signs a civil unions bill into law.[166] The bill was previously approved 32–24 by the state Senate on 1 December[167] and 61–52 by the state House of Representatives on 30 November.[168] It came into effect on 1 June.[169]
  • February 23: GovernorNeil Abercrombie from Hawaii signs a civil unions bill into law.[170] The bill was previously approved 18–5 by the state Senate on 16 February[171] and 31–19 by the state House of Representatives on 11 February.[172] It came into effect on 1 January 2012.[173]
  • February 23: The Obama Administration announces its determination that discrimination based on sexual orientation is subject toheightened scrutiny and when judged by that standard section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional. It will continue to enforce DOMA's provisions, will no longer defend challenges to the constitutionality of section 3 of DOMA in court, and will cooperate if Congress seeks to defend the statute in court.[174]
  • March 4:Speaker of the HouseJohn Boehner launches effort to defend DOMA's constitutionality in court by convening theBipartisan Legal Advisory Group (BLAG), tasked with "initiating action by the House to defend this law."[175]
  • May 11: GovernorJack Markell from the US state ofDelaware signs a civil unions bill into law.[176] The bill was previously approved 26–15 by the state House of Representatives on 14 April[177] and 13–6 by the state Senate on 7 April.[178] It came into effect on 1 January 2012.[173]
  • June 24: GovernorAndrew Cuomo fromNew York signs a same-sex marriage bill into law. The bill was previously approved two hours early 33–29 by the state Senate and 80–63 by the state Assembly on 5 June.[179] It came into effect on 24 July.[180]
  • July 1: A civil unions bill in the US state ofRhode Island becomes effective, Independent GovernorLincoln Chafee signed the bill on 2 July 2011 but the law was made retroactive from 1 July 2011.[181] The bill was previously approved 21–16 by the state Senate on 29 June[182] and by the Assembly in a 62–11 vote on 20 May.[183]
  • July 24: New York's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[184]
  • August 1: Washington state's Native AmericanSuquamish tribe approves granting same-sex marriages.[185]
  • September 20: Navy Lt. Gary C. Ross becomes the first active member of the U.S. military to legally marry a same-sex partner moments after the repeal of the military's "don't ask don't tell" policy takes effect.[186]

