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Timeline of geopolitical changes (1900–1999)

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Timeline of geopolitical changes
Timeline of geopolitical changes (before 1500) Timeline of geopolitical changes (1500–1899) Timeline of geopolitical changes (1900–1999) Timeline of geopolitical changes (2000–present)

This is atimeline of geopolitical changes around the world between 1900 and 1999. It includes dates ofdeclarations of independence,changes in country name, changes ofcapital city or name, andchanges in territory such as theannexation,cession,concession,occupation, orsecession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion ofmilitary campaigns, but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included. Changes inairspace andmaritime territory are included only when they are subject to a dispute.^[a] Over 50% of the world's borders today were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism. The British and French drew the modern borders of theMiddle East, 80% of the borders ofAfrica, inAsia after the independence of theBritish Raj andFrench Indochina and the borders ofEurope afterWorld War I as victors, as a result of theParis treaties.^[1]^[2]^[3]

1900s

[edit]

Year	Date	Event
1900	1 January	TheNorthern Nigeria Protectorate is established by theUnited Kingdom.
	1 January	TheSouthern Nigeria Protectorate is established by theUnited Kingdom.
	16 February	TheUnited States of America takes control ofAmerican Samoa under the terms of theTripartite Convention.^[4]^[5]
	March	TheFirst Republic of Acre capitulates and is reabsorbed by theRepublic of Bolivia.
	21 April	TheUnited Kingdom annexes the island ofNiue, making it aBritish protectorate.^[6]
	28 May	TheUnited Kingdom occupies theOrange Free State.
	5 September	The colony ofFrench Chad is established.Fort-Lamy is the capital.
	November	Acre declares independence fromBolivia as theSecond Republic of Acre. The movement is quickly suppressed and Acre remains part of Bolivia.
		The border between theRepublic of the United States of Brazil and theFrench colony ofGuyane (French Guiana) is defined by arbitration. The French troops that advanced to the margins of theAraguari River repair to theOiapoque River.
1901	1 January	TheCommonwealth of Australia is established by federation of theBritish colonies ofNew South Wales,Victoria,Queensland,South Australia,Western Australia andTasmania.Melbourne was thede facto (but notde jure) seat of government from 1901 to 1927.
	23 March	TheFirst Philippine Republic dissolves.
	11 June	TheUnited Kingdom transfers theCook Islands andNiue to theColony of New Zealand.^[6]
	26 September	TheUnited Kingdom occupies theAshanti Empire and makes it aCrown colony.^[7]^[8]
1902	18 March	TheCrown colony ofBritish New Guinea is transferred from theUnited Kingdom toAustralia, which reorganizes it as theTerritory of Papua.
	20 May	TheRepublic of Cuba gains independence from theUnited States of America.Havana is the capital.
	31 May	TheUnited Kingdom creates theOrange River Colony from theOrange Free State and theTransvaal Colony from theSouth African Republic (Republic of Transvaal).Bloemfontein andPretoria remains the respective capitals.
	1 July	TheUnited Kingdom annexesHenderson Island.
	10 July	TheUnited Kingdom annexesOeno Island.
	20 November	KingEdward VII ofBritain adjusts borders in theCordillera of the Andes Boundary Case betweenChile andArgentina.
	19 December	TheUnited Kingdom annexesDucie Island.
		TheZaria Emirate and theAbuja Emirate are annexed into theBritishNorthern Nigeria Protectorate.
		GermanKamerun annexes theMandara Kingdom.
1903	27 January	TheThird Republic of Acre declares its independence fromBolivia. The capital isCidade do Acre.
	23 February	Cuba leasesGuantanamo Bay to theUnited States of America in perpetuity.
	12 May	Mauritania becomes a protectorate of theFrench Republic.Saint-Louis is the capital.
	29 July	TheAdamawa Emirate is annexed into theBritishNorthern Nigeria Protectorate andGermanKamerun.
	20 October	TheAlaska boundary dispute is resolved between theUnited States of America andCanada.^[9]
	3 November	TheRepublic of Panama secedes from theRepublic of Colombia.Panama City is the capital.
	11 November	TheRepublic of Bolivia and theRepublic of the United States of Brazil sign theTreaty of Petrópolis. Bolivia receives land inMato Grosso from Brazil, and Brazil absorbs theRepublic of Acre.
	18 November	The newRepublic of Panama grants theUnited States of America control of thePanama Canal Zone.Balboa is the administrative center.
		TheUnited Kingdom secedes theSeychelles from the colony ofMauritius.
		After theAceh War, theSultanate of Aceh is annexed by theKingdom of the Netherlands and becomes part of theDutch East Indies.
1904	13 February	Following the Franco-Siamese Convention, theKingdom of Siam concedes border territories toFrench Indochina in exchange for French-occupiedChantaburi.
	4 May	TheUnited States of America annexed thePanama Canal Zone.^[10]
	4 October	TheFranco-Spanish Convention of Paris acknowledges formal control ofSaguia el-Hamra (later northernSpanish Sahara) by theKingdom of Spain.
		The border between theRepublic of the United States of Brazil andBritishGuiana is defined by arbitration. Approximately half of the disputed land goes to each side.
		French Dahomey is established.Porto-Novo is the capital.
		TheKingdom of Champasak is annexed byFrance and becomes part of theFrench protectorate of Laos.
1905	7 June	TheKingdom of Norway declares its independence from theUnited Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway throughdissolution of thepersonal union withKingdom of Sweden.
	5 September	TheLiaodong Peninsula and theRussian railway in southManchuria are leased to theEmpire of Japan following theTreaty of Portsmouth.
	5 September	TheEmpire of Japan annexesSakhalin Island south of50° N following theTreaty of Portsmouth.
	26 October	TheKingdom of Sweden recognizes theunion dissolution and the independence ofKingdom of Norway.
		TheUnited Kingdom moves the capital of theEast Africa Protectorate fromMombasa toNairobi.
1906	1 May	TheBritishColony of Lagos and theSouthern Nigeria Protectorate merge to form theColony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria.
		TheFrench Republic divides its colony ofFrench Congo into the colonies ofGabon andMiddle Congo.Libreville remains the capital of Gabon.Brazzaville becomes the capital of Middle Congo.
		TheUnited Kingdom andFrance jointly administer theNew Hebrides.Port Vila is the capital.
1907	23 March	TheKingdom of Siam concedes territory toFrench Indochina in exchange forTrat.
	24 April	The border between theRepublic of the United States of Brazil and theRepublic of Colombia is defined by the Bogotá Treaty. Brazil gains lands on the margins of theSolimoes River at the area known asCabeça de Cachorro ("The Dog's Head").
	6 July	TheBritish Central Africa Protectorate is renamed toNyasaland Protectorate.
	26 September	New Zealand becomes aDominion within theBritish Empire under the nameDominion of New Zealand.Wellington is the capital. TheDominion of Newfoundland is also declared the same day.St. John's is the capital.
	16 November	Oklahoma is admitted to the Union as the 46th State of theUnited States.
	17 December	Ugyen Wangchuck establishes theKingdom of Bhutan.Punakha is the winter capital andThimphu is the summer capital.
1908	5 October	TheKingdom of Bulgaria gains independence from theOttoman Empire.Sofia is the capital.
	6 October	Austria-Hungary formally annexes theOttomanVilayet of Bosnia (underde facto Austro-Hungarian rule since the Treaty of Berlin 1878) as theCondominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (causing theBosnian crisis).
	15 November	KingLeopold II of Belgium sells his privateCongo Free State to theKingdom of Belgium. The colony is renamed theBelgian Congo.
1909	9 July	TheKingdom of Siam transfers its southernmost provinces toBritishMalaya in theAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.

1910s

[edit]

Year	Date	Event
1910	15 January	TheFrench Republic createsFrench Equatorial Africa from its colonies ofGabon,Middle Congo, andOubangui-Chari.Libreville andBangui yield toBrazzaville as the capital.
	29 March	23bancos are annexed byMexico from theUnited States and 34 bancos are annexed by the United States of America from Mexico with the first application of theBanco Convention of 1905.^[11]^[12]
	31 May	TheCape Colony, theColony of Natal, theTransvaal, and theOrange River Colony unite as theUnion of South Africa, which is established as aDominion under the terms of theSouth Africa Act 1909.
	20 August	Canada rescinds its claim to Pope's Folly Island in a treaty with theUnited States of America.^[13]^[14]^[15]
	22 August	TheKorean Empire capitulates and is annexed by theEmpire of Japan.
	5 October	The firstPortuguese Republic supersedes theKingdom of Portugal.
		TheKasanje Kingdom is annexed toPortuguese Angola.
1911	17 August	TheUnited Kingdom unitesBarotziland–North-Western Rhodesia andNorth-Eastern Rhodesia to formNorthern Rhodesia.
	4 November	In theMorocco–Congo Treaty,Germany acquires theNeukamerun region fromFrance in exchange for abandoning German claims inMorocco.
	29 December	TheBogd Khanate of Mongolia declares independence from theQing dynasty ofChina.Niislel Khüree is the capital.
		The capital ofBritish India is moved fromCalcutta toNew Delhi.
1912	1 January	TheRepublic of China overthrows theQing dynasty of China in theXinhai Revolution.Nanking is the provisional capital.
	6 January	New Mexico is admitted to the Union as the 47th State of theUnited States.
	14 February	Arizona is admitted to the Union as the 48th State of theUnited States.
	30 March	TheTreaty of Fez formally re-establishesMorocco as aFrench Protectorate.
	7 November	Mexico annexes 20bancos from the United States and theUnited States of America annexes 11 bancos from Mexico.^[11]^[12]
	27 November	TheTreaty BetweenFrance and Spain Regarding Morocco assigns the northern and southern strips ofMorocco toSpain.
	28 November	Albania declares its independence from theOttoman Empire.Tirana is the capital.
		TheWadai Empire is disestablished and annexed intoFrench Chad.
1913	13 February	Tibet declares independence from theRepublic of China.
	May	TheImamate of Omanrebels against theSultanate of Muscat and Oman.Nizwa becomes the capital after it is conquered on 5 June.^[16]^[17]
	10 August	Following theFirst Balkan War, theTreaty of Bucharest is signed, by the terms of which: Bulgaria gainsWestern Thrace and the southern portions of what are nowBlagoevgrad Province andBurgas Province. Romania gainsSouthern Dobruja. Serbia gainsKosovo, most of what is now theRepublic of Northern Macedonia, and some new land to the west of its previous borders. Greece gainsEpirus,West Macedonia,Central Macedonia, and most of the islands in theAegean Sea that it did not control before the war. Albania gains southern, eastern, and northern lands that bring it to its current borders. Albania becomes officially independent, though large portions of its lands remain disputed. Montenegro gains most of what is now itsNorthern Region.
	29 September	Following theSecond Balkan War, theTreaty of Constantinople is signed, by the terms of which: TheOttoman Empire regains the portions ofEastern Thrace it lost in theFirst Balkan War. TheBalkan League gains all Ottoman territory west of the line joiningEnez andKıyıköy; thus the Ottomans lose all their European territory, except for what is roughly the southeastern half of Turkey's present-day European territory.
1914	1 January	TheUnited Kingdom unites theColony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and theNorthern Nigeria Protectorate to form theColony and Protectorate of Nigeria.Lagos is the capital.
	7 March	Albania becomes thePrincipality of Albania.
	17 April	Tannu Uriankhai is officially made a protectorate of theRussian Empire.
	28 July	Following theassassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand,Austria-Hungary declares war onSerbia, precipitating theFirst World War.
	1 September	TheRussian Empire changes the name of its capital from Saint Petersburg toPetrograd.
		TheKingdom of Kongo is annexed toPortuguese Angola.
1915	1 May	ThePanama Canal Zone border is redefined betweenPanama and theUnited States of America resulting in slight territory changes.^[18]^[19]^[20]
	27 May	TheUnited States of America annexes some more land around theRio Chagres mouth in thePanama Canal Zone due to theHay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty.^[21]
	18 October	TheGerman Empire creates theGovernment General of Warsaw from the parts ofPoland conquered by theRussian Empire.
	8 December	TheUnited States of America annexes a triangle of island between theRio Chagres,Caribbean Sea and thePanama Canal Zone.^[21]
	12 December	Hongxian proclaims theEmpire of China.Beijing is the capital.
1916	22 March	TheEmpire of China is abolished.
1916	5 November	Germany andAustria-Hungary proclaim the establishment of theKingdom of Poland.Warsaw is the capital.
1917	15 March	TheProvisional Government of Russia supersedes theRussian Empire in the wake of theFebruary Revolution.
	31 March	Under theTreaty of the Danish West Indies, theUnited States of America acquires theDanish West Indies (excludingWater Island) from theKingdom of Denmark, renaming them theUnited States Virgin Islands.
	12 April	TheAutonomous Governorate of Estonia is created from theGovernorate of Estonia and some of theGovernorate of Livonia of theRussian Empire.
	1 July	Xuantong is reinstalled asEmperor ofChina in an event now called theManchu Restoration.
	12 July	End of theManchu Restoration inChina.
	14 September	TheRussian Republic supersedes theProvisional Government of Russia.
	7 November	TheRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic supersedes theRussian Republic.
	28 November	TheProvincial Assembly of theAutonomous Governorate of Estonia declares itself to be the only legally elected and constituted authority in Estonia,de facto declaring sovereignty from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The Provincial Assembly is thereafter forced underground by the Russian SFSR powers which continues to treat Estonia as an autonomous, but not sovereign governorate.
	2 December	TheEmirate of Chechenia declares its independence from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.Vedeno is the capital.
	6 December	TheRepublic of Finland gains independence from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.Helsinki is the capital.
	22 December	TheIndependent State of Flanders declares its independence from theKingdom of Belgium.Brussels is the capital.
1918	22 January	TheUkrainian People's Republic gains independence from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.Kiev is the capital.
	3 January	After a plebiscite inNarva on 23 December 1917, the town, including itsIvangorod (Jaanilinn) district across theNarva River, is ceded from theSaint Petersburg Governorate to theAutonomous Governorate of Estonia.
	16 February	TheState of Lithuania declares its independence from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.Vilnius is named the capital despite occupation by theKingdom of Poland.
	24 February	TheRepublic of Estonia declares independence from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.Tallinn is the capital.
	3 March	TheTreaty of Brest-Litovsk creates many new states out of the westernRussian Empire.
	12 March	TheRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic moves its capital fromPetrograd toMoscow.
	25 March	TheAbkhazian Republic (Abkhazia) gains independence from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.Sukhumi is the capital.
	25 March	TheBelarusian People's Republic declares its independence from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.Minsk andHrodna are named the joint capitals.
	27 March	TheUnion of Bessarabia withRomania is proclaimed by theTreaty of Paris (1920).
	19 April	TheTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic declares independence fromRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and annexes theAbkhazian Republic (Abkhazia).
	22 April	TheTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic gains independence from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.Tbilisi is the capital.
	11 May	TheMountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus annexes theEmirate of Chechenia.
	26 May	TheDemocratic Republic of Georgia secedes from theTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.Tbilisi is the capital.
	28 May	Armenia and theAzerbaijan Democratic Republic dissolve theTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.Yerevan andBaku are the respective capitals.
	30 May	Armenia changes its name to theDemocratic Republic of Armenia.
	9 July	TheKingdom of Lithuania supersedes theState of Lithuania.
	10 July	TheRussian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic supersedes theSoviet Russian Republic.
	12 July	TheUnited States of America annexes 2.6 hectares (6.4 acres) of land atPunta Paitilla for thePanama Canal Zone.
	25 July	TheKingdom of Belgium reabsorbs theIndependent State of Flanders.
	21 August	TheUnited States of America annexes land betweenRio Chagres andQuebrada Majagual for thePanama Canal Zone.^[21]
	29 October	TheState of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs proclaims independence from theAustro-Hungarian Empire.Zagreb is the capital.
	31 October	TheKingdom of Hungary declares the monarchyabolished.Budapest is the capital.
	1 November	TheMutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) gains independence from theOttoman Empire.Sana'a becomes its capital.
		TheBanat Republic is proclaimed.
		The short-livedWest Ukrainian People's Republic is proclaimed.
	2 November	TheRepublic of Lithuania supersedes theKingdom of Lithuania.
	10 November	TheRepublic of Alsace-Lorraine is proclaimed.Strasbourg is the capital.
	12 November	TheRepublic of German-Austria is proclaimed.Vienna is the capital.
	14 November	TheRepublic of Poland supersedes theKingdom of Poland.
	15 November	TheKingdom of Serbia invades the short-livedBanat Republic and divides it between theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes andRomania.
	16 November	TheHungarian People's Republic supersedes theKingdom of Hungary.
	18 November	TheRepublic of Latvia gains independence from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.Riga is the capital.
	22 November	France annexes theRepublic of Alsace-Lorraine.
	25 November	Thede facto province ofVojvodina votes to join with theKingdom of Serbia.
	28 November	TheKingdom of Serbia annexes theKingdom of Montenegro.
	28 November	TheUnion of Bukovina withRomania is proclaimed.
	29 November	TheCommune of the Working People of Estonia is established as a puppet state inSoviet Russian-occupied Estonia.
	1 December	Iceland, adependent territory of theKingdom of Denmark withhome rule, becomes thefully sovereignKingdom of Iceland inpersonal union withDenmark.Reykjavík is the capital.
		TheState of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and theKingdom of Serbia unite to form theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.Zagreb yields toBelgrade as the capital.
		TheUnion of Transylvania withRomania is proclaimed.
	11 December	TheSlovak People's Republic is established.
	29 December	TheSlovak People's Republic is disestablished, merged into theFirst Czechoslovak Republic.
1919	1 January	TheSocialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia supersedes theBelarusian People's Republic.Minsk andSmolensk remain joint capitals.
	8 January	TheHutsul Republic is established.
	27 February	TheLithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes theSocialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia.Vilnius is the capital.
	1 March	TheOriental State of Uruguay changes its name to theOriental Republic of Uruguay.
	1 March	French West Africa is reorganized, withUpper Volta as a separate colony.
	21 March	TheHungarian Soviet Republic supersedes theHungarian People's Republic.
	6 April	TheBavarian Soviet Republic supersedes thePeople's State of Bavaria.
	19 April	Poland occupiesVilnius, which is disputed by theLithuanians.
	3 May	TheFree State of Bavaria supersedes theBavarian Soviet Republic.
	6 May	TheKionga Triangle is assigned toPortugal as a mandate.
	6 May	Kamerun andTogoland are assigned toFrance and theUnited Kingdom as mandates, respectively.
	7 May	German New Guinea and theBismarck Archipelago are assigned toAustralia as a mandate.
		German Southwest Africa is assigned toSouth Africa as a mandate under the nameSouth West Africa.
		German Samoa is assigned toNew Zealand as a mandate under the nameTerritory of Western Samoa.
		TheGerman Northern Pacific Islands are assigned toJapan as theSouth Seas Mandate.
		Nauru is assigned to theBritish Empire (eventually the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand) as a mandate.
	30 May	Ruanda andUrundi (minus Kisaka district) are assigned toBelgium as a mandate.
	11 June	TheHutsul Republic is disestablished, incorporated into theFirst Czechoslovak Republic.
	28 June	In the aftermath ofWorld War I, theTreaty of Versailles and theLittle Treaty of Versailles are signed, by the terms of which: Eupen-Malmedy andNeutral Moresnet are ceded toBelgium. Alsace-Lorraine is officially ceded toFranceFrance. TheSecond Polish Republic is established in place of the puppetKingdom of Poland. Most ofPosen andWest Prussia are ceded to Poland byGermany. Memel andSaarland are put under international administration. Plebiscites are provided for inSchleswig andUpper Silesia. Danzig and the surrounding area are superseded by theFree City of Danzig, which is administered by theLeague of Nations.
	10 July	France and theUnited Kingdom agree on a frontier between their mandates in theCameroons.
	2 August	TheHungarian People's Republic supersedes theHungarian Soviet Republic.
	8 August	Afghanistan declares its independence from theUnited Kingdom.
	8 August	TheHungarian Republic supersedes theHungarian People's Republic.
	11 August	TheGerman Reich supersedes theGerman Empire.
	10 September	Austria signs theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, by the terms of which: Eastern Galicia is ceded toPolandPoland. South Tyrol,Trentino,Trieste, andIstria are ceded toItalyItaly. Romanian sovereignty overBukovina is recognized (union declared on 28 November 1918). The independence ofPoland,CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia, and theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is recognized.
	12 September	The Bonin–Pichon agreement transfers two desert strips fromFrench control toItalian Libya.
	18 September	TheUnited States of America annexes the island of Largo Remo for thePanama Canal Zone.^[22]
	25 September	Spitsbergen is awarded toNorway.
	27 November	Bulgaria signs theTreaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, by the terms of which: Western Thrace is ceded to theEntente. TheKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is recognized and a small amount of land along the western border is ceded to it. Dobruja is returned to theKingdom of Romania.