2012

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2013

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  • January 1:Maryland's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[228]
  • March 9: ThePokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians announces recognition for same-sex marriages, entering into force 60 days later on 8 May.[229]
  • March 15: The Tribal chairman of theLittle Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians in the U.S. state ofMichigan signs a same-sex marriage amendment into law[230] that had been previously approved by the Tribal Council in a 5–4 vote on 3 March.[231]
  • March 21: GovernorJohn Hickenlooper fromColorado signs a civil unions bill into law.[232] The bill was previously approved by the House of Representatives on 12 March in a 39–26 vote[233] and by the Senate in a 21–14 vote on 11 February.[234] It came into effect on 1 May.
  • April 26: U.S. JudgeHarry Pregerson issues an administrative ruling as Chair of the Federal Public Defenders Standing Committee thatOregon's ban on same-sex marriage and DOMA Section 3 deny equal protection to the wife of a female federal employee.[235]
  • April 26: The husband of U.S. RepresentativeMark Pocan, a Wisconsin Democrat, becomes the first same-sex spouse to obtain a congressional spouse identification card.[236] The validity of a similar one given to the spouse of Representative Jared Polis in 2009 was later called a mistake.[237]
  • May 2: GovernorLincoln Chafee from the U.S. state ofRhode Island signs a same-sex marriage bill into law. The bill was passed shortly before with a final 56–15 vote in the House of Representatives[238][239] and on 24 April by the state Senate in a 26–12 vote.[240] It came into effect on 1 August.
  • May 7: GovernorJack Markell fromDelaware signs a same-sex marriage bill into law. The bill was passed shortly before by the state Senate by a 12–9 vote[241] and on 23 April by the House of Representatives by a 23–18 vote.[242] It took effect on 1 July.[243]
  • May 14: GovernorMark Dayton fromMinnesota signs a same-sex marriage bill into law.[244][245] The bill was passed a day before by the state Senate by a 37–30 vote and on 9 May by the House of Representatives by a 75–59 vote. It came into effect on 1 August 2013.
  • June 24: TheSanta Ysabel Tribe announce their recognition of same-sex marriage, becoming the first tribe in California to do so.[246]
  • June 26: The Supreme Court issues a 5–4 decision inUnited States v. Windsor, ruling Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional "as a deprivation of the equal liberty ... protected by the Fifth Amendment."[247]
  • June 26: The Supreme Court issues a 5–4 decision inHollingsworth v. Perry, dismissing the appeal of the district court's decision on August 4, 2010, when the case was known asPerry v. Schwarzenegger, that affirmed the right of same-sex couples to marry in California.[248]
  • June 28: Following the Supreme Court's decision inHollingsworth v. Perry, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals lifts its stay of a lower court order that prohibited enforcement of theCalifornia Constitution's ban on same-sex marriages.[249] Same-sex marriages resume in California, after being banned since November 5, 2008.[250]
  • June 28:U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services approves apermanent resident visa (green card) for a same-sex couple for the first time.[251]
  • June 28: TheOffice of Personnel Management invites the same-sex spouses of civilian federal employees and retirees to enroll in their spouses' health, life insurance, and other benefit programs.[252]
  • July 1:Delaware's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[253]
  • July 1: Minnesota recognizes the validity of same-sex marriage from other jurisdictions, though it does not yet authorize its own same-sex marriages.[254]
  • July 24:Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, in violation of state law.[255]
  • August 1:Rhode Island's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[256]
  • August 1:Minnesota's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[257]
  • August 11:John Berry,U.S. Ambassador to Australia, becomes the first U.S. diplomat to marry a same-sex partner.[258]
  • August 21: The county clerk's office inDoña Ana County, New Mexico, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[259]
  • August 23: The county clerk's office inSanta Fe County, New Mexico, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples after being ordered to do so by a state judge on August 22.[260]
  • August 27: The county clerk's office inBernalillo County, New Mexico, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples after being ordered to do so by a state judge on August 26.[261]
  • August 27: The county clerks ofSan Miguel,Valencia, andTaos counties, New Mexico, announce they will begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[262]
  • August 31: Supreme Court JusticeRuth Bader Ginsburg becomes the first member of that court to officiate at the marriage ceremony of a same-sex couple.[263]
  • September 3: The county clerk's office inGrant County, New Mexico, announces it will make same-sex marriage licenses available during the second week of September.[264]
  • September 4: The county clerk's office inLos Alamos County, New Mexico, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples after a New Mexico district court rejects the clerk's arguments against doing so.[265]
  • September 12: APennsylvania state judge ordersMontgomery County to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[266]
  • September 27: ANew Jersey state Superior Court judge rules that beginning October 21 the state must allow same-sex couples to marry because they are otherwise denied federal rights due them following the U.S. Supreme Court decision inUnited States v. Windsor.[267]
  • October 15: In North Carolina, theBuncombe County Register of Deeds accepts applications for same-sex marriage licenses from 10 couples, which he does not grant pending authorization from the state attorney general.[268]
  • October 16: Based on an opinion from the Oregon Department of Justice, Oregon begins recognizing same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.[269]
  • October 21: After theNew Jersey Supreme Court on October 18 unanimously refused to stay a lower court's order pending appeal,[270] same-sex marriages begin and GovernorChris Christie drops the state's appeal of the lower court's ruling.[271]
  • November 13: GovernorNeil Abercrombie fromHawaii signs a bill granting marriage to same-sex couples, making Hawaii the fifteenth such US state. The legislation was approved by the state Senate by a 19–4 vote on 12 November and previously by the House by a 30–19 vote on 8 November. This legislation started to be debated on 28 October 2013.[272]
  • November 14: Missouri GovernorJay Nixon announces an executive order to allow same-sex couples married in other jurisdictions to file joint state income taxes if they file joint federal returns.[273]
  • November 20: GovernorPat Quinn fromIllinois signs a bill granting marriage to same-sex couples. The legislation was previously approved by the House by a 61–54 vote on 5 November and by the Senate by a 34–21 vote on 14 February.[274][275][276]
  • December 2:Hawaii's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[277]
  • December 19: TheNew Mexico Supreme Court issues a unanimous decision inGriego v. Oliver that holds that same-sex couples enjoy the same marriage rights as different-sex couples.[278]
  • December 20: JudgeRobert Shelby of theU.S. District Court for the District of Utah rules inKitchen v. Herbert that the Utah state constitution's ban on same-sex marriage denies same-sex couplesequal protection anddue process. The first Utah marriage licenses are issued to same-sex couples.[279]