1920s

[edit]

Year	Date	Event
1920	10 January	TheUnited Kingdom officially takes over administration ofGerman East Africa and changes its name toTanganyika.
	10 January	TheLeague of Nations is founded.
	2 February	TheEstonian War of Independence ends with theTreaty of Tartu, which awards areas aroundIvangorod (Jaanilinn) andPechory (Petseri) fromSoviet Russia toEstonia.
	29 February	TheKingdom of Hungary supersedes theHungarian Republic.
	6 April	TheFar Eastern Republic is established.Chita becomes the capital.
	26 April	TheKhorezm People's Soviet Republic supersedes theKhanate of Khiva.
	28 April	TheAzerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes theAzerbaijan Democratic Republic.
	Late April	Western Thrace is granted to theKingdom of Greece by theTriple Entente.
	4 June	Hungary signs theTreaty of Trianon, by the terms of which: Transylvania and parts ofBanat,Crișana, andMaramureș became part of theKingdom of Romania. Czechoslovakia is recognized. TheKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is recognized.
	5 June	TheSocialist Soviet Republic of Gilan declares independence from theQajar Iran. The capital isRasht.
	9 July	Denmark officially incorporatesNorthern Schleswig following a plebiscite held earlier in the year.
	23 July	TheUnited Kingdom creates theColony of Kenya from most part of theEast Africa Protectorate.
	25 September	TheSultanate of Muscat and Oman isreunified through an agreement which grants substantial autonomy and self-government to theImamate of Oman but recognizes the sovereignty of theSultanate of Muscat.^[23]
	8 October	TheBukharan People's Soviet Republic supersede theEmirate of Bukhara.
	29 November	TheArmenian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes theDemocratic Republic of Armenia.
	29 November	The remaining part of theEast Africa Protectorate is renamed to theProtectorate of Kenya.
1921	25 February	TheGeorgian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes theDemocratic Republic of Georgia.
	18 March	ThePeace of Riga defines new borders betweenPoland andSoviet Russia,Soviet Ukraine, andSoviet Belarus.
	1 June	France reorganizesFrench West Africa and the colony ofMauritania is established.
	5 June	TheSocialist Soviet Republic of Gilan is renamed to thePersian Socialist Soviet Republic.
	14 August	TheTuvan People's Republic supersedesTannu Uriankhai and changes the name of its capital fromBelotsarsk toKyzyl.
	September	ThePersian Socialist Soviet Republic officially came to an end.
	18 September	TheRif Republic is declared inSpanish Morocco with no recognition.
	12 October	Upper Silesia is divided betweenPoland andGermany.
	13 October	In theTreaty of Kars,Turkey relinquishes claims toArmenia but gains the area aroundKars and southernAchara.
	13 October	Niger is established as a separateFrench colony.Zinder becomes the capital.
	2 November	TheEmirate of Jabal Shammar is defeated and annexed by theSultanate of Nejd after theConquest of Ha'il.^[24]
	22 November	TheUnited Kingdom recognizes the independence ofAfghanistan.
1922	28 February	TheKingdom of Egypt gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Cairo is the capital.
	12 March	TheGeorgian Soviet Socialist Republic,Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, and theArmenian Soviet Socialist Republic unite to form theTranscaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.Baku andYerevan yield toTbilisi as the capital.
	15 November	TheFar Eastern Republic is disestablished and merged with theRussian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.
	17 November	TheOttoman Empire is dissolved. Its territories are mostly made protectorates of the victoriousAllies of World War I.
	6 December	TheIrish Free State is constituted as an independentDominion formed through the secession of the island of Ireland from theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.Dublin is the capital.
	8 December	Northern Ireland secedes from theIrish Free State to again form a constituent country of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
	30 December	TheRussian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, theTranscaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and theByelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic unite to form theUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).Tbilisi,Kharkov, andSmolensk yield toMoscow as the capital.
1923	1 February	TheUnited States of America annexes the future location ofMadden Lake for thePanama Canal Zone.^[25]^[26]^[27]
	29 October	TheRepublic of Turkey is established following the fall of theOttoman Empire.Ankara is the capital.
	15 November	Honduras claimsSwan Islands, creating a dispute with theUnited States of America.^[28]
		TheKingdom of Belgium moves the capital of its colony of theCongo fromBoma toLeopoldville.
1924	17 February	TheBukharan People's Soviet Republic joins theSoviet Union.
	27 October	TheKhorezm People's Soviet Republic joins theSoviet Union.
	26 November	TheMongolian People's Republic is established.Ulan Bator is the capital.
1925	1 January	TheKingdom of Norway changes the name of its capital fromKristiania toOslo.
	22 January	TheRepublic of Albania supersedes thePrincipality of Albania.
	4 March	TheUnited States of America annexesSwains Island as part ofAmerican Samoa.
	29 June	Britain transfers control of northernJubaland toItaly, becoming the Italian colony ofOltre Giuba.
	1 July	TheRepublic of China relocates its provisional capital fromNanking toCanton.
	17 July	A treaty between theUnited States of America andCanada slightly adjusts the border between the two. Overall the United States gained between 30 and 35 acres.^[29]^[30]
	1 September	Tarata is returned toPeru byChile.
	6 December	Britain adjusts theEgyptian border in favor ofItalian Libya, giving it theJarabub andKufra oases.
1926	27 May	TheRif Republic is dissolved bySpanish andFrench occupation forces inMorocco.
	9 June	Afghanistan becomes theKingdom of Afghanistan.
	30 June	Oltre Giuba is incorporated intoItalian Somaliland.
1927	29 January	Within the Nejd and Hejaz, theSultanate of Nejd is renamed theKingdom of Nejd and its Dependencies.
	12 April	TheUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland changes its name to theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
	9 May	TheCommonwealth of Australia moves its seat of parliament fromMelbourne to the purpose-built capital ofCanberra.^[31]
	18 July	TheUnited States of America annexes 38 hectares (94 acres) ofTaboga and Taboguilla for thePanama Canal Zone.^[21]
	26 October	Twobancos along theColorado River are ceded fromMexico to theUnited States of America.^[32]^[33]
	28 October	TheRepublic of Ararat declares independence fromTurkey.
		InFrench Syria, theState of Souaida is renamed theJabal Druze State, after the mountain calledJabal al-Druze.
1928	4 April	TheUnited States of America cedesPalmas,American Territory of Philippines tothe Netherlands after theIsland of Palmas Case.
	23 April	41bancos are exchanged betweenMexico and theUnited States of America.^[34]
	26 May	TheUnited States of America annexes the Las Adjuntasbanco fromMexico.^[35]
	1 September	TheKingdom of Albania supersedes theRepublic of Albania.
	24 September	TheUnited States of America annexes 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of land at El Cerro de Doscientos Pies ("200-Foot Hill") near Las Minas Bay for thePanama Canal Zone.^[21]
	29 December	TheRepublic of China establishesNanking as its official capital, later codified in theConstitution of the Republic of China.
1929	January	TheEmirate of Afghanistan supersedes theKingdom of Afghanistan.
	6 January	TheKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed theKingdom of Yugoslavia.
	2 February	Norway claimsPeter I Island.
	11 February	Vatican City gains independence from theKingdom of Italy.Vatican City itself is the capital.
	3 June	TheTreaty of Lima in whichChile andPeru draw a new border in whichArica and its surrounding towns remains in Chile and Tacna and surrounding towns is set to be given back to Peru.
	28 August	Tacna and its surrounding territory is returned toPeru byChile.
	October	TheKingdom of Afghanistan supersedes theEmirate of Afghanistan.
	3 October	TheKingdom of Yugoslavia supersedes theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

1930s

[edit]

Year	Date	Event
1930	4 February	TheUnited States of America annexes the La Rana, El Pilon, Ojinaga, and El Mulatobancos fromMexico and Mexico annexes the Galindo, Haciendita, and San Rafael bancos from the United States.^[36]
	19 February	TheUnited States of America annexes the Aguilar, Tabalopa, Quibira, and Los Puliquesbancos fromMexico.^[37]
	3 March	TheUnited States of America annexes the Bermudez, Compania Agricola, Charles Davis, Calero, Diablo, and Guayucobancos fromMexico and Mexico annexes the Azcarate, Arroyo del Alamo, Newman, and Pruitt bancos from the United States.^[38]
	18 March	TheUnited States of America annexes the Weberbanco fromMexico.^[39]
	21 March	TheUnited States of America annexes the San Lorenzobanco fromMexico.^[40]
	9 April	TheUnited States of America annexes the Gallego and Nunezbancos fromMexico.^[41]
	25 April	TheUnited States of America annexes the La Cachanilla, Rincon de Marcelino, and Camp Ricebancos fromMexico.^[42]
	28 April	TheUnited States of America annexes the El Carinobanco fromMexico.^[43]
	1 May	TheUnited States of America annexes the Las Piedras and Max Mullerbancos fromMexico.^[44]
	22 July	TheUnited States of America annexes 25 hectares (62 acres) onJicarita Island and 60 hectares (148 acres) at Punta Morro de Puercos for thePanama Canal Zone.^[21]
	1 October	British Weihaiwei is returned toChina.
	11 November	Norway rescinds its claim to theSverdrup Islands; in return, theUnited Kingdom recognizes the Norwegian claim toJan Mayen.
1931	15 January	TheBelgian concession within the city ofTientsin is returned toChina.
	28 January	France officially annexesIsla de la Pasión asClipperton Island.
	14 April	TheSecond Spanish Republic supersedes theMonarchy of Spain. TheCatalan Republic subsequently declares independence from Spain.
	15 April	TheUnited States of America annexes small areas around theMadden Dam for thePanama Canal Zone.^[21]
	28 April	TheCatalan Republic is taken over bySpain.
	20 May	TheUnited States of America annexes the La Pascualilla and Moralesbancos fromMexico.^[45]
	22 May	Mexico annexes the Ochoa and El Jazminbancos from theUnited States of America.^[46]
	12 June	TheAustralian territories ofNorth Australia andCentral Australia merge to form theNorthern Territory.
	10 July	Norway claims territory in easternGreenland asErik the Red's Land.
	7 November	TheChinese Soviet Republic is established by theChinese Communist Party as a group of discontiguous territories within the largerRepublic of China.
	11 December	By theStatute of Westminster 1931, theIrish Free State and theUnion of South Africa become fully sovereign states.
1932	18 February	TheEmpire of Japan takes over northeastern China and establishesManchukuo.Hsinking becomes its capital.
	25 February	TheUnited States of America annexes the El Morillobanco fromMexico.^[47]
	12 May	TheUnited States of America annexes the Diablo Segundobanco fromMexico.^[48]
	17 May	Panama annexes a small area of land atPunta Paitilla from theUnited States'Panama Canal Zone.^[49]
	4 June	TheRepublic of Chile changes its name to theSocialist Republic of Chile.
	24 June	Following therevolution,Kingdom of Siam supersedes theRattanakosin Kingdom. Bangkok remains the capital.
	13 September	TheSocialist Republic of Chile changes its name back to theRepublic of Chile.
	23 September	The personal union of theKingdom of Nejd and Hejaz unify to form theKingdom of Saudi Arabia.
	3 October	TheIraqi Kingdom (Iraq) gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Baghdad is the capital.
	13 December	TheUnited States of America annexes the Mangsee Island and seven of theTurtle Islands into theCommonwealth of the Philippines from theUnited Kingdom.
1933	23 March	Nazi Germany supersedes theWeimar Republic.
	5 April	Erik the Red's Land inGreenland is ceded byNorway toDenmark.
	13 June	TheUnited Kingdom cedesEnderby Land andVictoria Land toAustralia as theAustralian Antarctic Territory.
	17 July	Mexico annexes the Hollinsworthbanco from theUnited States of America.^[50]
	12 November	AUyghur independence movement creates theIslamic Republic of East Turkistan.Kashgar is the capital.
1934	1 January	Italy createsItalian Libya with the merger of the colonies ofTripolitania,Cyrenaica, andFezzan. The capital isTripoli.
	6 February	TheIslamic Republic of East Turkistan is taken over by theRepublic of China.
	27 February	TheUnited States of America annexes the Villarreales Segundobanco fromMexico.^[51]
	1 March	Manchukuo is renamedManchutikuo.
	6 April	Spain establishes aprotectorate inIfni, in territory it had claimedsince 1860.^[52]^[53]
	6 October	TheCatalan State proclaims itself independent of theSpanish Republic.Barcelona is the capital.
	7 October	TheCatalan State is disestablished and reabsorbed into theSpanish Republic.
	15 October	TheChinese Soviet Republic is annexed by theRepublic of China.
1935	7 January	TheFranco-Italian Agreement of 1935 de facto transfers theAouzou Strip fromFrench control toItalian control. The land is never officially ceded however, creating a territorial dispute that would ultimately lead to the 1978–87Chadian–Libyan conflict. The dispute was solved by a 1994International Court of Justicecase, that stated the land belonged toChad – the international border was what existed prior to the aforementioned 1935 agreement.
	21 March	Reza Shah Pahlavi changes the name of theImperial State of Persia to theImperial State of Iran.
	26 March	Jarvis Island is transferred from theUnited Kingdom to theUnited States.
	1 April	TheTerritory of the Saar Basin is taken over byNazi Germany.
	3 October	Italy invadesEthiopia, beginning theSecond Italo-Ethiopian War.
	3 November	TheHellenic Republic is renamed theKingdom of Greece after a coup d'état and areferendum staged byGeorgios Kondylis to restore the monarchy under KingGeorge II of Greece.
	15 November	TheUnited States territory of thePhilippines becomes the semi-independentCommonwealth of the Philippines.
	25 November	TheEast Hebei Autonomous Government is created inChina after the invasion of easternHebei by theEmpire of Japan.Tongzhou is the capital.
1936	7 March	Nazi Germanyunilaterally remilitarises theRhineland region, which was made demilitarised after theFirst World War.
	9 May	TheEthiopian Empire is taken over byItaly asItalian Ethiopia following the Italian victory in theSecond Italo-Abyssinian War.
	1 June	The Italian colonies ofEritrea,Ethiopia, andItalian Somaliland merge to formItalian East Africa.
	17 July	Spanish Nationalist forces take overSpanish Morocco, starting theSpanish Civil War.
	23 July	TheSpanish State under Nationalist rebel leaderFrancisco Franco proclaims itself the sole government of Spain.
	6 August	TheUnited Kingdom claimsEnderbury Island andMcKean Island and reasserts its claim toKanton Island.
	September	Ifni andSpanish Sahara are taken over bySpanish Nationalist forces.
	14 October	Spanish Guinea is taken over bySpanish Nationalist forces.
	2 December	In theFrench Mandate of Syria, theJabal ad-Druze is integrated into theSyrian Republic.
	5 December	In theFrench Mandate of Syria, theAlawite State is integrated into theSyrian Republic.
	22 December	TheAnglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 is ratified and allBritish troops are withdrawn fromEgypt, except for within theSuez Canal Zone.
		The former colony ofCuraçao and Dependencies is renamed theTerritory of Curaçao following the implementation of several laws resulting from the 1922 abolition of colonies in theKingdom of the Netherlands.Willemstad onCuraçao remains the capital.
1937	1 April	TheAden Settlement is separated fromBritish India and changed into theAden Colony and Protectorate. The city ofAden becomes the capital.
	1 April	British Burma is separated from theBritish Raj and becomes a separateBritish colony.Rangoon becomes the colony's capital.
	22 November	TheMongol Military Government is renamed theMongol United Autonomous Government.
	5 December	TheJapanese invadeShanghai, creating theDadao Municipal Government of Shanghai.
	14 December	TheJapanese invasion of China continues with the creation of theProvisional Government of the Republic of China.
	29 December	TheIrish Free State changes its name toIreland.
1938	12 January	Tristan da Cunha becomes a dependency ofSaint Helena, a crown colony of theUnited Kingdom.
	14 January	Norway lays claims inAntarctica asQueen Maud Land, which lies between20° west and45° east.
	8 March	TheUnited States claims theCanton and Enderbury Islands.
	13 March	Nazi Germany annexes theFederal State of Austria in theAnschluss.Vienna yields toBerlin as the capital.
	28 March	TheReformed Government of the Republic of China is formed afterJapan invades northeastern China.
	29 July	TheAustralianFederal Capital Territory is renamed theAustralian Capital Territory.
	7 September	The area known asHatay gains independence fromFrench Syria as theHatay State.
	30 September	TheMunich Agreement transfers theSudetenland fromCzechoslovakia toGermany and gives parts toHungary andPoland.
	30 September	TheCzechoslovak Republic is renamed theSecond Czechoslovak Republic.
	3 October	Transfer by theUnited Kingdom toIreland of allTreaty Ports is completed.
1939	14 March	Czechoslovakia is dissolved as it is occupied byNazi Germany. Germany establishesSlovak State as a puppet state.
	15 March	Carpatho-Ukraine is proclaimed but remains unrecognized, and the same day is occupied and annexed byHungary.
	16 March	TheProtectorate of Bohemia and Moravia is proclaimed as aGerman protectorate.
	23 March	Germanyannexes theKlaipėda Region/Memel Territory fromLithuania.
	1 April	TheSpanish State supersedes theSecond Spanish Republic with theNationalist victory in theSpanish Civil War.
	3 April	TheUnited States of America annexes the Lozanobanco fromMexico.^[54]
	6 April	The islands ofCanton andEnderbury are put under theCanton and Enderbury Islands condominium of theUnited States and theUnited Kingdom.
	12 April	Italy annexes theAlbanian Kingdom.
	23 June	TheKingdom of Siam changes its name to theKingdom of Thailand.
	10 July	Nazi Germany changes its name to theGreater German Empire.
	23 July	Turkey fully annexes theRepublic of Hatay.
	27 July	Panama annexes a corridor of land connecting both separated pieces of theUnited States'Panama Canal Zone.^[55]
	16 August	TheUnited States of America claimsFakaofo,Funafuti,Hull Island,Niulakita,Nukufetau, andNukulaelae.^[56]
	1 September	World War II begins with theinvasion ofPoland byNazi Germany.
	1 September	Japanese-occupiedMengjiang is renamed theMengjiang United Autonomous Government.
	2 September	TheFree City of Danzig is annexed byGermany.Danzig yields toBerlin as the capital.
	14 September	The colonies ofFrench Guiana,Guadeloupe,Inini,Martinique, andSaint Pierre and Miquelon merge into the colony of theFrench Antilles and Guiana.
	17 September	TheSoviet Union invades theRepublic of Poland.
	28 September	The government of theRepublic of Poland collapses, inviting military occupation byNazi Germany.
	6 October	The former territory of theRepublic of Poland is partitioned betweenNazi Germany and theSoviet Union, per the terms of theMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
	12 October	TheGeneral Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is created after the invasion of theRepublic of Poland byNazi Germany.
	1 December	TheFinnish Democratic Republic is created after the invasion ofFinland by theSoviet Union.Terijoki is thede facto capital.

1940s

[edit]

Year	Date	Event
1940	12 March	TheWinter War ends with theMoscow Peace Treaty redrawing theSoviet-Finnish border. TheKarelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic is formed when Soviet forces invade theFinnish Democratic Republic.Petrozavodsk is the capital.
	30 March	TheProvisional Government of the Republic of China and theReformed Government of the Republic of China merge to form theReorganized National Government of China.
	9 April	TheKingdom of Denmark is invaded byGermany, whileGreenland is granted autonomy.
	12 April	TheFaroe Islands are put under temporaryBritish occupation on behalf of the Government ofDenmark.
	10 May	TheMilitary Administration of Luxembourg and theCivil Administration Area of Luxembourg are created whenGerman forces invade theGrand Duchy of Luxembourg.Luxembourg City is the capital.
	10 May	TheUnited Kingdom'invades and occupiesIceland.
	14 May	TheReich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories is created whenGerman forces invade theKingdom of the Netherlands.Amsterdam is the capital.
	17 May	TheMilitary Administration in Belgium and Northern France and theRealm Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France are created whenGerman forces invade theKingdom of Belgium.Brussels is the capital.
	6 June	Mexico annexes the Progreso and Las Floresbancos from theUnited States.^[57]
	7 June	TheRealm Commissariat for the Occupied Norwegian Territories is created whenGermany invades theKingdom of Norway and its possessions.Oslo is the capital.
	15 June	TheSoviet Union invadesLithuania.
	15 June	Germany annexesAlsace-Lorraine fromFrance.
	17 June	TheSoviet Union invadesEstonia andLatvia.
	22 June	TheFrench Republic is renamed theFrench State (Vichy France).
	28 June	TheSoviet Unionoccupies the Bessarabia and northern Bukovina regions ofRomania.
	30 June	TheBailiwick of Guernsey is occupied byGermany.
	1 July	TheBailiwick of Jersey is occupied byGermany.
	21 July	TheEstonian,Latvian, andLithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics are declared inSoviet-occupied Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Most of the international communitydoes not recognize Soviet rule in these occupied countries and some continue to recognizetheir diplomatic legations abroad.
	31 July	TheGeneral Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is renamed theGeneral Government.
	2 August	TheMoldavian Soviet Socialist Republic is created from a larger part ofBessarabia, a region annexed fromRomania, and integrated into theSoviet Union as the 13th union republic.
	3 August	TheLithuanian SSR isannexed into theSoviet Union as the 14th union republic.
	5 August	TheLatvian SSR isannexed into theSoviet Union as the 15th union republic.
	6 August	TheEstonian SSR isannexed into theSoviet Union as the 16th union republic.
	19 August	British Somaliland is taken over byItalian forces and becomes a part ofItalian East Africa.
	26 August	Chad is taken over byFree France.
	30 August	TheSecond Vienna Award transfersNorthern Transylvania fromRomania toHungary.
	2 September	French Oceania is taken over by forces loyal to theFree French Forces (FFF).
	7 September	TheTreaty of Craiova transfersSouthern Dobruja fromRomania toBulgaria.
	9 September	Fascist Italy invades theKingdom of Egypt.
	9 September	French India is taken over by forces loyal to theFree French Forces (FFF).
	22 September	New Caledonia and Dependencies are taken over by forces loyal to theFree French Forces (FFF).
	28 October	Fascist Italy invadesKingdom of Greece, beginning theGreco-Italian War.
	4 November	Theinternational city of Tangier is taken over by theState of Spain.
	6 November	Chile officially declares theChilean Antarctic Territory between longitudes53°W and90°W, stating that the historical basis comes from theSpanish Governorate of Terra Australis from 1539.
	12 November	French Gabon istaken over by forces loyal to theFree French Forces (FFF), who had invaded from the rest ofFrench Equatorial Africa.
1941	February	Cyrenaica is taken over by theUnited Kingdom.
	18 February	TheUnited States annexes the San Antonio and Angosturabancos fromMexico and Mexico annexes the Casner and Ruidosa bancos from the United States.^[58]
	26 February	Allied forces take overItalian Somaliland, which is placed under the protection of theUnited Kingdom.
	1 March	TheTsardom of Bulgaria joins theAxis powers.
	16 March	TheBritish Somaliland protectorate is taken over byAllied forces.
	25 March	TheKingdom of Yugoslavia joins theAxis powers.
	27 March	Yugoslav coup d'état takesYugoslavia out of theAxis powers.
	6 April	TheAxis powers ofGermany,Italy, andBulgaria invade theKingdom of Yugoslavia.
	9 April	Greenland and theKingdom of Iceland are put underUnited States protection from theDanish government-in-exile.
	10 April	TheAxis powers establish theIndependent State of Croatia inoccupiedYugoslavia.
	18 April	TheKingdom of Yugoslavia is fully occupied by theAxis powers, and is dissolved.
	23 April	Greece is fullyoccupied by theAxis powers, ending theGreco-Italian War.
	30 April	TheMilitary Administration in Serbia is created byGermany inoccupiedYugoslavia.
	2 May	TheUnited States annexes the Las Ruelasbanco fromMexico and Mexico annexes the Nogales banco from the United States.^[59]
	2 May	United Kingdom invades theKingdom of Iraq following apro-Axis coup d'état, beginning theAnglo-Iraqi War.
	5 May	TheEthiopian Empire is revived byAllied forces after being taken fromItalian control, and EmperorHaile Selassie is restored to his throne.
	19 May	Italian Eritrea is taken over by theUnited Kingdom.
	31 May	TheAnglo-Iraqi War ends with theUnited Kingdom in control of theKingdom of Iraq.
	22 June	Germany invades theSoviet Union, beginning theEastern Front of theSecond World War.
	25 June	Finland invades theSoviet Union, beginning theContinuation War.
	July	Vichy France agrees to shareFrench Indochina with theEmpire of Japan.
	5 July	Beginning of theEcuadorian–Peruvian War over border disputes between the two countries.
	12 July	Italy creates the protectorate of theKingdom of Montenegro in occupied Yugoslavia.
	14 July	Following theSyria–Lebanon campaign, theVichy Frenchterritories of Syria and Lebanon are taken over byAllied forces.
	17 July	Germany creates theReichskommissariat Ostland in land occupied from theSoviet Union that previously made up theBaltic States.
	17 July	Germany creates theReichskommissariat Ukraine in occupiedSoviet Union.
	31 July	Fighting inEcuadorian–Peruvian War ends.
	25 August	TheUnited Kingdom andSoviet Union jointlyinvadeIran.
	31 August	After theAnglo-Soviet invasion of Iran,Iran is occupied by theUnited Kingdom and theSoviet Union.
	28 November	Italian East Africa is taken over byAllied forces.
	8 December	TheJapanese begin the invasion ofMalaya in theState of Perlis Indera Kavangan, eventually occupying it asJapanese Malaya.
	10 December	TheTerritory of Guam is taken over byJapan from theUnited States asOmiya Jima.
	11 December	TheJapanese take theState of Terengganu Darul Iman from theUnited Kingdom and incorporate it intoJapanese Malaya.
	14 December	WithinBritish Malaya, theState of Kedah Darul Aman is taken over byJapan.
	21 December	Mexico annexes the Las Antonias and El Comedorbancos from theUnited States.^[60]
	22 December	WithinBritish Malaya, theState of Kelantan Darul Naim is taken over byJapan.
	23 December	Wake Island is taken over byJapan from theUnited States asOtori Jima.
	24 December	TheJapanese occupy theKingdom of Sarawak asSarawak.
	25 December	TheJapanese occupyBritish Hong Kong as theHong Kong Occupied Territory.
1942	2 January	TheJapanese occupy theCommonwealth of the Philippines from theUnited States as thePhilippines.
	6 January	TheJapanese occupy theState of Brunei Darussalam from theUnited Kingdom.
	18 January	TheJapanese occupyBourneo Kita from theUnited Kingdom.
	31 January	TheJapanese occupy theState of Johor Darul Ta'zim and theFederated Malay States from theUnited Kingdom as part ofJapanese Malaya.
	15 February	TheJapanese occupySingapore from theUnited Kingdom asSyonan-to.
	20 February	TheJapanese occupyPortuguese Timor andDutch Timor asTimor.
	27 February	TheUnited States annexes the Las Palomasbanco fromMexico.^[61]
	8 March	TheJapanese occupy theNetherlands East Indies from theNetherlands asIndonesia.
	23 March	TheJapanese occupy theAndaman and Nicobar Islands from theUnited Kingdom.
	31 March	TheJapanese occupyChristmas Island and theStraits Settlements from theUnited Kingdom as part ofJapanese Malaya.
	7 June	TheJapanese occupyAttu Island andKiska from theUnited States asAtsuta Jima andNarukami Jima.
	1 August	TheJapaneseoccupy Burma from theUnited Kingdom.
	26 August	TheJapanese occupyBanaba Island andNauru from theUnited Kingdom.
	30 August	TheCivil Administration Area of Luxembourg ends andLuxembourg is annexed intoGermany.
	9 October	TheCommonwealth of Australia ceases to be a Dominion within theBritish Empire.
	23 October	Allied forces takeTripolitania fromItaly, and it becomes an occupied territory of theUnited Kingdom.
	November	TheBritish Military Administration of Libya begins when British forces invadeCyrenaica fromEgypt.
	November	Allied forces takeFrench West Africa fromVichy France.
	1 November	TheKarafuto Prefecture is integrated intoMainlandJapan.
	8 November	Allied forces take theKingdom of Morocco fromVichy France.
	11 November	Italy occupiesCorsica inOperation Anton.
	11 November	Italyinvades and occupiesMonaco, installing a puppet state.
	28 November	Allied forces takeRéunion fromVichy France.
	14 December	Allied forces takeMadagascar fromVichy France.
	28 December	Allied forces takeFrench Somaliland fromVichy France.
1943	January	TheFrenchMilitary Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames is created whenFree French Forces fromChad invade southernItalian Libya.Sabha is the capital.
	February	Kouang-Tchéou-Wan is conquered byJapan.
	12 May	Axis powers lose their last territory in Africa with theallied occupation of northern Tunisia.
	30 May	Attu Island is reconquered by theUnited States.
	26 June	TheGerman Reich is officially renamed theNazi Germany\|Greater German Reich.
	9 July	TheAllies begin theinvasion of Sicily.
	30 July	TheShanghaiFrench Concession and theTientsin French Concession are taken over byJapan.
	1 August	Burma is given independence underJapaneseoccupation as theState of Burma.
	15 August	Kiska is reconquered by theUnited States after anAllied invasion.
	September	TheFrench Antilles and Guiana is split intoFrench Guiana,Guadeloupe,Inini,Martinique, andSaint Pierre and Miquelon.
	3 September	TheAllies begin theinvasion of mainlandItaly.
	8 September	Italy surrenders to theAllied powers, and is invaded byGermany, beginning theItalian Civil War.
	8 September	TheAlbanian Kingdom becomes a protectorate ofGermany fromItaly.
	9 September	Corsica becomes an occupied territory underGermany.
	10 September	TheKingdom of Montenegro becomes a protectorate underGermany.
	11 September	TheDodecanese Islands become an occupied territory underGermany.
	18 September	Sardinia is taken over by theAllies.
	23 September	The part ofItaly underGermanoccupation is made into a separate country as theNational Republican State of Italy.
	4 October	Corsica is liberated by theAllies.
	14 October	TheJapanese-occupiedPhilippines is given independence as theRepublic of the Philippines.
	23 October	TheAndaman and Nicobar Islands are taken over byAllied forces.
	22 November	TheState of Greater Lebanon and theSyrian Republic, which together comprise theMandate of Syria, are given independence as theLebanese Republic and theSyrian Republic, respectively.
	1 December	TheNational Republican State of Italy is renamed theItalian Social Republic.
	15 December	TheUnited States annexes the Rock Bend, La Parida, and Los Fresnosbancos fromMexico and Mexico annexes the Orrbe banco from the United States.^[62]
1944	2 February	TheReichskommissariat Ukraine (Ukraine) is taken back by theSoviet Union fromGerman occupation.
	3 February	TheMarshall Islands are taken over by theUnited States from theEmpire of Japan.
	12 March	Germany occupies theKingdom of Hungary, another Axis country, inOperation Margarethe.
	5 June	TheUnited States annexes the Cerros Colorados, Farias, EL Bano, Grande, Fierro, Adalberto, Martinez, Bonifacio, Pilares, Pilarito, and Cajoncitosbancos fromMexico and Mexico annexes the Bosque Bonito banco from the United States.^[63]
	6 June	TheAllies begin theliberation ofFrance with theNormandy landings intoGerman occupied territory.
	17 June	TheKingdom of Iceland ends itspersonal union with theKingdom of Denmark, becoming theRepublic of Iceland.
	19 June	TheUnited States purchasesWater Island in the Caribbean from theEast Asiatic Company, a private shipping company based inDenmark (which at the time wasunderGerman occupation).^[64]
	9 August	Vichy France is disestablished byordinance of the newly createdProvisional Government of the French Republic during theLiberation of France by Allied forces. The Vichy administration nominally continues to govern from theSigmaringen enclave inGermany, but no longer controls any territory inMainland France.
	10 August	Omiya Jima is taken over by theUnited States from theEmpire of Japan and is renamed back toGuam.
	20 August	Clipperton Island is returned to theProvisional Government of the French Republic.
	3 September	TheMilitary Administration in Belgium and North France is liberated fromNazi Germany. TheKingdom of Belgium is reformed, and theBelgian Congo is put under the Belgian government's control after having remained loyal to thegovernment-in-exile.
	8 September	TheIndependent State of Macedonia is created inBulgarian-controlled Macedonia.
	11 September	TheGrand Duchy of Luxembourg is liberated fromGermany.
	17 September	Germanyinvades and takes overSan Marino.
	19 September	Finland and theSoviet Union sign theMoscow Armistice, handing control ofPetsamo Province to the Soviet Union.
	20 September	San Marino is liberated by theAllies.
	11 October	TheSoviet Union annexes theTuvan People's Republic.
	13 October	TheKingdom of Greece returns to power afterAthens is recovered.
	13 October	TheReichskommissariat Ostland is completely taken over byAllied forces and integrated into theSoviet Union.
	16 October	In theKingdom of Hungary, theGovernment of National Unity is established with the support ofGermany, though the boundaries of the state itself remain unchanged.
	20 October	TheAlbanian Kingdom is liberated from theAxis powers as theDemocratic Government of Albania.
	20 October	TheMilitary Administration in Serbia is liberated from theAxis forces, andYugoslavia resumes control of it.
	3 November	TheHellenic State is completely liberated fromAxis forces. TheKingdom of Greece takes over the rest of it.
	12 November	TheEast Turkestan Republic declares independence from theRepublic of China.
	13 November	TheIndependent State of Macedonia is liberated fromAxis forces, andYugoslavia resumes control of it.
	15 December	TheKingdom of Montenegro, a puppet state of theItalian Social Republic (itself a puppet state ofGermany), is taken over byAllied forces.
	15 December	TheReichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France is annexed intoGermany, despite now being entirely controlled by the Allies.
	21 December	The Weil and Las Antoniasbancos are annexed byMexico from theUnited States.^[60]
	31 December	TheRepublic of Poland gains independence.
1945	17 January	The Polish area of theGeneral Government is liberated fromGermany byAllied forces.
	8 March	TheKingdom of Hungary is liberated fromNazi Germany.
	11 March	TheEmpire of Vietnam declares independence fromJapan under its occupation.
	16 March	TheUnited States annexes the Candelaria, Candela, Tascate, Chinati, Mimbres, La Quemada, and Buenavistabancos fromMexico and Mexico annexes the El Comedor, Kilpatrick, Palo Blanco, Guadelupe, and Gleim bancos from the United States.^[65]
	18 March	TheKingdom of Cambodia declares independence fromJapan under its occupation.
	20 March	France regainsAlsace-Lorraine.
	27 March	TheState of Burma is taken back over byAllied forces and becomes theBritish crown colony ofBurma.
	3 April	TheCzechoslovak Republic is liberated fromGermany.
	3 April	TheUnited States takes over theRyukyu Islands and administers it as theUnited States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands.
	4 April	TheSlovak Republic is liberated and given to theCzechoslovak Republic.
	8 April	TheKingdom of Laos declares independence underJapanese occupation, while JapaneseIndochina ceases to exist as a political entity.
	25 April	TheItalian Social Republic is recovered fromGermany and given to theKingdom of Italy.
	27 April	The secondRepublic of Austria is established in occupied Austria.Vienna is the capital. Its independence is recognised by theAllies.
	1 May	Following the death ofAdolf Hitler and the Allied victory in theBattle of Berlin, the government ofGermany is moved toFlensburg and theFlensburg Government is created under AdmiralKarl Doenitz.
	5 May	Theoccupation of theKingdom of Denmark by theFlensburg Government ends.Greenland is returned to Denmark fromUnited States protection.
	5 May	TheReichskommissariat Niederlande (theNetherlands) is liberated and merged with the colonies ofCuraçao and Dependencies and theSurinam, which had remained loyal to the government-in-exile, to form theKingdom of the Netherlands.
	7 May	TheDodecanese Islands are taken over byAllied forces and given to theKingdom of Greece.
	8 May	Germany formally surrenders toAllied forces, endingWorld War II in Europe.
	8 May	TheIndependent State of Croatia is taken over by Allied forces and given back toYugoslavia.
	9 May	Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Norway) is liberated byAllied forces and its possessions are returned (Bouvet Island,Peter I Island, andQueen Maud Land).
	9 May	TheChannel Islands are liberated fromGermany to theUnited Kingdom as theBailiwick of Guernsey and theBailiwick of Jersey.
	13 May	TheProtectorate of Bohemia and Moravia is integrated back intoCzechoslovakia.
	14 June	TheState of Brunei is retaken by theUnited Kingdom and is classified as a protectorate.
	29 June	A treaty is signed between theSoviet Union andCzechoslovakia by which the Soviet Union annexesSubcarpathian Ruthenia.
	29 June	Two bancos are annexed by both theUnited States andMexico from one another.^[66]
	11 August	TheJapanese-occupiedEmpire of Vietnam is taken back byFrance.
	15 August	Korea gains independence from theEmpire of Japan.Seoul is the capital.
		TheGreat Empire of Manchuria is taken over by theSoviet Union.
		French Indochina is recovered byFrance.
	16 August	Hong Kong is liberated fromJapan byAllied forces and put underBritish rule.
	17 August	Thede factoRepublic of Indonesia declares independence under Japanese and Allied occupation.
	17 August	TheCommonwealth of the Philippines takes over theJapanese-occupied independentRepublic of the Philippines.