2014

[edit]
  • January 6: The U.S. Supreme Court stays the District Court's order of December 20, 2013, inKitchen v. Herbert, halting same-sex marriages in Utah while the decision is appealed.[280]
  • January 10: U.S. Attorney GeneralEric Holder announces that the federal government recognizes the marriages of same-sex couples who married in Utah between December 20, 2013, and January 6, 2014. Their number is estimated at 1,360.[281]
  • January 14: U.S. District Court JudgeTerence C. Kern rules inBishop v. Oklahoma that Oklahoma's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. He stays enforcement of his decision based on the Supreme Court's action inKitchen v. Herbert on January 6.[282]
  • February 8: Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. on Saturday, announced a new Department of Justice policy at the Waldorf Astoria in New York for the Human Rights Campaign's greater New York gala. In the speech he announces that all federal government lawyers are to give same-sex marriages, "full and equal recognition, to the greatest extent possible under the law."[283]
  • February 12: U.S. District Court JudgeJohn G. Heyburn rules that Kentucky must recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.[284] He stays his decision on March 19.
  • February 13: U.S. District Court JudgeArenda Wright Allen rules inBostic v. Rainey that Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and stays enforcement of her decision pending appeal.[285]
  • February 21: InLee v. Orr, U.S. District Court JudgeSharon Johnson Coleman rules thatCook County can issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples without waiting for the Illinois statute legalizing same-sex marriage to take effect on June 1.[286] Some licenses are issued the same day.[287]
  • February 26: InDe Leon v. Perry, U.S. District Court JudgeOrlando Garcia rules that Texas' ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and stays enforcement of his ruling pending appeal to the Fifth Circuit.[288][289]
  • March 5: AnABC News/Washington Post poll finds 59% of Americans support same-sex marriage, a record high.[290]
  • March 14: U.S. District Court JudgeAleta Trauger rules inTanco v. Haslam that the state ofTennessee must recognize the plaintiffs' three same-sex marriages as their case is heard in theUnited States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.[291] This decision is stayed on April 26 by the Sixth Circuit.
  • March 21: InDeBoer v. Snyder, U.S. District Court JudgeBernard A. Friedman rules that Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and does not stay his decision.[292]
  • March 22: In Michigan, several hundred same-sex couples obtain marriage licenses and some marry before theSixth Circuit Court of Appeals issues a temporary stay of the decision inDeBoer v. Snyder,[293] which it makes permanent pending appeal on March 25.[294]
  • March 24: The U.S. division ofWorld Vision, one of the largest Christian charities in the U.S., modifies its employment eligibility rules to include gays and lesbians in same-sex marriages, while "[a]bstinence outside of marriage remains a rule".[295] It reverses that policy on March 26 in response to protests from its donors.[296]
  • April 10: U.S. District Court JudgeRichard L. Young, in the case ofBaskin v. Bogan, orders the state ofIndiana to recognize the same-sex marriage of a terminally ill woman.[297]
  • April 14: U.S. District Court JudgeTimothy Black rules inHenry v. Himes thatOhio must recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.[298] On April 16 he stays his ruling pending appeal, except for the birth certificates sought by the plaintiffs for their children.[299]
  • May 9:Pulaski County Circuit Judge Chris Piazza strikes downArkansas's ban on same-sex marriage.[300] The ruling is stayed on May 16 by theArkansas Supreme Court.
  • May 10: Kristin Seaton & Jennifer Rambon ofEureka Springs, Arkansas are the first same-sex couple to receive a marriage license in the overlappingSouthern regions ofDixie andBible Belt.[301]
  • May 13: U.S. District Magistrate Candy Dale strikes downIdaho's ban on same-sex marriage.[302] The ruling is stayed on May 15 by theNinth Circuit.
  • May 19: U.S. District Court JudgeMichael McShane strikes downOregon's ban on same-sex marriage.[303]
  • May 20: U.S. District Court JudgeJohn Jones strikes downPennsylvania's ban on same-sex marriage.[304]
  • June 6: U.S. District Court JudgeBarbara Crabb strikes downWisconsin's ban on same-sex marriage.[305] The decision is stayed on June 13.
  • June 19: The General Assembly of thePresbyterian Church approves a resolution to allow ministers to preside over same-sex marriages in states where the unions are legal and local congregational leaders approve, reversing defeat of a similar measure in 2012.[306] In a separate vote, the assembly approves individual congregational authority to change the definition of marriage from "a man and a woman" to "a union of two people" in their constitution. The amendment requires approval from a majority of the 172 regionalpresbyteries.[307] They become the thirdMainline denomination to do so.
  • June 25: U.S. District Court JudgeRichard L. Young strikes downIndiana's ban on same-sex marriage. The decision is stayed two days later by theSeventh Circuit Court of Appeals.[308]
  • June 25: Ruling 2–1 inKitchen v. Herbert, theTenth Circuit Court of Appeals strikes downUtah's same-sex marriage ban. It is the first appellate court decision to find that marriage is a fundamental right that applies to same-sex couples.[309] The decision is immediately stayed in anticipation of an appeal to theUnited States Supreme Court.
  • June 25:Boulder County, Colorado, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, despite a stay of the previous day's ruling.[310]
  • July 1: U.S. District Court JudgeJohn G. Heyburn expands his February 12 ruling, striking downKentucky's same-sex marriage ban in its entirety. The decision is stayed immediately.[311]
  • July 1: TheSeventh Circuit Court of Appeals orders the state ofIndiana to recognize the same-sex marriage of a terminally ill woman.[312]
  • July 9: Judge C. Scott Crabtree of Colorado's17th Judicial District Court strikes down Colorado's same-sex marriage ban. He stays enforcement of his ruling pending appeal.
  • July 10:Denver County, Colorado begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples after a state judge rules that theBoulder County clerk is under no obligation to stop issuing such licenses despite the state's ban on gay marriage.
  • July 11:Pueblo County, Colorado, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
  • July 16: In a unanimous decision, theConnecticut Supreme Court rules that same-sex couples are entitled to some of the legal rights of marriage with respect to events that predate the state's establishment of same-sex civil unions in 2005 and same-sex marriage in 2008.[313]
  • July 17:Florida Circuit Judge Luis M. Garcia, ruling inHuntsman v. Heavilin, strikes down the state's ban on same-sex marriage with respect toMonroe County. It is stayed the same day when the state files an appeal.[314]
  • July 18: Ruling 2–1 inBishop v. United States, theTenth Circuit Court of Appeals strikes downOklahoma's ban on same-sex marriage ban, repeating the arguments it made with respect to Utah on June 25.[315]
  • July 18: TheColorado Supreme Court orders the clerk ofDenver County to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[316]
  • July 18: TheUnited States Supreme Court grants a stay of a lower court decision requiring the state of Utah to recognize the validity of same-sex marriages performed there between December 20, 2013, and January 6, 2014.[317]
  • July 21:Pueblo County, Colorado, stops issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[318]
  • July 23: U.S. District Court JudgeRaymond P. Moore strikes downColorado's same-sex marriage ban. The decision is stayed on August 21.[319]
  • July 25: TheColorado Court of Appeals rules thatBoulder County can continue issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[320]
  • July 25: InPareto v. Ruvin,Florida Circuit Judge Sarah Zabel strikes down the state's ban on same-sex marriage as applied toMiami-Dade County. She puts enforcement of her ruling on hold pending appeal.[321]
  • July 28: TheFourth Circuit Court of Appeals, ruling 2–1 inBostic v. Schaefer, strikes downVirginia's same-sex marriage ban.[322]
  • July 29: TheColorado Supreme Court orders theBoulder County clerk to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[323]
  • July 31: In a unanimous decision, theWisconsin Supreme Court rules that a 2009 law allowing same-sex couples to apply fordomestic partnerships does not violate the state'sMarriage Protection Amendment.[324]
  • August 4: Florida Circuit Judge Dale Cohen strikes down the state's ban on same-sex marriage as applied toBroward County. He puts enforcement of his ruling on hold pending appeal.[325]
  • August 20: TheUnited States Supreme Court stays enforcement of the Fourth Circuit's July 28 decision inBostic pending appeal.[326]
  • August 21: U.S. District Court JudgeRobert Lewis Hinkle rules intwo cases that Florida's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and stays his decision pending appeal.[327]
  • September 3: U.S. District Court JudgeMartin Feldman rules inRobicheaux v. Caldwell thatLouisiana's ban on same-sex marriage serves its "legitimate interest ... in linking children to an intact family formed by their two biological parents". It is the first federal court decision find a state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples constitutional since the Supreme Court ruling inWindsor in June 2013.[328]
  • September 4: TheSeventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in a unanimous opinion authored by JudgeRichard Posner, upholds the district court decisions inBaskin v. Bogan andWolf v. Walker that found Indiana's and Wisconsin's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples unconstitutional.[329] It stays its decision on September 15.[330]
  • September 12: U.S. District Court JudgeJohn Sedwick ordersArizona to recognize one same-sex marriage on a death certificate while he considers a lawsuit challenging Arizona's ban on same-sex marriage.[331]
  • September 22: State Judge Edward D. Rubin rules that Louisiana's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.[332]
  • October 3: State Judge J. Dale Youngs rules that Missouri must recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.[333] The state announces it will not appeal on October 6.[334]
  • October 6: The U.S. Supreme Court declines to take action on all the cases it had been asked to consider from appellate courts in the Fourth, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits, allowing the circuit court decisions striking down marriage bans in Indiana, Oklahoma, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin to stand.[335] Stays preventing the legalization of same-sex marriage in Indiana and Wisconsin end automatically with the Supreme Court's action.[336][337]
  • October 6: The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals lifts stays in two cases, ordering Oklahoma and Utah to issue same-sex marriage licenses. The Fourth Circuit does the same for Virginia.[338]
  • October 7: Same-sex marriage begins inColorado after Attorney GeneralJohn Suthers orders all counties in the state to issue same-sex marriage licenses.[339]
  • October 7: TheNinth Circuit Court of Appeals strikes down same-sex marriage bans in Idaho inLatta v. Otter and Nevada inSevcik v. Sandoval.[340] Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy suspends implementation of the decision in Idaho the next day.[341]
  • October 9: Nevada recognizes same-sex marriage following a court order resulting from the Ninth Circuit's ruling inSevcik on October 7.[342] Following the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to considerBostic on October 6, West Virginia recognizes same-sex marriage when state officials concede their ban is unconstitutional based on Fourth Circuit's ruling in that case.[343]
  • October 10: U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy denies a motion to stay sought by Idaho officials who hoped to prevent implementation of the Ninth Circuit's October 7 ruling inLatta.[344]
  • October 10: U.S. District JudgeMax O. Cogburn, Jr., ruling inGeneral Synod of the United Church of Christ v. Cooper, strikes down North Carolina's ban on same-sex marriage.[345]
  • October 12: U.S. District JudgeTimothy Burgess rules inHamby v. Parnell thatAlaska's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional, immediately legalizing same-sex marriage there.[346]
  • October 15: Same-sex marriage becomes legal inIdaho with the lifting of the stay inLatta v. Otter.[347]
  • October 17: U.S. District JudgeJohn Sedwick rules thatArizona's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional inConnolly v. Jeanes. The state orders its agencies to comply immediately.[348]
  • October 17: U.S. District JudgeScott Skavdahl rules inGuzzo v. Mead thatWyoming's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional, but issues a temporary stay.[349]
  • October 21: Same-sex marriage becomes legal in Wyoming, when state officials notify the U.S. district court that they will not appeal the previous week's ruling.[350]
  • October 21: U.S. District JudgeJuan Manuel Perez-Gimenez upholdsPuerto Rico's ban on same-sex marriage, concluding thatBaker v. Nelson is binding on federal courts.[351]
  • November 4: U.S. District JudgeDaniel D. Crabtree rules inMarie v. Moser thatKansas's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. His decision takes effect on November 12 when the state defendants exhaust their options for obtaining a stay pending appeal.[352]
  • November 5: St. Louis Circuit Judge Rex Burlison rules thatMissouri's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and that the city ofSt. Louis can not enforce the ban. City officials announce intentions to grant same-sex marriage licenses immediately.[353]
  • November 6: TheSixth Circuit Court of Appeals in a 2–1 ruling upholds same-sex marriage bans in Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee.[354]
  • November 7: U.S. District JudgeOrtrie Smith rules inLawson v. Kelly thatMissouri's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional, staying his order pending appeal.[355]
  • November 12: U.S. District JudgeRichard Gergel rules inCondon v. Haley thatSouth Carolina's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. His decision takes effect on November 20.[356]
  • November 19: U.S. District JudgeBrian Morris rules inRolando v. Fox thatMontana's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. The decision takes effect immediately.[357]
  • November 25: U.S. District JudgeKristine Baker rules inJernigan v. Crane thatArkansas's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. The decision is stayed pending appeal.[358]
  • November 25: U.S. District JudgeCarlton W. Reeves rules inCampaign for Southern Equality v. Bryant thatMississippi's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.[359] TheFifth Circuit stays his ruling on December 4.[360]