	18 August	TheJapanese create a separate political entity for theAndaman and Nicobar Islands.
	22 August	TheKwantung Leased Territory is returned to theRepublic of China.
	28 August	British Hong Kong becomes a crown colony.
	30 August	Bảo Đại abdicates. End of theNguyễn dynasty inVietnam.
	31 August	TheUnited States capturesMinami-Tori-shima from theEmpire of Japan.
	September	The concessions inShanghai,Tientsin, andKouang-Tchéou-Wan are re-controlled byFrance.
	2 September	TheEmpire of Japan formally surrenders toAllied forces, endingWorld War II in the Pacific.
		TheDemocratic Republic of Vietnam declares its independence from theFrench Republic.Hanoi is the capital.
		The capital of theRepublic of China is moved fromChungking back toNanking.
	3 September	TheUnited States occupies theBonin Islands andVolcano Islands fromJapan.
	4 September	TheUnited States occupiesWake Island fromJapan.
	8 September	TheKingdom of Thailand changes its name back to theKingdom of Siam.
	8 September	The following states are freed from theEmpire of Japan (which becomesoccupied by Allied forces) and become their own states withinBritish Malaya: State of Kedah Darul Aman State of Kelantan Darul Naim State of Perlis Indera Kayangan State of Terengganu Darul Iman
	9 September	TheReorganized National Government of the Republic of China is taken over by theRepublic of China.
	10 September	Bourneo Kita and the occupation of theBritish protectorate of theKingdom of Sarawak are taken back over by the United Kingdom.
	11 September	InoccupiedJapan,Timor is split between thePortugueseEast Timor and theDutchWest Timor.
	12 September	Malaya is given back to theUnited Kingdom fromoccupiedJapan and is split into theFederated Malay States and theState of Johor Darul Ta'zim.
	12 September	Syonan-to is taken back over by theUnited Kingdom fromJapan as theStraits Settlements.Singapore is the capital.
	13 September	Nauru is taken over byAllied forces and placed under aUnited Nations trusteeship administered byAustralia,New Zealand, and theUnited Kingdom.
	15 September	TheSoviet Union's occupation of thePeople's Republic of Korea ends.
	16 September	TheBritish occupation of the Faroe Islands ends and is handed back toDenmark.
	23 September	TheKingdom of Laos, which was underJapanese occupation, is taken back byFrance as part ofFrench Indochina.
	October	Inoccupied Japan,Christmas Island is given back to theUnited Kingdom.
	7 October	Inoccupied Japan, theAndaman and Nicobar Islands are given back to theBritish Raj.
	10 October	Inoccupied Japan,Banaba Island is given back over by theGilbert and Ellice Islands under theUnited Kingdom.
	16 October	TheJapanese puppet state of theKingdom of Cambodia is taken over byFrance and put back underFrench Indochina.
	17 October	TheSoviet Union annexes northernEast Prussia.
	24 October	TheFrench Mandate for Syria and Lebanon ends.
	25 October	Republic of China takes overTaiwan.
	November	TheSoviet Union invades northwestIran and creates theAzerbaijan People's Government as a puppet state.
	29 November	France withdraws fromGuangzhouwan after agreeing on 18 August to return the leased territory to theRepublic of China.
	29 November	TheDemocratic Federal Yugoslavia is renamed theFederal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.
2 December	TheFederal People's Republic of Yugoslavia supersedes theKingdom of Yugoslavia.
26 December	TheRepublic of Poland becomes independent.
29 December	TheNetherlands New Guinea is separated from theDutch East Indies.
1946	4 January	TheRepublic of Indonesia moves its capital fromJakarta toYogyakarta.
	11 January	ThePeople's Republic of Albania supersedes theDemocratic Government of Albania.
	22 January	TheSoviet Union occupies part of northwesternIran and forms theRepublic of Mahabad as a puppet state.
	1 February	TheHungarian Republic supersedes theKingdom of Hungary.
	28 February	TheFrench concessions ofShanghai andTientsin are ceded to theRepublic of China.
	2 March	Britain begins to withdraw fromIran. Part of theIran crisis of 1946.
	19 March	TheProvisional Government of the French Republic elevates itscolonies ofAlgeria andRéunion tooverseas departments.
		TheFrench Republic elevates itscolonies ofGuadeloupe andMartinique tooverseas departments.
		TheFrench Republic elevates itscolony ofGuyane (French Guiana) to anoverseas department.
	1 April	TheStraits Settlements is dissolved.^[67] TheMalayan Union is formed from the following protectorates and colonies:^[68] Federated Malay States State of Johor Darul Ta'zim State of Kedah Darul Aman State of Kelantan Darul State of Perlis Indera Kayangan State of Terengganu Darul Iman Settlement of Malacca Settlement of Penang TheSettlement of Singapore becomes theColony of Singapore,Labuan becomes a part of a colony.^[69]
	17 April	France withdraws all troops fromSyria andLebanon.
	25 May	TheHashemite Kingdom of Transjordan gains independence from aBritish League of Nations Mandate.Amman is the capital.
	2 June	TheKingdom of Italy is renamed theItalian Republic.
	1 July	TheKingdom of Sarawak is ceded to theUnited Kingdom as theColony of Sarawak.^[70]
	4 July	TheRepublic of the Philippines gains independence from theUnited States.Manila is the capital.
	4 July	In theSoviet Union, the city ofKönigsberg is renamedKaliningrad.
	13 July	InMontenegro (then part ofYugoslavia), the city ofPodgorica is renamedTitograd.
	15 July	TheState of North Borneo is ceded to theUnited Kingdom as theColony of North Borneo.^[71]Labuan is transferred fromColony of Singapore to the Colony of North Borneo.^[72]
	26 July	TheSpanish colonies ofIfni andSpanish Sahara merge to formSpanish West Africa.
	15 September	ThePeople's Republic of Bulgaria supersedes theTsardom of Bulgaria.Sofia is the capital.
	14 October	TheProvisional Government of the French Republic is renamed theFrench Republic.
	14 October	TheUnited States annexes the Culebronbanco fromMexico.^[73]
	22 October	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomousFederation of West Kalimantan is established.
	27 October	TheFrench Republic elevates its uninhabited possession ofAdélie Land to anoverseas territory.
		TheFrench Republic elevates its colonies ofFrench Equatorial Africa,French West Africa, andMadagascar tooverseas territories; the French colony ofComoros is separated fromMadagascar; andFrench Somaliland is renamed theTerritory of French Somaliland.
		TheFrench Republic elevates itsFrench Establishments in India to anoverseas territory.
		TheFrench Establishments in Oceania are renamed theFrench Settlements in Oceania.
		New Caledonia and Dependencies is renamed theTerritory of New Caledonia and Dependencies.
		Saint Pierre and Miquelon is renamed theTerritory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
	November	TheSoviet-occupied area of theAzerbaijan People's Government is returned toIran.
	December	SeveralLeague of Nations Mandates in Africa are transferred asUnited Nations Trust Territories: 16 December —British Cameroons andCameroun (French-administered). 13 December —British Togoland,French Togoland, and theBelgian-administeredRuanda-Urundi. 11 December —Tanganyika Territory is renamedTanganyika (British-administered).
	7 December	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomous state ofDayak Besar is established.
	8 December	TheLeague of Nations Mandate of theTerritory of New Guinea is transferred as aUnited Nations Trust Territory, administered byAustralia.
	10 December	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomousBelitung Council is established.
	12 December	Republic of China gain possession onTaiping Island.
	15 December	TheSoviet-occupied area of theRepublic of Mahabad is returned toIran.
	24 December	In theDutch East Indies, theState of Great East is established.
	27 December	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomousState of Great East is renamed theState of East Indonesia.
1947	8 January	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomous state of theFederation of South Kalimantan is established.
	25 January	TheNew Zealand-administeredLeague of Nations Mandate ofWestern Samoa is transferred as aUnited Nations Trust Territory.
	10 February	TheParis Peace Treaties are signed. These treaties allow the defeatedAxis powers to resume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in theUnited Nations.Italy loses the colonies ofItalian East Africa andItalian Libya, theirconcession inTianjin,China, and recognises the independence ofAlbania. TheDodecanese Islands are granted toGreece, whilstIstria is granted toYugoslavia. TheFree Territory of Trieste is established.France gains small border territory from Italy.Finland is restored to its post-Winter War borders, and additionally cedesPetsamo Province to theSoviet Union.Hungary is returned to its 1938 borders, losing all territorial gains since before theFirst Vienna Award. In addition, it cedes theBratislava bridgehead toCzechoslovakia.Romania is returned to its borders of 1 January 1941, compared to pre-war bordersBessarabia andnorthern Bukovina are ceded to the Soviet Union andSouthern Dobruja is ceded toBulgaria. TheSecond Vienna Award however is reversed, with northernTransylvania being returned to Romania. Bulgaria is returned to its borders just after theTreaty of Craiova in which it gained the aforementioned Southern Dobruja. They return their territories occupied from Greece and Yugoslavia.
	3 May	The newConstitution ofJapan is adopted, dissolving theGreater Japanese Empire.
	12 May	In theDutch East Indies, theFederation of West Kalimantan is renamed theSpecial Territory of West Kalimantan.
	12 July	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomous states ofBangka Council andRiau Council are created.
	18 July	TheSouth Pacific (League of Nations) Mandate, governed byJapan, is transferred to the United NationsTrust Territory of the Pacific Islands, administered by theUnited States.
	12 August	Balochistan (Kalat State) gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as an independent monarchy.
	14 August	TheDominion of Pakistan gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Karachi is the capital.
	15 August	TheDominion of India gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.New Delhi is the capital.^[74]
	27 August	In theDutch East Indies, theSiak Besar Territory is created.
	15 September	TheFree Territory of Trieste is created inCentral Europe.
	8 October	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomous state of theSpecial Territory of East Sumatra is created.
	16 October	Philippine administration of seven of theTurtle Islands begins andUnited Kingdom administration ends.
	27 October	The princely state ofJammu and Kashmir is divided between theDominion of India and theDominion of Pakistan.^[75]
	1 November	The League of Nations Mandate ofNauru is transferred as aUnited Nations Trust Territory.
	25 November	The titleDominion of New Zealand ceases to be officially used forNew Zealand.
	14 December	TheSoviet Union completely withdraws its forces fromBulgaria, ending a three-year-longoccupation.^[76]
	15 December	France claims theSaar as a protectorate from occupiedGermany.
	25 December	In theDutch East Indies, theSpecial Territory of East Sumatra is renamed theState of East Sumatra.
	26 December	Sovereignty over theTerritory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands is transferred from theUnited Kingdom toAustralia.
	30 December	TheRomanian People's Republic supersedes theKingdom of Romania.
1948	4 January	TheUnion of Burma gains independence from theUnited Kingdom. Burma becomes a republic outside theBritish Commonwealth.Yangon (BritishRangoon) is the capital.
	14 January	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomous state of theTerritory of Banjar is created.
	23 January	In theDutch East Indies, the states ofBangka Council, theBelitung Council, and theRiau Council are merged as theBangka Belitung and Riau Federation.
	23 January	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomousState of Madura is created.
	30 January	In theUnited Kingdom, theMalayan Union is renamed theFederation of Malaya.
	4 February	TheCrown Colony ofCeylon (Sri Lanka) gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as theDominion of Ceylon.Colombo remains the capital.
	4 February	In theDutch East Indies, theSiak Besar Territory is renamed theFederation of East Kalimantan.
	26 February	In theDutch East Indies, theState of West Java is created.
	27 March	Kalat State is integrated into thePakistan.Kalat yields toKarachi as capital.
	1 April	TheFaroe Islands becomes a self-governing dependency.
	18 April	Ireland isdeclared a republic with effect as from 18 April 1949.
	25 April	In theDutch East Indies, theState of West Java is renamed theSundanese State.
	14 May	TheState of Israel is established upon the termination of theBritish Mandate for Palestine.Tel Aviv is the capital.^[77]
	17 July	TheRepublic of the Philippines moves its capital fromManila toQuezon City.
	15 August	TheRepublic of Korea is established fromBritish/American/United Nations-occupiedSouth Korea.
	30 August	In theDutch East Indies, theState of South Sumatra is established.
	9 September	Korea isdivided between theDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and theRepublic of Korea (South Korea).Pyongyang andSeoul are the respective capitals.
	12 September	TheState of Hyderabad isannexed by theDominion of India.Hyderabad yields toNew Delhi as capital.
	20 September	TheDutch colony ofCuraçao and Dependencies is renamed theNetherlands Antilles, as the dependencies gain equality in level of sovereignty.
	26 November	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomous state ofEast Java is established.
	25 December	TheSoviet Union completely withdraws its forces fromNorth Korea, ending a three-year-longoccupation.^[78]
		TheMutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) moves its capital fromSana'a toTaiz.
1949	1 January	New Zealand annexes theTokelau Islands, which creates a dispute with theUnited States over its claims ofAtafu,Fakaofo, andNukunono.^[79]
	1 March	TheEmirate of Cyrenaica is created from part of theBritish Military Administration of Libya. The capital isBenghazi.
	2 March	In theDutch East Indies, the autonomous state ofCentral Java is established.
	10 March	As a result of the1948 Arab–Israeli War,Israel captures half of the land allotted to an Arab state under thePartition Plan,Jordan occupies theWest Bank, and theKingdom of Egypt occupies theGaza Strip.
	31 March	TheDominion of Newfoundland joinsCanada as theProvince of Newfoundland following theNewfoundland referendums.St. John's yields toOttawa as the capital.
	3 April	TheHashemite Kingdom of Transjordan is renamed theHashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
	4 April	TheNorth Atlantic Treaty is signed, forming the legal basis for theNATO military alliance to come into effect later that year.Belgium,Canada,Denmark,France,Iceland,Italy,Luxembourg, theNetherlands,Norway,Portugal, theUnited Kingdom and theUnited States are founding members.
	18 April	TheRepublic of Ireland is declared, and leaves theBritish Commonwealth. KingGeorge VI ceases to beKing of Ireland.Seán T. O'Kelly, thePresident of Ireland becomes a fully recognised head of state.
	22 April	TheRepublic of China government evacuatesNanjing the day before thecapital city falls to the Communists.Canton becomes thede facto capital.
	11 May	TheKingdom of Siam changes its name back to theKingdom of Thailand.
	23 May	TheFederal Republic of Germany (West Germany) andWest Berlin are established in theAmerican,British, andFrench occupation zones of Germany.Bonn is declared the capital.
	14 June	The area ofVietnam inFrench Indochina becomes a separate entity underFrance as theState of Vietnam, thoughNorth Vietnam still claims independence.
	20 June	The1948 Arab–Israeli War ends, resulting in the former territory ofMandatory Palestine being split amongIsrael,Jordan, and theKingdom of Egypt.
	19 July	The area ofLaos inFrench Indochina becomes a separate entity underFrance as theKingdom of Laos.
	8 August	TheIndian protectorate of theKingdom of Bhutan declares independence.
	20 August	TheHungarian People's Republic supersedes theHungarian Republic.
	24 August	TheNorth Atlantic Treaty comes into effect, creating theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization.Belgium,Canada,Denmark,France,Iceland,Italy,Luxembourg, theNetherlands,Norway,Portugal, theUnited Kingdom and theUnited States are founding members.
	9 September	TheKingdom of Tripuramerges withIndia.
	26 September	TheUnited States annexes the Don Juan Crossbanco fromMexico and Mexico annexes Ringgold banco from the United States.^[80]
	1 October	Mao Zedong proclaims thePeople's Republic of China.Beijing is the capital.
	7 October	TheGerman Democratic Republic (East Germany) is established inSoviet-occupied eastern Germany.East Berlin is the capital.
	13 October	TheRepublic of China government evacuatesCanton.Chongqing becomes thede facto capital.^[81]
	6 November	TheAustralian-administeredTerritory of New Guinea and theTerritory of Papua merge to form theTerritory of Papua and New Guinea.
	8 November	The remains ofFrench Indochina form theFrench-administeredKingdom of Cambodia.
	21 November	TheBritish-administered protectorates of theEmirate of Cyrenaica, the occupied territory ofTripolitania, and theFrench-occupied territory ofFezzan merge to form a jointly administeredLibya.
	29 November	TheRepublic of China government evacuatesChongqing.Chengdu becomes thede facto capital.^[82]
	5 December	TheState of Israel declaresJerusalem its official capital.Tel Aviv continues to serve as thede facto capital, although Israeli government institutions would be gradually moved toa newly constructed government quarter inWest Jerusalem over the 1950s.
	10 December	TheRepublic of China government inChengdu evacuates Mainland China forTaiwan.Taipei becomes thede facto capital.^[83]
	22 December	ThePeople's Republic of China completes the conquest of theEast Turkestan Republic inXinjiang, afterRepublic of China forces in the regionally with the Communists in September.^[84]
	27 December	The forces of thePeople's Republic of China enter Chengdu, ending theSouthwest Campaign against theRepublic of China and completing the conquest of major continentalHan-inhabited territories.
	27 December	TheRepublic of Indonesia becomes a federation as theRepublic of the United States of Indonesia and its independence is formally recognised by theNetherlands, comprising most of the formerDutch East Indies. The capital returns toJakarta fromYogyakarta. The Dutch remaining possession inWestern New Guinea becomesNetherlands New Guinea.
	29 December	TheState of Israel moves its Parliament, theKnesset, fromTel Aviv to theNational Institutions House inWest Jerusalem. The Knesset would be moved within Jerusalem, first temporarily to theFroumine House in 1950, and then to its current, permanent building in 1966.

1950s

[edit]

Year	Date	Event
1950	26 January	India adopts a republican constitution and changes its name to theRepublic of India. India becomes the firstrepublic in theCommonwealth of Nations.
	19 February	ThePeople's Republic of China completes theconquest of southern Yunnan, expelling theRepublic of China from all of continentalChina Proper.
	1 April	TheBritish-occupied territory ofItalian Somaliland is transferred toItaly as theTrust Territory of Somalia.
	7 April	ThePeople's Republic of China completes theconquest of Xikang, defeating the last regular forces of theRepublic of China in continentalMainland China.
	25 April	The unrecognizedRepublic of South Maluku declares independence fromIndonesia.
	1 May	ThePeople's Republic of China completes theconquest of Hainan Island from theRepublic of China.
	7 August	ThePeople's Republic of China completes theconquest of the Wanshan Archipelago from theRepublic of China, concluding the main period of hostilities in theChinese Civil War.
	17 August	TheRepublic of the United States of Indonesia becomes a unitary state and changes its name back to theRepublic of Indonesia.
	5 November	Indonesiareconquers Ambon, the last stronghold of theRepublic of South Maluku, reducing the separatist movement to a minor insurgency.
	5 December	TheKingdom of Sikkim signs a treaty to become a protectorate ofIndia.
	15 December	TheUnited States reorganizes theUnited States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands as theUnited States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands.^[85]
1951	27 April	Denmark leasesThule Air Base inGreenland to theUnited States in perpetuity and cedes exclusive jurisdiction over the base area.^[86]
	23 May	ThePeople's Republic of China annexes thede facto independent state ofTibet after themilitary conquest of its Chamdo Region in October 1950.
	5 June	TheRepublic of Poland and theSoviet Unionexchange territory along their common border.
	11 June	Due toPortuguese colonies being reorganized as overseas provinces,Portuguese East Africa is renamedMozambique andPortuguese West Africa is renamedAngola.
	24 December	TheUnited Kingdom of Libya gains independence from aUnited Nations trusteeship, previously having been divided into the independentEmirate of Cyrenaica,British-administered Tripolitania, and theFrenchMilitary Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames.Tripoli is the capital.
1952	18 February	Greece andTurkey join theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's first enlargement.
	28 April	TheAllied occupation ofJapan ends.
	22 July	TheRepublic of Poland changes its name to thePolish People's Republic.
	23 July	TheEuropean Coal and Steel Community, the earliest predecessor to theEuropean Union, is created.Italy,France,Luxembourg,Belgium,Netherlands andWest Germany are the founding members.
	26 July	TheArgentine National Gendarmerie took control of the disputed areas betweenArgentina andChile inHondo Valley,Horquetas Valley and Lagunas del Engaño, notifying the Chilean families that within one month they had to regularize their situation to the Argentine state. This prompted a diplomatic protest from Chile as they were considered to be in the country's territory.^[87]
	15 September	Italian Eritrea is federated within theEthiopian Empire.
		Spain incorporates theprotectorate ofIfni as a region ofSpanish West Africa.
1953	1 January	TheFirst Republic of Maldives supersedes theSultanate of Maldives.
	12 January	TheEstonian Government in Exile is established, in parallel toEstonian diplomatic legations abroad. Both are later declared keepers of thelegal continuity of the restoredRepublic of Estonia.
	15 April	TheUnited States of Venezuela is renamed theRepublic of Venezuela.^[88]
	13 June	TheEgyptian Republic supersedes theKingdom of Egypt.
	26 July	TheCuban Revolution is led byFidel Castro to overthrowFulgencio Batista's regime.
	27 July	TheKorean Armistice Agreement is signed, establishing theKorean Demilitarized Zone along the border between theDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and theRepublic of Korea (South Korea).
	1 August	The British colony ofSouthern Rhodesia and the protectorates ofNorthern Rhodesia andNyasaland merge to formRhodesia and Nyasaland.
	22 October	TheKingdom of Laos gains independence fromFrance.Vientiane is the capital.
	9 November	TheKingdom of Cambodia declares its independence fromFrance.Phnom Penh is the capital.
	25 December	TheUnited States returns theAmami Islands toJapan.
1954	7 March	TheSultanate of Maldives supersedes theFirst Republic of Maldives.
	15 April	TheGeneva Accords grant independence toVietnam, which is provisionally divided intoNorth Vietnam andSouth Vietnam.
	20 July	France recognizes the independence ofVietnam divided between theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and theRepublic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).Hanoi andSaigon are the respective capitals.
	27 July	TheFree Dadra declares independence fromPortugal, but is officially recognized only byIndia.
	2 August	The capital ofFree Dadra is moved fromDadra toSilvassa.
	11 August	TheRepublic of Indiaannexes Dadra and Nagar Haveli fromPortuguese India.
	26 October	TheFree Territory of Trieste is divided betweenItaly andYugoslavia.
	25 November	Amidst acivil war, theImamate of Oman declares the dissolution of theunion ofMuscat and Oman and applies for membership in theArab League as the independentKingdom of Oman.Nizwa remains the capital.^[89]
	15 December	TheKingdom of the Netherlands makes theTerritory of Curaçao one of its threeconstituent countries as theNetherlands Antilles.Willemstad onCuraçao remains the capital.
	15 December	TheKingdom of the Netherlands makes theTerritory of Surinam one of its threeconstituent countries asSuriname.Paramaribo remains the capital.
	20 December	France recognizes the independence of theKingdom of Cambodia.Phnom Penh remains the capital.
1955	20 January	ThePeople's Republic of China conquers theYijiangshan Islands from theRepublic of China after theBattle of Yijiangshan Islands.
	8–26 February	ThePeople's Republic of China takes control of theDachen Islands,Yushan Islands,Pishan Islands, andNanji Islands after theRepublic of China withdraws from these territories judged indefensible.^[90]
	11 April	The corridor ofPanama inside thePanama Canal Zone, part of theUnited States of America, is slightly shifted by territorial exchanges due to bridges and highways.^[91]^[92]
	9 May	West Germany joins theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's second enlargement.
	14 May	TheWarsaw Pact is founded, led by theSoviet Union as their equivalent to theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization for theEastern Bloc.Albania,Bulgaria,Czechoslovakia,East Germany,Hungary,Poland,Romania and the Soviet Union are the founding members.China,North Vietnam andNorth Korea have observer status.
	15 May	TheRepublic of Austria regains its independence with the end ofAllied occupation.Vienna is the capital.
	28 July	Following the withdrawal ofFrench forces in August 1954, thePeople's Republic of China conquersBạch Long Vĩ Island from theRepublic of China.^[93]
	6 August	TheFrench overseas territory ofAdélie Land and theMalagasy dependencies of theCrozet Islands, theKerguelen Islands, andSaint-Paul andAmsterdam merge to form theFrench Southern and Antarctic Lands.
	23 August	The border betweenPanama and theUnited States'Panama Canal Zone is redefined, resulting in several border changes. Punta Paitilla, the land held onTaboga Island, and the remaining American holdings inColón andPanama City are ceded to Panama.^[94]
	18 September	Rockall is officially claimed by theUnited Kingdom.
	14 October	Theone-unit scheme inPakistan is passed merging all the provinces and princely states of the then western Pakistan, to a single province calledWest Pakistan.^[95]
	26 October	TheState of Vietnam is renamed theRepublic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).
	23 November	TheUnited Kingdom transfers theCocos or Keeling Island of theColony of Singapore toAustralia as theTerritory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
	20 December	Cardiff isrecognised as the capital ofWales. It is the country's first official capital since 1689.
		TheKingdom of Bhutan moves its capital fromPunakha toThimphu.
1956	1 January	TheRepublic of Sudan gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Khartoum is the capital.Egypt relinquishes its claim to Sudan.
	14 January	TheUnited States of America annexes the San Felipebanco fromMexico.^[96]
	2 March	TheSherifian Empire gains independence fromFrance.Rabat is the capital.
	20 March	TheKingdom of Tunisia gains independence fromFrance.Tunis is the capital.
	23 March	Pakistan adopts a new constitution and changes its name to theIslamic Republic of Pakistan, and remains part of theCommonwealth of Nations.
	7 April	Spanish Morocco becomes part of theSherifian Empire.
	18 June	TheEgyptian Republic declares its complete independence from theUnited Kingdom.
	23 June	Beginning of theHungarian Revolution of 1956.
	16 July	TheKarelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic is made part of theRussian SFSR.
	23 October	Beginning of the main phase of theHungarianRevolution of 1956.
	29 October	TheTangier International Zone, under the joint administration ofFrance,Spain, theUnited Kingdom,Italy,Portugal, andBelgium, is reintegrated into theSherifian Empire.
	29 October	France,Britain andIsrael invadeEgypt in theSuez Crisis.
	1 November	Hungary withdraws from theWarsaw Pact as part of the ongoingrevolution.
	4 November	TheSoviet Union invades and occupiesHungary to end therevolution. A new government is established.
	7 November	Fighting in theSuez Crisis ends.Israel occupies theSinai Peninsula ofEgypt.
	13 December	British Togoland is merged into theGold Coast.
1957	1 January	Saar is given toWest Germany as the state ofSaarland.
	16 January	ThePeople's Republic of China transfersBạch Long Vĩ Island toNorth Vietnam.
	28 February	Argentina declares theArgentine Antarctic Sector between the meridians25° W and74° W
	March	Israel withdraws fromSinai, returning it toEgyptian control.
	6 March	Ghana gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Accra is the capital.
	25 July	TheKingdom of Tunisia is renamed theRepublic of Tunisia.
	14 August	TheSherifian Empire is renamed theKingdom of Morocco.
	31 August	TheFederation of Malaya gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Kuala Lumpur is the capital. Malaya becomes the first native monarchy in theCommonwealth of Nations.
	23 October	Moroccoinvades Ifni, conquering most of the region beyond the vicinity ofSidi Ifni fromSpain by December, and occupying it until Spain cedes the entire region in 1969.
1958	1 January	TheUnited Kingdom separatesChristmas Island from theColony of Singapore to form theColony of Christmas Island.
	3 January	TheUnited Kingdom establishes theWest Indies Federation as a federation of most of theBritish West Indies, excluding theBritish Virgin Islands and theBahamas. Thede jure capital isChaguaramas onTrinidad and thede facto capital isPort of Spain onTrinidad.
	10 January	Ifni is separated fromSpanish West Africa asIfni Province.
	12 January	TheSnipe incident starts betweenArgentina andChile in theBeagle Channel in which the two countries disagreed about the sovereign rights over the zone and Snipe, an uninhabitable islet between Picton Island andNavarino Island and started to build lighthouses (destroying the one built by the other country).
	14 February	TheHashemite Kingdom of Iraq and theHashemite Kingdom of Jordan unite to form theArab Federation of Iraq and Jordan.Amman yields toBaghdad as the capital.
	22 February	TheEgyptian Republic and theSyrian Arab Republic unite to form theUnited Arab Republic.Damascus yields toCairo as the capital.
	22 February	The French-administeredUnited Nations Trust Territory ofFrench Togoland is renamedTogo.
	8 March	TheUnited Arab States is formed as a confederation between theUnited Arab Republic (Egypt andSyria) and theKingdom of Yemen.^[97]
	10 April	Spanish West Africa is disestablished: The province ofCape Juby is ceded to theKingdom of Morocco. The provinces ofRío de Oro andSaguia el-Hamra becomeSpanish Sahara.
	14 May	TheFrench Territory of the Comoros votes to move its capital fromDzaoudzi toMoroni. The actual move occurs gradually by 1966.^[98]^[99]
	14 July	TheRepublic of Iraq and theHashemite Kingdom of Jordan are created from thedissolution of theArab Federation of Iraq and Jordan. The Republic of Iraq is created by the14 July Revolution in which KingFaisal II was murdered.Baghdad remains the capital of Iraq.Amman is again the capital of Jordan.
	1 October	Sovereignty over theColony of Christmas Island is transferred from theUnited Kingdom toAustralia as theTerritory of Christmas Island.
	2 October	TheRepublic of Guinea gains independence fromFrance.Conakry is the capital.
	4 October	TheFrench Fifth Republic succeeds theFrench Fourth Republic.^[100]
	15 October	TheMalagasy Republic (Madagascar) gains autonomy within theFrench Community.Antananarivo is the capital.
	26 October	ThePeople's Republic of China completely withdraws its forces fromNorth Korea, ending itseight-year-long military presence in the Korean Peninsula.^[101]
	3 November	The Argentine Gendarmerie re-enter theHorquetas andHondo Valley inside the disputed area betweenArgentina andChile denominated as "río Encuentro-Alto Palena".^[102]
	15 November	TheSoviet Union completely withdraws its forces fromRomania, ending a14-year-long occupation.^[103]
	28 November	The following French colonies join the newly createdFrench Community: Chad Congo Gabon Mauritania Senegal French Sudan (asSoudan)
	1 December	TheFrench colony ofUbangi-Shari joins theFrench Community as theCentral African Republic.
	4 December	TheFrench colony ofDahomey joins theFrench Community.
	4 December	TheFrench colony ofIvory Coast joins theFrench Community.
	8 December	Sovereignty overGwadar is transferred from theSultanate of Muscat and Oman toPakistan.
	11 December	TheFrench colony ofUpper Volta joins theFrench Community.
	19 December	TheFrench colony ofNiger joins theFrench Community.
1959	1 January	TheCuban revolution ends with26th of July Movement victory and new regime led by theCommunist Party of Cuba.
	3 January	TheUnited Suvadive Republic secedes from theSultanate of Maldives.Hithadhoo is the capital.
	3 January	Alaska is admitted to the Union as the 49th State of theUnited States.
	30 January	The forces of theUnited Kingdom and theSultanate of Muscat conquer the last strongholds of theKingdom of Oman, reincorporating theImamate intoMuscat and Oman.Muscat effectively becomes the joint capital.^[104]
	4 April	InFrench Africa, the colonies ofSenegal andSoudan merge to form theMali Federation.
	3 June	TheUnited Kingdom changes the name of theColony of Singapore to theState of Singapore.
	30 June	Fernando Pó andRío Muni are merged to formSpanish Guinea.
	16 November	Hawaii is admitted to the Union as the 50th State of theUnited States.
		TheBhutanese enclaves within Tibet are taken over by thePeople's Republic of China.

1960s

[edit]