2015

[edit]
  • January 5:Miami-Dade County, Florida, Circuit Court Judge Sarah Zabel allows her decision that held Florida's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional to take effect. Same-sex couples in Miami-Dade County obtain marriage licenses beginning mid-day.[361]
  • January 6: A stay issued months earlier in the case ofBrenner v. Scott expires and same-sex marriage becomes legal throughoutFlorida.[362]
  • January 12: U.S. District JudgeKaren Schreier rules inRosenbrahn v. Daugaard thatSouth Dakota's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. She stays her decision pending appeal.[363]
  • January 15: U.S. District JudgeMark A. Goldsmith rules inCaspar v. Snyder that Michigan must recognize the validity of more than 300 marriages of same-sex couples married the previous March in the time between a district court found the state's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional and the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals stayed that ruling. He stays implementation of his ruling for 21 days.[364] GovernorRick Snyder announces on February 4 that the state will recognize those marriages and not appeal the decision.[365]
  • January 16: The U.S. Supreme Court agrees to consider four cases on appeal from the Sixth Circuit, consolidating them as one and setting a briefing schedule to be completed April 17.[366]
  • January 23: U.S. District JudgeCallie V.S. Granade rules inSearcy v. Strange thatAlabama's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.[367] Two days later she stays her injunction until February 9.[368] She issues a similar ruling and stay inStrawser v. Strange four days later.[369]
  • February 9: With the lifting of stays in twofederal court decisions, same-sex marriage becomes legal in Alabama and same-sex couples obtain marriage licenses. Some county judges have continued to enforce the pre-existing ban by not granting licenses to same-sex couples, while some other counties have stopped issuing marriage licenses altogether.[370]
  • February 17: A state judge inTravis County, Texas, rules that Texas' ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and recognizes the common law marriage of two women.[371] Two days later, another state judge orders the Travis County clerk to issue a marriage license to two women, one of whom is seriously ill. They wed before the Texas Supreme Court stays the judge's order.[372]
  • February 19: ACNN poll finds 63% of Americans believe gays and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry, up from 49% in August 2010.[373]
  • March 2: U.S. District JudgeJoseph Bataillon, who in 2005 had ruled Nebraska's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional only to have hisdecision overturned, strikes downNebraska's ban on same-sex marriage. He orders state officials to cease enforcing that ban as of March 9.[374] The decision is stayed by theEighth Circuit on March 5.
  • March 3: TheAlabama Supreme Court orders all counties in the state to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
  • March 17: A majority of the 171 regional bodies of thePresbyterian Church (U.S.A.) votes to modify their constitution to include same-sex marriage in their definition of marriage.[375]
  • March 20: Puerto Rico officials announce that they will no longer defend the Commonwealth's ban on same-sex marriage in court and ask the First Circuit Court of Appeals to reverse the lower court's ruling inConde-Vidal v. Garcia-Padilla.[376]
  • April 28: The U.S. Supreme Court hears oral argument inObergefell v. Hodges and related cases.[377]
  • May 21: U.S. District JudgeCallie V.S. Granade rules that all probate judges in the state ofAlabama must grant same-sex marriage licenses. She stays her ruling pending a Supreme Court decision.[378]
  • June 5: Chief Judge Frances Tydingco-Gatewood of theU.S. territory ofGuam strikes down its ban on same-sex marriage inAguero v. Calvo.[379] The decision takes effect on June 8.[380]
  • June 9:Pulaski County Circuit Judge Wendell Griffen rules that over 500 same-sex marriages performed in Arkansas in May 2014 are valid.[381]
  • June 26: TheUnited States Supreme Court rules inObergefell v. Hodges that because thefundamental right to marry extends to same-sex couples, same-sex marriage bans are unconstitutional under theFourteenth Amendment. The decision renders same-sex marriage legal throughout the entire United States.[382]
  • July 1: TheEpiscopal Church, by overwhelming votes at its General Convention, removes gender-specific language from church laws on marriage to allow for religious wedding services for same-sex couples. It is the fourthmainline denomination to allow for such liturgies.[383]
  • December 16: A Massachusetts Superior Court judge rules inBarrett v. Fontbonne Academy that the Roman Catholic school violated the state's laws against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender in withdrawing a job offer from a man when it learned he was in a same-sex marriage.[384]