Year	Date	Event
1960	1 January	TheRepublic of Cameroun gains independence from theFrench Republic.Yaoundé remains the capital.
	1 January	TheBritish Leeward Islands are dissolved into theBritish colonies ofAntigua,Montserrat,Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla, and theBritish Virgin Islands. TheBritish Windward Islands are dissolved into the British colonies ofDominica,Grenada,Saint Lucia, andSaint Vincent. The British Virgin Islands becomes a separate crown colony while other remains within theWest Indies Federation.^[105]^[106]
	1 April	France detaches theScattered Islands in the Indian Ocean from theMalagasy Republic shortly before its independence. In September the administration of the Scattered Islands is delegated to the Prefect ofRéunion.^[107]^[108]
	21 April	TheRepublic of the United States of Brazil moves its capital fromRio de Janeiro toBrasília.
	27 April	TheTogolese Republic (Togo) gains independence from theFrench Republic.Lomé remains the capital.
	14 June	South Kasai declares independence from theRepublic of the Congo (Léopoldville).
	20 June	TheMali Federation gains independence from theFrench Republic.Dakar remains the capital.
	26 June	TheMalagasy Republic (Madagascar) gains independence from theFrench Republic.Antananarivo remains the capital.
	26 June	British Somaliland gains independence from theUnited Kingdom temporarily as theState of Somaliland, in preparation for union with theTrust Territory of Somaliland.Hargeisa remains the capital.
	30 June	TheBelgian Congo gains independence from theKingdom of Belgium as theRepublic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville).Léopoldville remains the capital.
	1 July	TheSomali Republic is created through the merger of theintra-46th meridian east territories, theTrust Territory of Somaliland and theState of Somaliland.Mogadishu becomes the capital.
	1 July	Ghana changes its name to theRepublic of Ghana and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm and remains part of theCommonwealth of Nations.
	11 July	TheCzechoslovak Republic changes its name to theCzechoslovak Socialist Republic.
	11 July	TheState of Katanga declares independence from theRepublic of the Congo (Léopoldville) with no recognition.
	1 August	TheRepublic of Dahomey gains independence from theFrench Republic.Porto-Novo remains the capital.
	1 August	The capital ofPakistan is moved fromKarachi toRawalpindi.
	3 August	TheRepublic of Niger gains independence from theFrench Republic.Niamey remains the capital.
	5 August	TheRepublic of Upper Volta gains independence from theFrench Republic.Ouagadougou remains the capital.
	7 August	TheCôte d'Ivoire gains independence from theFrench Republic.Abidjan remains the capital.
	11 August	TheRepublic of Chad gains independence from theFrench Republic.N'Djamena remains the capital.
	13 August	TheCentral African Republic gains independence from theFrench Republic.Bangui remains the capital.
	15 August	TheRepublic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) gains independence from theFrench Republic.Brazzaville remains the capital.
	16 August	TheRepublic of Cyprus gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Lefkosia (Nicosia) remains the capital. The United Kingdom retains control ofAkrotiri and Dhekelia.
	17 August	TheGabonese Republic (Gabon) gains independence from theFrench Republic.Libreville remains the capital.
	20 August	TheRepublic of Senegal gains independence from theFrench Republic.Dakar remains the capital.
	22 September	TheRepublic of Mali gains independence from theFrench Republic.Bamako remains the capital.
	1 October	ThePeople's Republic of China is ceded 340 km² of territory andBurma is ceded 220 km² of territory in aboundary treaty delimiting the borders between the two countries.^[109]
	1 October	TheFederation of Nigeria achieves independence from theUnited Kingdom as aCommonwealth realm.Lagos continues to serve as the capital, and Nigeria begins administering theBakassi Peninsula, which was formerly part ofBritish Cameroons.
	28 November	TheIslamic Republic of Mauritania gains independence from theFrench Republic.Nouakchott remains the capital.
1961	14 January	India annexesPortuguese India, andPortugal maintains its claims to it.
	27 April	Sierra Leone gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Freetown remains the capital.
	31 May	TheUnion of South Africa ceases to be aCommonwealth realm and changes its name to theRepublic of South Africa.Pretoria,Cape Town andBloemfontein remain the capitals. South Africa temporarily withdraws from theCommonwealth of Nations as a result.
	1 June	Northern Cameroons joinsNigeria.
	19 June	TheState of Kuwait gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Kuwait City remains the capital.
	23 June	TheAntarctic Treaty System enters force to administer the continent ofAntarctica and all lands and waters south of the60th parallel south.
	28 September	In theUnited Arab States,Syria leaves theUnited Arab Republic and returns to the name of theSyrian Arab Republic.
		TheFree Dadra and Nagar Haveli joinsIndia, asPortugal ceases to claim it.
		Portugal cedesSão João Baptista de Ajudá toDahomey.
		Portuguese fortSão João Baptista de Ajudá (now Ouidah) is annexed byDahomey.
	1 October	The southern portion of theBritish Cameroons gains independence from theUnited Kingdom and unites with theRepublic of Cameroun to form theFederal Republic of Cameroon.Yaoundé remains the capital.
	1 December	TheNetherlands New Guinea is renamedWest Papua.
	9 December	Tanganyika gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Dar-es-Salaam remains the capital.
	19 December	TheRepublic of IndiaannexesGoa, Daman and Diu fromPortuguese India.
	28 December	TheSyrian Arab Republic secedes from theUnited Arab Republic, leavingEgypt as the sole member of the federation.Cairo remains the capital of the UAR.Damascus is again the capital ofSyria.
	30 December	South Kasai is taken back byCongo (Léopoldville).
1962	1 January	TheIndependent State of Western Samoa gains independence fromNew Zealand.Apia remains the capital.
	3 March	TheUnited Kingdom officially gives the territory claimed inAntarctica an entity, theBritish Antarctic Territory, although this is suspended under theAntarctic Treaty.
	31 May	TheWest Indies Federation is dissolved and member states return to their status as parts of theBritish West Indies.Chaguaramas yields toLondon as the capital.
	1 July	TheKingdom of Burundi and theRepublic of Rwanda gain independence from theKingdom of Belgium.Bujumbura andKigali are the respective capitals.
	3 July	TheFrench overseas department ofAlgeria gains independence from theFrench Republic.Algiers remains the capital.
	6 August	TheUnited Kingdom creates theCrown Colonies of theCayman Islands and theTurks and Caicos Islands fromJamaica.George Town andCockburn Town are the respective capitals.
	6 August	TheCrown Colony ofJamaica gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Kingston remains the capital.
	31 August	Trinidad and Tobago gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as aCommonwealth realm.Port of Spain remains the capital.
	25 September	Algeria becomes thePeople's Democratic Algerian Republic.
	26 September	The capital of theMutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is moved fromTa'izz toSana'a.
	27 September	Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) is overthrown by theYemen Arab Republic.Sana'a becomes the capital.
	1 October	West Papua is transferred from theNetherlands toUN authority asWest New Guinea.
	9 October	Uganda gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as aCommonwealth realm.Kampala remains the capital.
	14 November	Eritrea becomes a province of theEthiopian Empire, losing the autonomy it had under federation.
	21 November	ThePeople's Republic of China imposes a ceasefireafter conquering all ofAksai Chin.India continues to claim the territory.
	9 December	Tanganyika is renamed theRepublic of Tanganyika and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm, but remains in theCommonwealth of Nations.
1963	15 January	Katanga is taken back byCongo (Léopoldville).
	3 March	ThePeople's Republic of China is ceded theTrans-Karakoram Tract byPakistan.India continues to claim the territory.
	7 April	TheFederal People's Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
	25 April	TheKingdom of Libya supersedes theUnited Kingdom of Libya.
	1 May	West New Guinea is provisionally transferred fromUnited Nations Temporary Executive Authority toIndonesian administration as the province ofIrian Barat, pending the fulfillment of theNew York Agreement.^[110]
	30 June	TheKingdom of Rwenzururu declares independence fromUganda with no recognition.
	31 August	TheState of Singapore declares de facto independence from theUnited Kingdom.
	16 September	TheFederation of Malaya unites with theBritish colonies ofSingapore,Sarawak, andBritish North Borneo (Sabah) to formMalaysia.Kuala Lumpur remains the capital.
	23 September	TheUnited Suvadive Republic is reunited with theSultanate of Maldives.Hithadhoo yields toMale as the capital.
	1 October	TheFederation of Nigeria is renamed theFederal Republic of Nigeria and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm.
	10 December	TheSultanate of Zanzibar gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Zanzibar City remains the capital.
	12 December	Kenya gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Nairobi remains the capital.
	15 December	TheSpanish colonies ofFernando Pó andRío Muni merge to formSpanish Guinea.
	31 December	TheFederation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided intoNorthern Rhodesia,Southern Rhodesia, andNyasaland.
1964	12 January	ThePeople's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba is established aftera revolution overthrows theSultanate of Zanzibar.
	14 January	TheChamizal is split betweenMexico and theUnited States of America.^[111]
	4 March	TheUnited Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus is established in theRepublic of Cyprus betweenGreek Cypriot andTurkish Cypriot communities.
	22 April	TheRomanian People's Republic gainsfull economic and political independence from theSoviet Union.Bucharest remains the capital.
	26 April	TheRepublic of Tanganyika and thePeople's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba unite to form theUnited Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.Zanzibar City yields toDar-es-Salaam as the capital.
	6 July	Malawi gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Zomba remains the capital.
	1 August	TheRepublic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville) changes its name to theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.
	21 September	TheCrown Colony ofMalta gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as theState of Malta.Valletta remains the capital.
	24 October	Northern Rhodesia gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as theRepublic of Zambia.Lusaka remains the capital.
	1 November	TheUnited Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar changes its name to theUnited Republic of Tanzania, which becomes a member state of theCommonwealth of Nations.
	12 December	Kenya is renamed theRepublic of Kenya and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm, but remains part of theCommonwealth of Nations.
1965	18 February	The Gambia gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as aCommonwealth realm.Bathurst remains the capital.
	8 March	The first 3,500 U.S. combat troops land inDa Nang, beginning an eight-yearUnited Statesoccupation ofSouth Vietnam.^[112]
	8 April	TheMerger Treaty is signed, establishing theEuropean Communities betweenLuxembourg,Belgium,Netherlands,West Germany,France andItaly.
	26 July	TheBritish Protectorate over theSultanate of Maldives ends. The Maldives becomes independent outside theCommonwealth of Nations.Male remains the capital.
	4 August	TheCook Islands become a state infree association withNew Zealand,sharing citizenship.
	9 August	TheRepublic of Singapore is expelled fromMalaysia and becomes fully independent within the Commonwealth of Nations.Singapore remains the capital.
	9 August	Jordan andSaudi Arabia sign a treaty significantly revisingtheir mutual borders and resolving theterritorial dispute over Ma'an.^[113]
	21 August	TheRomanian People's Republic changes its name toSocialist Republic of Romania.
	6 November	TheLaguna del Desierto incident happened between fourChilean Carabineros and between 40 and 90 members of theArgentine National Gendarmerie and took place in the disputed area south ofO'Higgins/San Martín Lake betweenArgentina andChile, inhabited byChilean families, occupied by the Argentine Gendarmerie after the incident.^[114]
	8 November	TheUnited Kingdom creates theBritish Indian Ocean Territory from theChagos Archipelago inMauritius and the islands ofAldabra,Farquhar andDesroches fromSeychelles, as Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago.^[115]
	11 November	The Cabinet ofSouthern Rhodesia issues itsUnilateral Declaration of Independence from theUnited Kingdom asRhodesia, which goes unrecognized. Rhodesia attempts to become aCommonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II asQueen of Rhodesia, which remained unrecognised.Salisbury remains the capital.
1966	24 May	TheFederal Republic of Nigeria changes its name to theRepublic of Nigeria.^[116]
	26 May	TheCrown Colony ofBritish Guiana gains independence from theUnited Kingdom asGuyana.Georgetown remains the capital.
	30 June	TheDemocratic Republic of the Congo changes the name of its capital fromLéopoldville toKinshasa.
	6 July	Malawi changes its name to theRepublic of Malawi and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm, but remains in theCommonwealth of Nations.
	31 August	TheRepublic of Nigeria changes its name back to theFederal Republic of Nigeria.^[116]
	30 September	Bechuanaland gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as theRepublic of Botswana.Gaborone remains the capital.
	4 October	TheCrown Colony of theTerritory of Basutoland gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as theKingdom of Lesotho.Maseru remains the capital.
	12 October	Guyana discovers thatVenezuela had sometime before occupied and effectively annexedAnkoko Island in thedisputed Essequibo region.^[117]
	24 November	The Río Encuentro-Alto Palena Dispute between theRepublic of Chile and theArgentine Republic is defined by arbitration byElizabeth II.
	28 November	TheRepublic of Burundi supersedes theKingdom of Burundi.
	30 November	Barbados gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as aCommonwealth realm.Bridgetown remains the capital.
1967	24 January	TheRepublic of the United States of Brazil changes its name to theFederative Republic of Brazil.
	30 May	TheRepublic of Biafra secedes from theFederal Republic of Nigeria.Enugu is the capital. Recognized byGabon,Ivory Coast,Tanzania, andZambia.
	10 June	Israel captures theGaza Strip and theSinai Peninsula from theUnited Arab Republic (Egypt), theWest Bank (includingEast Jerusalem) fromJordan, and theGolan Heights fromSyria as a result of theSix-Day War.
	1 July	TheMerger Treaty comes into force, establishing theEuropean Communities betweenLuxembourg,Belgium,Netherlands,West Germany,France andItaly.
	1 July	Taipei becomes aSpecial municipality separate fromTaiwan Province, thus becoming the de jure capital of theRepublic of China.
	5 July	French Somaliland is renamed theFrench Territory of the Afars and Issas.
	12 July	Followinga referendum the day before, theRepublic of Anguilla declares independence from theassociated state ofSaint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla while seeking to remain a territory of theUnited Kingdom.The Valley becomes the capital.^[118]
	8 August	With the signing of theASEAN Declaration, theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations is founded as a regional grouping of five states:Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,Singapore, andThailand.
	14 August	The capital ofPakistan is moved fromRawalpindi toIslamabad.
	17 August	Biafra takes over the Benin region.
	8 September	Uganda is renamed theRepublic of Uganda, but remains in theCommonwealth of Nations.
	19 September	TheRepublic of Benin becomes a puppet state that has no recognition from the parent state (Biafra).
	20 September	TheRepublic of Benin is taken over byNigeria.
	7 November	South Yemen declares its independence from theUnited Kingdom as thePeople's Republic of South Yemen.Aden is the capital.
	30 November	TheUnited Kingdom transfers theKhuriya Muriya Islands toMuscat and Oman.^[119]
1968	31 January	Nauru gains independence from aUnited Nationstrusteeship jointly administered by theCommonwealth of Australia,New Zealand, and theUnited Kingdom as theRepublic of Nauru. Nauru becomes a special member of theCommonwealth of Nations.Yaren remains thede facto capital.
	12 March	Mauritius gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Port Louis remains the capital.
	18 May	Mexico annexes the Los Indios banco from theUnited States of America.^[120]
	26 June	The Allied-occupiedBonin-Volcano Islands are given back toJapan.
	6 September	TheKingdom of Swaziland gains full independence from theUnited Kingdom.Mbabane is the capital.
	20-21 August	FourWarsaw Pact members - theSoviet Union,Poland,Bulgaria, andHungary jointlyinvade and occupyCzechoslovakia to stop reforms by the Soviet satellite government.Romania andAlbania refuse to participate; Albania leaves the pact less than a month later.
	13 September	Albania formally withdraws from theWarsaw Pact, having withheld support since 1961 over theSoviet-Albanian split.
	12 October	Spanish Guinea gains independence fromSpain as theRepublic of Equatorial Guinea.Malabo remains the capital.
	11 November	TheRepublic of Maldives supersedes theSultanate of Maldives as a republic outside the Commonwealth of Nations.
1969	7 February	Followinga referendum the day before, theRepublic of Anguilla declares independence from theUnited Kingdom.The Valley remains the capital.^[121]
	19 March	TheRepublic of Anguilla is overthrown byBritish forces and reincorporated into theassociated state ofSaint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla.^[122]
	10 May	TheUnited Kingdom changes the name of theColony of the Bahama Islands to theCommonwealth of the Bahama Islands.^[123]
	25 May	Followinga coup, theDemocratic Republic of the Sudan supersedes theRepublic of the Sudan.Khartoum remains the capital.^[124]^[125]
	30 June	Spain transfersIfni toMorocco.^[126]
	1 September	Followinga coup, theLibyan Arab Republic supersedes theKingdom of Libya.Tripoli becomes the sole capital.^[127]
	21 October	Followinga coup, theSomali Democratic Republic supersedes theSomali Republic.Mogadishu remains the capital.^[128]
	19 November	TheUN General Assembly formally recognizesIndonesia's annexation ofWest New Guinea 'in accordance' with theNew York Agreement.^[129]
	31 December	TheRepublic of the Congo changes its name to thePeople's Republic of the Congo.^[130]

1970s

[edit]

Year	Date	Event
1970	15 January	TheRepublic of Biafracapitulates and is reabsorbed byNigeria.^[131]
	18 January	Kuwait andSaudi Arabia ratify an agreement to partition theNeutral Zone between the two.^[132]
	23 February	Guyana changes its name to theCo-operative Republic of Guyana and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm, but remains in theCommonwealth of Nations.^[133]
	2 March	Rhodesia is declared theRepublic of Rhodesia, but this is declared illegal by the international community as well as by theUnited Kingdom. Rhodesia remains de jure a British colony.
	18 March	Following thedeposition of Prince Norodom Sihanouk, theKingdom of Cambodia changes its name to theState of Cambodia.^[134]
	24 April	Followinga referendum,The Gambia changes its name to theRepublic of The Gambia and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm, but remains in theCommonwealth of Nations.^[135]
	1 May	British Honduras begins to move its capital fromBelize City toBelmopan.^[136]^[137]
	4 June	TheKingdom of Tonga gains full independence from theUnited Kingdom, withdrawing from itsprotectorate agreement. Tonga becomes a fully independent native monarchy in the Commonwealth of Nations.Nukuʻalofa remains the capital.^[138]
	27 July	Mexico annexes 15 bancos from the United States, and theUnited States annexes 4 bancos from Mexico, under the terms of theBanco Convention of 1905; Mexico acquires a net 507.6 hectares (1254.1 acres).^[139]
	9 August	TheSultanate of Muscat and Oman changes its name to theSultanate of Oman.^[140]
	9 October	TheState of Cambodia changes its name to theKhmer Republic.^[141]
	10 October	TheColony of Fiji gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as theDominion of Fiji.^[142]
	29 October	Mexico annexes the Panales and Loma del Pinto Segundo bancos from theUnited States under the terms of theBanco Convention of 1905, acquiring 72 hectares (177.8 acres).^[143]
	30 November	ThePeople's Republic of South Yemen changes its name to thePeople's Democratic Republic of Yemen.^[144]
1971	26 March	Amidst amilitary crackdown byPakistani forces,East Pakistan declares independence from Pakistan as thePeople's Republic of Bangladesh, sparking theLiberation War. Bangladesh becomes part of theCommonwealth of Nations.Dhaka becomes the capital.
	19 April	Sierra Leone changes its name to theRepublic of Sierra Leone and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm, but remains in theCommonwealth of Nations.
	14 August	Theprotectorate ofBahrain and Its Dependencies declares independence from theUnited Kingdom as theState of Bahrain; its special treaties with the UK are abrogated the next day.Manama remains the capital.^[145]
	1 September	Theprotectorate ofQatar declares independence from theUnited Kingdom as theState of Qatar; its special treaties with the UK are abrogated two days later.Doha remains the capital.^[146]
	11 September	Followinga referendum, theUnited Arab Republic changes its name to theArab Republic of Egypt.^[147]
	25 October	ThePeople's Republic of Chinareplaces theRepublic of China inChina's seat in the United Nations.
	27 October	TheDemocratic Republic of the Congo changes its name to theRepublic of Zaire.
	29 November	Following the withdrawal ofBritish forces,Iranconquers Greater and Lesser Tunbs from theTrucial State ofRas Al Khaimah.^[148]
	30 November	Following the withdrawal ofBritish forces,Iranconquers Abu Musa from theTrucial State ofSharjah.
	1 December	TheUnited Kingdom ends itsprotectorate over theTrucial States.
	2 December	TheUnited Arab Emirates is established between six of the sevenemirates of the formerTrucial States:Abu Dhabi,Ajman,Dubai,Fujairah,Sharjah, andUmm Al Quwain.Abu Dhabi city becomes the capital.
	2 December	TheEmirate of Ras Al Khaimah temporarily becomes independent, as it rejects the terms of the agreement between the other formerTrucial States.Ras Al Khaimah City remains the capital.^[149]^[150]
	13 December	Australia changes the name of theTerritory of Papua and New Guinea toPapua New Guinea.^[151]
	16 December	Secession ofPakistan'seastern wing Independence ofBangladesh is secured as Pakistani forcessurrender, soon global powers would immediately recognize it the new nation. Bangladesh becomesa republic in theCommonwealth of Nations.
1972	1 January	Following simultaneous referendums on 1 September 1971inEgypt,inLibya, andinSyria, theFederation of Arab Republics is formed as a confederation working toward state unification.
	10 February	TheEmirate of Ras Al Khaimah joins theUnited Arab Emirates.Ras Al Khaimah City yields toAbu Dhabi as the capital.
	10 February	TheUnited Kingdomformally incorporatesRockall as part ofScotland.
	28 February	TheSouthern Sudan Autonomous Region is established inSudan.
	15 May	TheUnited States transfers theRyukyu Islands, including theDaitō Islands, back toJapan asOkinawa Prefecture.^[152]
	20 May	Followinga referendum, theFederal Republic of Cameroon changes its name to theUnited Republic of Cameroon.^[153]
	22 May	Ceylon changes its name to theFree, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm, but remains in theCommonwealth of Nations.^[154]
	17 August	Indonesia changes the name of its capital fromDjakarta toJakarta.^[155]^[156]
	1 September	TheUnited States removes its claims over theSwan Islands, endingpart of its territorial dispute withHonduras.^[157]
1973	First Half	Libya invades theAouzou Strip in northernChad, formally annexing the region in 1975 and occupying it until 1994.^[158]
	1 January	Portugal reorganizes theOverseas Province of Angola as theState of Angola.^[159]
		Portugal reorganizes theOverseas Province of Mozambique as theState of Mozambique.^[160]
		Denmark,Ireland, and theUnited Kingdom join theEuropean Communities.
	29 March	The last U.S. combat troops are flown out ofTan Son Nhut Air Base, ending the eight-yearUnited Statesoccupation ofSouth Vietnam.^[161]
	24 April	The Gambia changes the name of its capital fromBathurst toBanjul.^[162]
	1 June	TheKingdom of Greece changes its name to theHellenic Republic.^[163]
	1 June	TheUnited Kingdom changes the name of theCrown Colony of British Honduras to theCrown Colony of Belize.^[164]
	10 July	TheCommonwealth of the Bahama Islands gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as theCommonwealth of The Bahamas.Nassau remains the capital.^[165]
	17 July	Followinga coup, theRepublic of Afghanistan supersedes theKingdom of Afghanistan.Kabul remains the capital.
	24 September	PAIGC rebels declare the independence ofPortuguese Guinea fromPortugal as theRepublic of Guinea-Bissau.Madina do Boe is thede facto capital.^[166]^[167]
	25 October	A ceasefire is imposed in theYom Kippur War, withIsrael occupying 1600 km² ofEgyptian and 500 km² ofSyrian territory conquered since 6 October.
	2 November	TheUN General Assembly recognizes the independence of theRepublic of Guinea-Bissau, the first sub-Saharan African state to unilaterally declare independence without the consent of its colonial power (Portugal).^[168]^[167]
	19 November	Uruguayrelinquishes its claim toMartín García Island toArgentina.
1974	3 January	TheUnion of Burma changes its name to theSocialist Republic of the Union of Burma.^[169]
	20 January	China conquers the contestedParacel Islands aftera naval battle againstSouth Vietnam.
	7 February	Theassociated state ofGrenada gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.St. George's remains the capital.
	21 February	Israel completely withdraws fromEgyptian territory west of theSuez Canal occupied in theYom Kippur War, as part of the January Separation of Forces Agreement between the two states and theUN Security Council.^[170]
	22 February	Pakistan recognizes the independence ofBangladesh, relinquishing its claims to the formerEast Pakistan.^[171]
	24 March	TheNation of Tanna declares independence from theAnglo–French New Hebrides Condominium.^[172]
	26 June	Israel completely withdraws fromSyrian territory occupied in theYom Kippur War and 25 km² occupied in theSix-Day War, implementing theMay 1974 agreement creating a 235 km²UNDOF buffer zone.
	29 June	TheNation of Tanna is overthrown and reincorporated into theAnglo–FrenchNew Hebrides Condominium.^[172]
	16 August	Turkey imposes a ceasefireafter conquering 37% ofCyprus since 20 July. UN peacekeepers on the island since 1963 are deployed along the ceasefire line to create an expandedUnited Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus.
	21 August	Saudi Arabia and theUnited Arab Emiratesagree on a new mutual border, though the UAEsubsequently disputes the Saudi interpretation of the new boundary line.
	5 September	TheParliament ofIndia passes a constitutional amendment incorporating theKingdom of Sikkim as an "associate state".^[173]
	10 September	Following an agreement to endthe war on 26 August,Portugal dissolvesPortuguese Guinea and recognizes the independence of theRepublic of Guinea-Bissau.Bissau becomes the capital.
	12 September	Following aDerg coup amidstpopular unrest, theProvisional Military Government supersedes theEthiopian Empire, though the monarchy is formally abolished only on 21 March 1975.Addis Ababa remains the capital.^[174]^[175]
	1 October	TheAutonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration is established as a nominally autonomous state in theTurkish–occupied territories ofCyprus.North Nicosia becomes thede facto capital.
	19 October	Followinga referendum, the status ofNiue isupgraded to self-government in free association withNew Zealand.Alofi remains the capital.
	13 December	TheState of Malta changes its name to theRepublic of Malta and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm.
	20 December	Following the proclamation of "Ethiopian socialism", theDerg Provisional Military Government begins using the nameProvisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia.^[176]^[177]
1975	1 January	Malawi moves its capital fromZomba toLilongwe.
	13 February	TheAutonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration is reorganized as theTurkish Federated State of Cyprus, with the intention of forcing federation uponCyprus.North Nicosia remains the capital.
	9 April	India invades theKingdom of Sikkim, organizing areferendum on abolishing the monarchy five days later.^[178]
	17 April	Following the victory of theKhmer Rouge in theCambodian Civil War,Kampuchea supersedes theKhmer Republic.Phnom Penh remains the capital.
	30 April	Following theFall of Saigon, theProvisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam supersedes theRepublic of Vietnam.Saigon remains the capital.
	16 May	India officially annexes theKingdom of Sikkim as theState of Sikkim.Gangtok yields toNew Delhi as the capital.
	22 June	TheUnited Kingdom changes the name ofBritish Solomon Islands Protectorate toSolomon Islands.^[179]
	25 June	In accordance with theLusaka Accord, theState of Mozambique gains independence fromPortugal as thePeople's Republic of Mozambique.Lourenço Marques remains the capital.
	5 July	TheOverseas Province of Cape Verde gains independence fromPortugal as theRepublic of Cape Verde.Praia remains the capital.
	6 July	Following areferendum in December 1974, theTerritory of the Comoros unilaterally declares independence fromFrance as theState of Comoros.Moroni remains the capital.^[180]
	6 July	Due to its "no" vote in theDecember 1974 referendum,Mayotte separates from theComoros upon the latter's independence and remains part ofFrance, though its exact status is undefined.Dzaoudzi becomes the capital.
	12 July	TheOverseas Province of São Tomé and Príncipe gains independence fromPortugal as theDemocratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe.São Tomé remains the capital.
	1 September	Two weeks beforePapua New Guinea's independence,Bougainville Island declares independence from the territory and fromAustralia as theRepublic of North Solomons.Arawa becomes the capital.^[181]^[182]
	4 September	Ina treaty withEgypt,Israel agrees to withdraw from westernSinai and create a United Nations Emergency Force buffer zone in the region.^[183]
	16 September	Papua New Guinea gains independence fromAustralia as theIndependent State of Papua New Guinea.Port Moresby remains the capital.
	1 October	Following areferendum, theBritish Colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands isde jure divided into theColony of Gilbert Islands and theColony of Tuvalu.Tarawa remains andFunafuti becomes their respective capitals.^[184]
	11 November	In accordance with theAlvor Agreement, theState of Angola gains independence fromPortugal as thePeople's Republic of Angola.Luanda remains the capital.
	14 November	A week afterMorocco organized theGreen March intoSpanish Sahara,Spainagrees to decolonizeWestern Sahara through a temporary tripartite administration withMauritania and Morocco.
	25 November	Suriname gains full independence from theKingdom of the Netherlands as theRepublic of Suriname.Paramaribo remains the capital.
	28 November	TheFretilin party unilaterally declares the independence ofPortuguese Timor asEast Timor.Dili remains the capital. The UN continues to recognizePortugal as the legitimate administrative poweruntil May 2002.^[185]^[186]
	30 November	TheRepublic of Dahomey changes its name to thePeople's Republic of Benin.^[187]
	2 December	Following the victory of thePathet Lao in theLaotian Civil War, theLao People's Democratic Republic supersedes theKingdom of Laos.Vientiane remains the capital.
	7 December	IndonesiainvadesEast Timor, beginning atwenty-four-year occupation.^[188]
	8 December	Portugal completely withdraws its forces fromEast Timor.^[185]
	11 December	Morocco occupiesLaayoune, the capital ofWestern Sahara, beginningan occupation which continues to the present; fighting immediately breaks out withPolisario Front rebels demanding the territory's independence.^[189]
	22 December	Mauritaniaconquers La Güera and Tichla after a two-week battle against thePolisario Front, beginning a four-year occupation of the southern part ofWestern Sahara.
	26 December	Iran andIraq complete the demarcation of their border in theShatt al-Arab on the basis of theMarch treaty which resolved theirdispute over the waterway.^[190]
	30 December	Followinga referendum, theMalagasy Republic changes its name to theDemocratic Republic of Madagascar.^[191]
1976	1 January	Thede facto division of theBritish Colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands into theColony of Gilbert Islands and theColony of Tuvalu occurs, with the separation of the old administration and introduction of new state symbols.^[184]
	5 January	Kampuchea changes its name toDemocratic Kampuchea.^[192]
	8 January	TheUnited States annexes the Carranza, Macum, La Oficina, Vado de Pierda, Las Viboras, and Rancho Texas bancos fromMexico under the terms of theBanco Convention of 1905, acquiring 19.9 hectares (49.2 acres).^[193]
	26 February	Spain completely withdraws its forces and relinquishes its status as the administrative power inWestern Sahara.^[189]^[194]
	27 February	ThePolisario Front proclaims theSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as an independent stateWestern Sahara with its capital inLaayoune. 84 UN member statesrecognize its independence at different times.
	13 March	ThePeople's Republic of Mozambique changes the name of its capital fromLourenço Marques toMaputo.^[195]
	14 April	Amidsta war against the Polisario Front,Mauritania andMorocco partitionWestern Sahara, with Mauritania annexing the southern third asTiris al-Gharbiyya and Morocco annexing the rest as itsSouthern Provinces.^[196]
	23 June	TheUnited Kingdom detachesAldabra,Desroches and theFarquhar Group from theBritish Indian Ocean Territory and returns the islands to theSeychelles days before the latter's independence.^[115]
	24 June	ThePhilippines moves its capital fromQuezon City back toManila; the newMetro Manila becomes the official seat of government.Baguio is no longer recognized as the summer capital.
	29 June	TheCrown Colony of the Seychelles gains independence from theUnited Kingdom within the Commonwealth of Nations as theRepublic of the Seychelles.Victoria remains the capital.^[197]
	2 July	TheDemocratic Republic of Vietnam and theProvisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam unite to form theSocialist Republic of Vietnam.Saigon yields toHanoi as the capital.
	17 July	IndonesiaannexesEast Timor as the province ofEast Timor, although much of the mountainous interior remains under the control of theFretilin resistance movement.^[198]
	19 July	France incorporates theOverseas Territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon as theOverseas Department of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.^[199]
	1 August	Trinidad and Tobago changes its name to theRepublic of Trinidad and Tobago and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm, but remains in theCommonwealth of Nations.^[200]^[201]
	9 August	TheRepublic of the North Solomons surrenders toPapua New Guinea in an agreement promisingBougainville Island autonomy as North Solomons Province.^[181]
	26 October	TheBantustanRepublic of Transkei is declared independent bySouth Africa.Mthatha becomes the capital. No other countryrecognizes its independence, widely seen as part of the institution ofapartheid.
	7 November	Argentina occupiesSouthern Thule in theSouth Sandwich Islands, territory internationally recognized as part of theUnited Kingdom.^[202]
	4 December	TheCentral African Republic changes its name to theCentral African Empire.
	24 December	After confirming its decision to break with theComoros and remain part ofFrance in two referendums heldin February andApril,Mayotte is reorganized as theTerritorial Collectivity of Mayotte.^[203]
	28 December	ThePeople's Republic of Albania changes its name to thePeople's Socialist Republic of Albania.^[204]
1977	11 February	Mayotte moves its capital fromDzaoudzi toMamoudzou.^[205]
	1 March	TheUnited Statesclaims maritime borders west of theStrait of Juan de Fuca, within theDixon Entrance, and in theBeaufort Sea thatconflict with the claims ofCanada.^[206]
	2 March	TheLibyan Arab Republic changes its name to theSocialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.^[207]
	31 March	TheUnited Kingdom officially turns over its military bases inMasirah Island andSalalah toOman, fulfilling a demand of the United Nations for the UK to end its "colonial policies" in Oman.^[208]^[209]
	22 May	Argentina andChile turn to theUnited Kingdom toarbitrate aborder dispute over the territorial andmaritime borders between them. The United Kingdom recognizes the islandsPicton, Nueva and Lennox as Chilean territory as well as the southern half of theBeagle Channel and its islands. The northern half is awarded to Argentina, along with several small islands. The maritime projection of the border defined by the arbitration projects Chile to Antarctica. Due to this, Argentina to declares the result "not valid."
	26 May	Mexico and theUnited States complete the implementation of theBoundary Treaty of 1970, resulting in several parcels of land being swapped.^[210]
	27 June	Followinga referendum, theFrench Territory of the Afars and the Issas gains independence fromFrance as theRepublic of Djibouti.Djibouti City remains the capital.
	13 July	SomaliainvadesEthiopia, conquering most of theethnic-Somali region ofOgaden bymid-September^[211]
	5 December	TheFederation of Arab Republics effectively ceases to exist asLibya andSyria dissolve the Federation Presidential Council, thoughEgypt does not formally withdraw from the confederation until 1 October 1984.^[212]^[213]
	6 December	TheBantustanRepublic of Bophuthatswana is declared independent bySouth Africa.Mmabatho becomes the capital. No other countryrecognizes its independence, widely seen as part of the institution ofapartheid.^[214]
1978	23 March	Ethiopiareconquers more than two-thirds ofOgaden, though for several more yearsSomalia continues to intervene in the region directly and in support of theWestern Somali Liberation Front.^[211]^[215]^[216]
	30 April	Following theSaur Revolution, theDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan supersedes theRepublic of Afghanistan.Kabul remains the capital.^[217]
	7 July	Solomon Islands gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as aCommonwealth realm.Honiara remains the capital.
	7 September	TheFree, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka changes its name to theDemocratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.^[218]
	1 October	Tuvalu gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Funafuti remains the capital.
	1 October	Following the ratification of anew constitution byreferendum, theState of Comoros changes its name to theFederal Islamic Republic of the Comoros.^[219]
	3 November	Theassociated state ofDominica gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as theCommonwealth of Dominica.Roseau remains the capital.
	25 December	Vietnam invadesDemocratic Kampuchea, beginning anoccupation of Cambodia lasting more than ten years.
	29 December	Following thetransition to democracy and the ratification of anew constitution byreferendum, theSpanish State changes its name to theKingdom of Spain.
1979	7 January	Vietnamconquers Phnom Penh effectively overthrowingDemocratic Kampuchea, though it remains theUN-recognized government of Cambodia and theKhmer Rouge continues as an insurgencyuntil June 1998.
	8 January	ThePeople's Republic of Kampuchea is established by the pro-VietnameseSalvation Front.Phnom Penh remains the capital of Cambodia.^[220]
	11 February	Following theoverthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty,Iran supersedes theImperial State of Iran.Tehran remains the capital.
	22 February	Theassociated state ofSaint Lucia gains independence from theUnited Kingdom.Castries remains the capital.
	1 April	Followinga referendum,Iran changes its name to theIslamic Republic of Iran.^[221]
	1 June	Rhodesia changes its name toZimbabwe Rhodesia, implementing an unsuccessful bid for international recognition through asettlement between the white government and moderate African nationalists.
	12 July	TheColony of Gilbert Islands gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as theRepublic of Kiribati; it includes most of thePhoenix andLine Islands claimed by theUnited Statesuntil 1983.South Tarawa remains the capital.
	12 July	TheUnited Kingdom–United Statescondominium ofCanton and Enderbury Islands is effectively dissolved intoKiribati, as the UK cedes its claims and US forces evacuate the territory ahead of theTreaty of Tarawa.^[222]^[223]
	5 August	Failing to defeatthe Sahrawi insurgency despiteFrench support,Mauritania relinquishes allterritorial claims inWestern Sahara in a peace treaty with thePolisario Front.^[224]
	11 August	Moroccoannexes the southern third ofWestern Sahara following Mauritania's withdrawal.No UN member state has formally recognized Morocco's annexation of any part of Western Sahara.^[225]
	13 September	TheBantustanRepublic of Venda is declared independent bySouth Africa.Thohoyandou becomes the capital. No other countryrecognizes its independence, widely seen as part of the institution ofapartheid.
	21 September	TheCentral African Empire isoverthrown by rebel forces supported byFrance, and a proclamation is made restoring theCentral African Republic.^[226]
	1 October	TheUnited Statesdissolves thePanama Canal Zone, transferring its territory toPanama except for44 US enclaves which will be returned later in stages, and joint control of thecanal which continues until 31 December 1999.
	27 October	Theassociated state ofSaint Vincent gains independence from theUnited Kingdom asSaint Vincent and the Grenadines.Kingstown remains the capital.
	11 December	Zimbabwe Rhodesia temporarily returns under the rule of theUnited Kingdom asSouthern Rhodesia, implementing theLancaster House Agreement.
	25 December	TheSoviet Union invadesAfghanistan,overthrowing its government two days later and beginning anoccupation lasting more than nine years.