2016

[edit]
  • January 5: TheU.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services approves the immigrant visa petition filed in 1975 byRichard Adams (1947–2012) on behalf of his husband, an Australian citizen, having recognized the validity of their marriage that was the subject ofAdams v. Howerton (1982). His husband Anthony Sullivan receives his green card in April 2016.[385]
  • January 6: Alabama Supreme Court Chief JusticeRoy Moore orders the state's probate judges not to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[386]
  • January 14: TheAnglican Communion, an international organization, censures its US branch, theEpiscopal Church USA because of its support for same-sex marriage, and suspends it from participating in the organization's decisions "on any issues pertaining to doctrine or polity".[387]
  • March 8: U.S. District Court JudgeJuan Perez-Gimenez, ordered by theFirst Circuit Court of Appeals to reconsider his October 2014 ruling that found Puerto Rico's ban on same-sex marriage constitutional, rules that the US Supreme Court decision inObergefell does not apply to Puerto Rico because constitutional guarantees do not apply in anunincorporated territory.[388]
  • April 6: The First Circuit Court of Appeals overrules Judge Perez-Gimenez Puerto Rico decision saying it "errs in so many respects that it is hard to know where to begin". It returns the case to the District Court to be assigned to a different judge.[389] On April 7 JudgeGustavo Gelpi rules Puerto Rico's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional.[390]
  • May 6: Alabama Chief JusticeRoy Moore is suspended when a judicial oversight group files a complaint that his ordering probate judges on January 6 not to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples "flagrantly disregarded and abused his authority".[391]
  • June 7: U.S. District JudgeCallie V.S. Granade issues a permanent injunction against the enforcement of Alabama's laws against same-sex marriage.[392]
  • July 1: JudgeCarlton Reeves extends his earlier decision and prevents a Mississippi law allowing court clerks to refuse marriage licenses to same-sex couples based on their religious beliefs from taking effect.[393]
  • July 17: TheRepublican National Convention approves a platform that condemnsObergefell v. Hodges and calls for its reversal "through judicial reconsideration or a constitutional amendment returning control over marriage to the states". It asserts the "legitimate constitutional authority to define marriage as the union of one man and one woman" and calls for "the appointment of justices and judges who ... respect the authority of the states to decide such fundamental social questions. It opposes "government discrimination against businesses or entities which decline to sell items or services to individuals for activities that go against their religious views about such activities."[394]
  • July 25: TheDemocratic National Convention adopts a platform that says "Democrats applaud last year's decision by the Supreme Court that recognized that LGBT people–like other Americans–have the right to marry the person they love."[395]
  • August 1: In hisofficial residence, Vice PresidentJoe Biden, a Catholic, officiates at the wedding of two male members of the White House staff.[396] Four days later, three leading Roman Catholic bishops, without naming Biden, call it "a counter witness" to Catholic teaching.[397]
  • December 9: The attorney general of theCherokee Nation rules that the tribe recognizes same-sex marriage.[398]

2017

[edit]
  • March 20: A referendum on whether same-sex marriages should be performed in theOsage Nation inOklahoma is passed, with 770 voting for same-sex marriage and 700 voting against.[399][400] The law takes effect immediately.[401]
  • March 22: The Minnesota-basedPrairie Island Indian Community which forms a part of theMdewakanton Dakota legalizes same-sex marriage by changing its Domestic Relations Code. Section 1, Chapter 3c of the Code now states that "two persons of the same or opposite gender may marry." A previous version had explicitly banned same-sex marriages.[402]
  • June 5: the Legislature of theHo-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin approves a bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in a 13–0 vote.[403]
  • October 25: the Ak-Chin Indian Community Court of theAk-Chin Indian Community ruled that the law banning same-sex marriage is in violation with the tribe's constitution and the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968. The tribe's chairman announced that the government will not appeal the ruling.[404]

2018

[edit]
  • October 2: the State Department, under Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, reverses a 2009 policy instituted under former Secretary Hillary Clinton which allowed family visas to unmarried same-sex partners of diplomats posted in the United States, even if the countries represented by the diplomats have only legalized same-sex civil partnerships but not same-sex marriage. Under the new policy, same-sex partners have to obtain marriages to their diplomat partners within three months or else lose their family visas. The department states that the new policy seeks to "ensure and promote equal treatment" for both same- and opposite-sex couples by the department.[405]

2019

[edit]
  • February 26: The United Methodist Church rejects a proposal to ease its restrictions on same-sex marriage.[406]

2020s

[edit]

2020

[edit]
  • Nevadavotes by referendum to repeal their constitutional ban on same-sex marriage and replacing it with text protecting the right to marriage regardless of gender, protecting the right of religious officiants to refuse to solemnize a marriage, and mandating equal treatment of legally-valid marriages under law. The ballot measure repeals2002 Nevada Question 2, with Nevada becoming the first of 30 states to repeal such language from their state constitution since the enactment ofMeasure 2 by Alaska voters in 1998.

2022

[edit]
  • June 24:The Supreme Court overturnsRoe v. Wade; Justice Thomas writes that the court “should reconsider all of this Court’s substantive due process precedents, includingGriswold,Lawrence, andObergefell”.[407]
  • December 8: To prevent the loss of the right to same-sex marriage, theUnited States House of Representatives passed theRespect for Marriage Act which would nullify DOMA and protect both same-sex and interracial marriages. In July 2022, the bill passed 267–157, with 47 Republican representatives joining the Democrats.[408] In December 2022, theUnited States Senate passed the bill 61–36, and the House again voted 258–169 to pass it.[409]
  • December 13: President Biden signs the Respect for Marriage Act into law at the White House.

2024

[edit]

2025

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^The Queer Encyclopedia of Music, Dance, and Musical Theater. San Francisco, California: Cleis Press, Inc. 2004. pp. 123–124.ISBN 9781573441988. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  2. ^Mauro, Tony (December 1, 2014)."High Court's First Gay-Issues Ruling".National Law Journal. Archived fromthe original on January 21, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2015.
  3. ^Stearn, Jess (1964).The Grapevine: A Report on the Secret World of the Lesbian. NY: Doubleday & Company. p. 116. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2015.
  4. ^"Miracle of the Rose".Publishers Weekly.189 (10–17): 66. 1966. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2015.
  5. ^Fiske, Edward B. (December 3, 1967)."Religion: Views on Homosexuals"(PDF).New York Times. RetrievedJune 9, 2017.
  6. ^Funke, Lewis (December 22, 1968)."Never Too Late for 'Angela'"(PDF).New York Times. RetrievedJune 8, 2017.
  7. ^summary of data fromThe State of Marriage Equality in America, Maryland Office of the Attorney General, 2015,[1] and individual state same-sex marriage Wikipedia pages
  8. ^Sources: Michael McConnell Files, "America’s First Gay Marriage" (binder #7), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,U of M Libraries.
    • University presidentEric Kaler apologized to McConnell for the treatment inflicted by the Board of Regents in 1970.
      • 22 June 2012: Anon., "News",University News Service. "U of M President Eric Kaler has called McConnell's treatment reprehensible, regrets that it occurred and says that the university's actions at that time were not consistent with the practices enforced today at the university."
      • 17 February 2020: McConnell received a letter from Robert Burgett (Senior Vice President, University of Minnesota Foundation) announcing his enrollment as a member of the Heritage Society of the President's Club.
  9. ^Sources: Michael McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary" (volumes 5a-e), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,U of M Libraries.
    • March 1967: On Baker's 25th Birthday, McConnell insisted that he would accept Baker's invitation to be lovers if, andonly if, he could find a way for the relationship to be recognized as a "legal" marriage.
    • June 1970: University Librarian mailed an offer of employment to McConnell.
    • July 1970: James F. Hogg (Secretary, the Board of Regents) arranged for a letter to be delivered to McConnell:
      • The Board accepted the recommendation of its Executive Committee "That the appointment of Mr. J. M. McConnell to the position of the Head of the Cataloging Division of the St. Paul Campus Library at the rank of Instructor not be approved on the grounds that his personal conduct, as represented in the public and University news media, isnot consistent with the best interest of the University."
    • 1971: Afederal court of appeals allowed such discrimination to continue.
    • 1972:Hennepin County Library, then a diverse and growing system of 26 facilities, hired McConnell.
  10. ^Sources: Michael McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary", (volumes 6a-b), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,U of M Libraries.
    • As a student body president (elected 1971, re-elected 1972), he was known by different names:
      • March 1942: Richard John Baker, Certificate of Birth
      • September 1969: Jack Baker, name adopted to lead activists demanding gay equality
      • August 1971: Pat Lyn McConnell, married name via Decree of Adoption
  11. ^May: inMinneapolis, within the Fourth Judicial District, which includes all ofHennepin County.
  12. ^Sources: Michael McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary", (volume 2ab), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies,U of M Libraries.
    • May 1970: Letter addressed to Gerald R. Nelson from George M. Scot, County Attorney
      • page 6: "The consequences of an interpretation of our marriage statutes which would permit males to enter into the marriage contract could be to result in an undermining and destruction of the entire legal concept of our family structure in all areas of law."
  13. ^"Minnesota Statutes Annotated",West Publishing Co.
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  388. ^Geidner, Chris (March 8, 2016)."Federal Judge Rules Marriage Ban Still Good Law In Puerto Rico, Governor Disagrees". BuzzFeed. RetrievedMarch 8, 2016.
  389. ^Volokh, Eugene (April 7, 2016)."'The district court's ruling errs in so many respects that it is hard to know where to begin'".Washington Post. RetrievedJune 9, 2016.
  390. ^Denniston, Lyle (April 8, 2016)."Same-sex marriage right reaches Puerto Rico". SCOTUSblog. RetrievedJune 9, 2016.
  391. ^Robertson, Campbell (May 6, 2016)."Roy Moore, Alabama Judge, Suspended Over Gay Marriage Stance".New York Times. RetrievedJune 10, 2016.
  392. ^Brooks, Karen (June 9, 2016)."Judge issues final order upholding Alabama same-sex marriage".Reuters. RetrievedJune 10, 2016.
  393. ^Domonoske, Camila (July 1, 2016)."Judge Blocks Mississippi Law Protecting Religious Objections To Gay Marriage". NPR. RetrievedJuly 1, 2016.
  394. ^Fuller, Matt (July 17, 2016)."Here's The Full Text Of The 2016 Republican Platform".Huffington Post. RetrievedJuly 17, 2016.
  395. ^"2016 Democratic Platform"(PDF). American Presidency Project. July 21, 2016. RetrievedJuly 26, 2016.
  396. ^"In a First, VP Joe Biden Officiates a Gay Wedding".New York Times. Associated Press. August 2, 2016. RetrievedAugust 6, 2016.
  397. ^Roewe, Brian (August 5, 2016)."Not naming names, bishops denounce Biden over role in same-sex wedding".National Catholic Reporter. RetrievedAugust 6, 2016.
  398. ^Almasy, Steve (December 9, 2016)."Cherokee Nation attorney general OKs same-sex marriage". CNN. RetrievedDecember 11, 2016.
  399. ^Polacca, Benny (March 20, 2017)."Osage Nation votes 'yes' for gay marriage".Osage News. Archived fromthe original on March 25, 2017. RetrievedMarch 21, 2017.
  400. ^Krehbiel-Burton, Lenzy (March 21, 2017)."Osage Nation voters approve same-sex marriage ballot question".Tulsa World. RetrievedMarch 21, 2017.
  401. ^Legislation Documents ONCA 16–77: "The amendment stated in this Act shall only take effect upon final approval by the Osage People through a referendum vote at a special election."
  402. ^"PRAIRIE ISLAND MDEWAKANTON DAKOTA COMMUNITY JUDICIAL CODE TITLE 3: DOMESTIC RELATIONS"(PDF).prairieisland.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. RetrievedApril 5, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  403. ^Luchterhand, Ken."Same-sex marriage provisions approved by Ho-Chunk Legislature".Hocak Worak. Archived fromthe original on July 8, 2017. RetrievedJuly 8, 2017.
  404. ^Beard Rau, Alia (October 25, 2017)."Court orders Ak-Chin tribe to recognize marriages of same-sex couples".The Arizona Republic. RetrievedOctober 25, 2017.
  405. ^State Department changes visa rules for same-sex partners of foreign diplomats, October 2, 2018,The Washington Post
  406. ^Chappell, Bill (February 26, 2019)."United Methodist Church Votes To Keep Bans On Same-Sex Weddings, LGBTQ Clergy". NPR. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2018.
  407. ^"Justice Thomas: SCOTUS 'should reconsider' contraception, same-sex marriage rulings".POLITICO. RetrievedJune 24, 2022.
  408. ^Foran, Clare; Wilson, Kristin (July 19, 2022)."House passes bill to protect same-sex marriage in effort to counter Supreme Court".CNN. RetrievedJuly 19, 2022.
  409. ^Wang, Amy (December 8, 2022)."House passes landmark legislation to protect same-sex, interracial marriages".Washington Post. RetrievedDecember 8, 2022.
  410. ^"Idaho Republican legislators call on SCOTUS to reverse same-sex marriage ruling". January 27, 2025. RetrievedFebruary 2, 2025.
  411. ^"Idaho House calls on Supreme Court to undo same-sex marriage ruling". January 27, 2025. RetrievedFebruary 2, 2025.
  412. ^"Idaho House calls on U.S. Supreme Court to reverse same-sex marriage ruling". January 27, 2025. RetrievedFebruary 2, 2025.
  413. ^"ND House passes resolution calling on Supreme Court to overturn gay marriage ruling". January 25, 2025. RetrievedFebruary 25, 2025.
  414. ^marissa.ventrelli@coloradopolitics.com, Marissa Ventrelli (April 7, 2025)."Gov. Jared Polis signs bill repealing constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in Colorado".Colorado Politics. RetrievedApril 10, 2025.
  415. ^Howe, Amy (October 23, 2025)."Court to consider whether to hear challenge to same-sex marriage on Nov. 7".SCOTUSblog. RetrievedOctober 24, 2025.
  416. ^Fritze, John (November 7, 2025)."Supreme Court to weigh longshot bid to overturn same-sex marriage precedent".CNN. RetrievedNovember 7, 2025.
General unions
By state
Marriage
By territory
(laws)
State
(laws)
Tribal nations
Circuit Courts
Other regions
Civil unions and
domestic partnerships
By state

External links

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