1980s

[edit]

Year	Date	Event
1980	1 January	Tafea declares independence from theAnglo–FrenchNew Hebrides Condominium.^[172]
	18 April	Southern Rhodesia gains independence within the Commonwealth of Nations from theUnited Kingdom as theRepublic of Zimbabwe.Salisbury remains the capital.^[227]
	26 May	Tafea is overthrown byBritish forces and reincorporated into theAnglo–FrenchNew Hebrides Condominium.^[172]
	28 May	TheRepublic of Vemerana declares independence from theAnglo–FrenchNew Hebrides Condominium.^[228]
	28 July	Peruvian Republic changes its name to theRepublic of Peru.^[229]
	30 July	Israel passes theJerusalem Law, annexingEast Jerusalem and expanding its capital ofJerusalem to encompass the annexed area. TheUnited Nations Security Councildeclares the law null and void.
	30 July	TheNew Hebrides Condominium gains independence fromFrance and theUnited Kingdom as theRepublic of Vanuatu. Vanuatu becomes a part of the Commonwealth of Nations.Port Vila remains the capital.
	28 August	TheRepublic of Vemerana is overthrown by the forces ofVanuatu supported by those ofPapua New Guinea and theSolomon Islands.^[230]
	22 September	IraqinvadesIran capturing more than 15,000 km² by December, much of which itoccupies for almost two years.
	19 December	TheUnited Kingdom divides theassociated state ofSaint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla intoSaint Christopher and Nevis and theCrown Colony ofAnguilla.Basseterre remains andThe Valley becomes their respective capitals.
1981	1 January	Greece joins theEuropean Communities.
	17 September	TheUnited States removes its claims overRoncador Bank,Serrana Bank, andQuita Sueño Bank, endingpart of its territorial dispute withColombia.^[231]
	21 September	TheCrown Colony ofBelize gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as aCommonwealth realm.Belmopan remains the capital.
	1 November	Theassociated state ofAntigua gains independence from theUnited Kingdom asAntigua and Barbuda.St. John's remains the capital.
	4 December	TheBantustanRepublic of Ciskei is declared independent bySouth Africa.Bisho becomes the capital. No other countryrecognizes its independence, widely seen as part of the institution ofapartheid.
	14 December	Israelannexes theGolan Heights.^[232]
1982	28 January	Iraq approves a treaty of 26 December withSaudi Arabia to partition theNeutral Zone between the two. The actual division of the territory occurs thereafter, though the new border is made public only in June 1991.^[233]^[234]
	1 February	Senegal andThe Gambia attempt to unite to form theSenegambia Confederation.Dakar becomes the confederation capital, though most government powers remain with the separate states.
	29 March	Canada becomes a fully sovereign state with the promulgation of theCanada Act, eliminating all remaining powers in the country of theParliament of theUnited Kingdom.
	2 April	Argentinaconquers theFalkland Islands from theUnited Kingdom, renaming the territoryIslas Malvinas and the capital fromStanley toPuerto Argentino during atwo-month-long occupation.
	3 April	Argentinaconquers South Georgia from theUnited Kingdom.
	18 April	Zimbabwechanges the name of its capital fromSalisbury toHarare.^[235]
	25 April	TheUnited Kingdomreconquers South Georgia fromArgentina.
	26 April	Israel completes the sixth and final step of withdrawal, begun on 25 May 1979, from the remaining territoryit occupied in the Sinai Peninsula, fulfilling the terms of its March 1979peace treaty withEgypt.^[236]
	29 April	Sri Lanka moves its capital fromColombo toSri Jayawardenepura Kotte.^[237]
	30 May	Spain joins theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's third enlargement.
	14 June	TheUnited Kingdomreconquers theFalkland Islands fromArgentina, ending theFalklands War.
	20 June	TheUnited Kingdomreconquers Southern Thule in theSouth Sandwich Islands fromArgentina.
	30 June	Iraqi forces are completely expelled fromIran amidst the ongoingIran–Iraq War.^[238]
	15 August	The unrecognizedKingdom of Rwenzururu disbands and surrenders toUganda as part of an agreement promising the region a degree of local autonomy, eventually leading to its revival as asubnational kingdom.^[239]^[240]
1983	1 January	TheUnited Kingdomchanges the title of itsCrown colonies andself-governing colonies to that ofBritish Dependent Territories.
	21 March	Ivory Coast moves its capital fromAbidjan toYamoussoukro.^[241]
	5 June	TheSouthern Sudan Autonomous Region is abolished inSudan.
	3 September	TheUnited States removes its claims overAtafu,Fakaofo, andNukunono, endingpart of its territorial dispute withTokelau.^[242]
	8 September	TheUnited States removes its claims overPukapuka,Manihiki,Penrhyn, andRakahanga, ending its territorial dispute with theCook Islands.^[243]
	19 September	Theassociated state ofSaint Christopher and Nevis gains independence from theUnited Kingdom as theFederation of Saint Christopher and Nevis (Saint Kitts and Nevis).Basseterre remains the capital.
	23 September	TheUnited States removes its claims overBirnie,Canton,Caroline,Christmas,Enderbury,Flint,Gardner,Hull,Malden,McKean,Phoenix,Starbuck,Sydney, andVostok Islands, ending its territorial dispute withKiribati.^[244]^[245]
	23 September	TheUnited States removes its claims overFunafuti,Niulakita,Nukufetau, andNukulaelae, ending its territorial dispute withTuvalu.^[246]
	15 November	TheTurkish Federated State of Cyprus declares independence fromCyprus as theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.North Nicosia remains the capital. OnlyTurkey, whichoccupies Northern Cyprus,recognizes it.
1984	1 January	TheBrunei Darussalam (Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace) gains independence within theCommonwealth of Nations from theUnited Kingdom.^[247]
	7 January	Brunei joinsASEAN as the association's sixth member state.
	4 February	TheUnited Republic of Cameroon changes its name to theRepublic of Cameroon.^[248]
	4 August	TheRepublic of Upper Volta changes its name toBurkina Faso.^[249]
	29 November	Atreaty, approved inArgentina byreferendum, resolves theBeagle conflict by awarding the disputedPicton, Lennox and Nueva Islands toChile and most of the adjacentmaritime territory to Argentina. It also resolves the Question of the East mouth of theStrait of Magellan, defining its border inPunta Dungeness andCabo del Espíritu Santo, being a Chilean water body, as well as the eastern waters as Argentine maritime territory.
1985	6 June	Israel withdraws from other territory it had captured inLebanonsince 1982 to aself-declared "security zone" of formal occupation covering 850 km² of southern Lebanon.^[250]^[251]
	11 June	France restores autonomous government to theOverseas Department of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, reorganizing it as theTerritorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.^[252]
	3 October	TheUnited Kingdom detaches theFalkland Islands Dependencies from theFalkland Islands as the separateterritory ofSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.King Edward Point becomes the capital.^[253]
	10 October	TheDemocratic Republic of the Sudan changes its name to theRepublic of the Sudan.
	14 October	TheRepublic of Ivory Coast changes its official English name to theRepublic of Côte d'Ivoire.^[254]
1986	1 January	Aruba withdraws from theNetherlands Antilles and becomes a constituent country of theKingdom of the Netherlands.Oranjestad becomes the capital.
	1 January	Portugal andSpain join theEuropean Communities.
	3 March	Australia becomes a fully sovereign state with the promulgation of theAustralia Act, eliminating all remaining powers in the country of theParliament of theUnited Kingdom.
	15 April	TheSocialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya changes its name to theGreat Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
	30 September	TheUnited States returns almost half of itsconcession atThule Air Base to the jurisdiction ofGreenland andDenmark.^[255]
	21 October	TheRepublic of the Marshall Islands withdraws from the US–administeredUnited Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and becomes independent infree association with theUnited States.Majuro remains the capital.
	3 November	TheFederated States of Micronesia withdraws from the US–administeredUnited Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and becomes independent infree association with theUnited States.Kolonia remains the capital.
	4 November	TheCommonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands withdraws from the US–administeredUnited Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and becomes aninsular area of theUnited States.Saipan remains the capital.
1987	1 January	New Zealand becomes a fully sovereign state with the promulgation of theConstitution Act, eliminating all remaining powers in the country of theParliament of theUnited Kingdom.
	22 February	TheProvisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg) changes its name to thePeople's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
	7 October	Following acoup, theDominion of Fiji changes its name to theRepublic of Fiji and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm. Fiji is deemed to have temporarily left the Commonwealth as a result.
	30 November	TheDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan changes its name to theRepublic of Afghanistan.^[256]
1988	14 March	Chinaconquers Johnson South Reef in theSpratly Islands fromVietnam.
	16 July	Iran withdraws fromIraqi Kurdistan after having been evicted from territory it occupied further south, asIraqreturns to the offensive and once more invades Iran; precipitating a ceasefire in theIran–Iraq War on 20 August.^[257]
	18 September	TheSocialist Republic of the Union of Burma changes its name to theUnion of Burma, with the SLORC junta's suspension of the 1974 Constitution.^[258]
	15 November	TheState of Palestinedeclares independence fromIsrael, withEast Jerusalem as its capital. While its actual control over territory is limited, the declaration is made amidst apopular uprising in theIsraeli-occupied territories.^[259]
1989	15 February	TheSoviet Unioncompletely withdraws its forces fromAfghanistan, ending anine-year-long occupation.
	1 May	ThePeople's Republic of Kampuchea changes its name to theState of Cambodia.
	19 June	TheUnion of Burma changes its name to theUnion of Myanmar. The official English name of its capital is changed fromRangoon toYangon.^[260]
	26 September	Vietnam completely withdraws its forces fromCambodia, ending amore than ten-year-long occupation.
	30 September	TheSenegambia Confederation betweenSenegal andThe Gambia is dissolved.
	23 October	TheHungarian People's Republic changes its name to theHungarian Republic.
	3–4 November	TheFederated States of Micronesia moves its capital fromKolonia toPalikir.^[261]
	20 December	TheUnited StatesinvadesPanama after a declaration of war by Panama's general assembly.
	28 December	Following theRomanian Revolution, theSocialist Republic of Romania changes its name toRomania.^[262]
	31 December	ThePolish People's Republic changes its name to theRepublic of Poland.^[263]

1990s

[edit]

Year	Date	Event
1990	19 January	Armenian forces conquerKarki, an exclave of theAzerbaijan SSR. It remains Azerbaijani territory onlyde jure.^[264]
	31 January	TheUnited States invasion of Panama ends after the surrender of PresidentManuel Noreiga several weeks earlier.
	1 March	ThePeople's Republic of Benin changes its name to theRepublic of Benin.
	8 March	TheSocialist Republic of Slovenia changes its name to theRepublic of Slovenia.
	11 March	Followingdemocratic elections, theLithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic declares independence from theSoviet Union as the restoredRepublic of Lithuania.Vilnius remains the capital.
	11 March	Chile moves its legislative capital fromSantiago toValparaíso. Santiago remains the administrative capital.^[265]
	21 March	South West Africa gains independence fromSouth Africa as theRepublic of Namibia, fulfilling the terms of theTripartite Accord. Namibia becomes part of theCommonwealth of Nations.Windhoek remains the capital.
	30 March	Followinggrassroots elections, theEstonian SSR declares theSoviet rule in Estonia illegal from the moment of establishment andannounces a transitional period to restore the independence of theRepublic of Estonia from theSoviet Union.
	23 April	TheCzechoslovak Socialist Republic changes its name to theCzech and Slovak Federative Republic.
	4 May	Followingdemocratic elections, theLatvian Soviet Socialist Republic declares independence from theSoviet Union as the restoredRepublic of Latvia, while also announcing atransitional period to achieve independence.
	8 May	TheEstonian Soviet Socialist Republic changes its name to theRepublic of Estonia.
	17 May	TheRepublic of Bougainville declares independence fromPapua New Guinea.Arawa becomes the capital.^[266]
	22 May	TheRepublic of Yemen is formed through theunification of thePeople's Democratic Republic of Yemen and theYemen Arab Republic.Aden yields toSanaa as the capital.
	23 June	TheMoldavian Soviet Socialist Republic changes its name to theSoviet Socialist Republic of Moldova.
	25 July	TheRepublic of Fiji changes its name to theSovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji.^[267]
	2 August	Iraq invadesKuwait, beginning aseven-month-long occupation.
	4 August	TheState of Kuwait changes its name to theRepublic of Kuwait as a Provisional Government is installed byIraq.
	19 August	TheGagauz Republic is declared as a republic within theSoviet Union separate from theSoviet Socialist Republic of Moldova.Comrat becomes the capital. It remains ade facto independent state following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
	20 August	Iraq completely withdraws its forces from the territory ofIran occupied during the last weeks of theIran–Iraq War, returning to the internationally recognized borders established by the1975 Algiers Agreement.^[268]
	23 August	TheArmenian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from theSoviet Union as theRepublic of Armenia.Yerevan remains the capital.
	28 August	Iraq annexes theRepublic of Kuwait as theKuwait Governorate andSaddamiyat al-Mitla' District.^[269]
	2 September	ThePridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic declares independence from theSoviet Socialist Republic of Moldova as a separate republic within theSoviet Union.Tiraspol becomes the capital.
	20 September	TheSouth Ossetian Autonomous Oblast changes its name to theSouth Ossetian Soviet Democratic Republic and declares its independence from theGeorgian SSR inside theSoviet Union.Tskhinvali becomes the capital.^[270]
	24 September	East Germany leaves theWarsaw Pact in preparation forGerman reunification, with Soviet consent.
	28 September	TheSocialist Republic of Serbia changes its name to theRepublic of Serbia.
	3 October	Germany isreunified through the merger of theGerman Democratic Republic into theFederal Republic of Germany.Bonn yields toBerlin as the capital.
	30 October	TheKirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic changes its name to theSocialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan.
	15 November	ThePeople's Republic of Bulgaria changes its name to theRepublic of Bulgaria.
	18 November	TheGeorgian Soviet Socialist Republic changes its name to theRepublic of Georgia.
	28 November	TheSouth Ossetian Soviet Democratic Republic changes its name to theSouth Ossetian Soviet Republic.^[271]
	30 November	ThePeople's Republic of Mozambique changes its name to theRepublic of Mozambique.^[272]
	15 December	TheSocialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan changes its name to theRepublic of Kyrgyzstan.
	22 December	TheSocialist Republic of Croatia changes its name to theRepublic of Croatia.
1991	13 January	The forces of theSoviet Union withdraw from Lithuania's cities following afailed attempt to overthrow the unrecognizedRepublic of Lithuania.
	5 February	TheAzerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic changes its name to theRepublic of Azerbaijan.
	5 February	TheRepublic of Kyrgyzstan changes the name of its capital fromFrunze toBishkek.
	11 February	Iceland becomes the first UN member state to recognize the independence of aRepublic of theSoviet Union,Lithuania, when itsparliament votes that the1940 Soviet annexation is legally void. Other statessoon follow.^[273]
	28 February	Kuwait regains its independence, with thecomplete withdrawal ofIraqi forces.
	15 March	Germany becomes fully sovereign, as theFour Powers (France, theSoviet Union,United Kingdom, andUnited States) renounce their rights in the country dating from thepost-war occupation in theTwo Plus Four Agreement.
	9 April	TheRepublic of Georgia secedes from theSoviet Union following areferendum.Tbilisi remains the capital.
	29 April	ThePeople's Socialist Republic of Albania changes its name to theRepublic of Albania.
	1 May	TheRepublic of China terminates thestate of rebellion and war with thePeople's Republic of China; theconstitution is restored, withamendments, demarcates the territory between the "Free Area" and the "Mainland Area", in which the ROC government recognized the Communist control of the latter without official diplomatic relations.
	4 May	The Assembly of theSouth Ossetian Soviet Republic votes to return to the status of aSouth Ossetian Autonomous Oblast; theSupreme Council ofGeorgia had dissolved the autonomous region on 10 December.^[274]
	18 May	TheRepublic of Somaliland declares independence fromSomalia.Hargeisa becomes the capital. All other countries continue toofficially recognize Somaliland as part of Somalia.^[275]^[276]
	23 May	TheSoviet Socialist Republic of Moldova changes its name to theRepublic of Moldova.
	24 May	TheState of Eritrea gainsde facto independence from thePeople's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia following a decades-longWar of Independence.
	7 June	TheSocialist Republic of Macedonia changes its name to theRepublic of Macedonia.^[277]
	19 June	TheSoviet Unioncompletely withdraws its forces fromHungary, ending an occupation begun in 1944.
	25 June	TheRepublic of Slovenia secedes fromYugoslavia.Ljubljana remains the capital.
	25 June	TheRepublic of Croatia secedes fromYugoslavia.Zagreb remains the capital.
	27 June	TheSoviet Union completely withdraws its forces fromCzechoslovakia, ending anoccupation begun in 1968
	4 July	Colombia changes the name of its capital fromBogotá, Distrito Capital toSanta Fe de Bogotá with the promulgation of anew constitution.
	21 July	TheSomali Republic supersedes theSomali Democratic Republic, asrebel factions agree to restore the Constitution of 1960.Mogadishu remains the capital, though its authority is limited amidst ongoingcivil war.^[128]^[278]
	22 July	Following the victory of theEPRDF in thecivil war,Ethiopia supersedes thePeople's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.Addis Ababa remains the capital.^[279]
	2 August	TheSocialist Republic of Montenegro changes its name to theRepublic of Montenegro.^[280]
	20 August	In response to theSoviet coup d'état attempt, theRepublic of Estonia announces the end of thetransitional period anddeclares complete independence restored from theSoviet Union.Tallinn remains the capital.
	21 August	In response to theSoviet coup d'état attempt, theRepublic of Latvia announces the end of thetransitional period and declares complete independence restored from theSoviet Union.Riga remains the capital.
	24 August	TheUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from theSoviet Union asUkraine.Kiev (renamedKyiv in 1995) remains the capital.
	25 August	TheByelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from theSoviet Union.Minsk remains the capital.
	27 August	TheRepublic of Moldova secedes from theSoviet Union.Chişinău remains the capital.
	30 August	TheRepublic of Azerbaijan secedes from theSoviet Union.Baku remains the capital.
	31 August	TheRepublic of Kyrgyzstan secedes from theSoviet Union.Bishkek remains the capital.
		TheUzbek Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from theSoviet Union as theRepublic of Uzbekistan.Tashkent remains the capital.
		TheTajik Soviet Socialist Republic changes its name to theRepublic of Tajikistan.
	1 September	TheSouth Ossetian Autonomous Oblast changes its name to theRepublic of South Ossetia and annuls the law of 4 May, reverting to the status of independence fromGeorgia within theSoviet Union.^[281]
	2 September	TheNagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast andShahumyan district councils jointly declare independence fromAzerbaijan as theNagorno-Karabakh Republic within theSoviet Union.Stepanakert becomes the capital.^[282]
	6 September	The first meeting of theState Council of theSoviet Union recognizes the independence ofEstonia,Latvia andLithuania.^[283]
	6 September	A ceasefire is imposed inthe war inWestern Sahara, withMorocco controlling80% of the territory within adefensive wall and theSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic governing the remainingFree Zone fromTifariti.^[189]
	8 September	TheRepublic of Macedonia secedes fromYugoslavia.Skopje remains the capital.
	9 September	TheRepublic of Tajikistan secedes from theSoviet Union.Dushanbe remains the capital.
	19 September	TheByelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic changes its name to theRepublic of Belarus.
	23 September	Following areferendum, theRepublic of Armenia reaffirms its August 1990 declaration of independence from theSoviet Union.
	27 October	TheTurkmen Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from theSoviet Union asTurkmenistan.Ashgabat remains the capital.
	1 November	TheChechen Republic declares independence from theSoviet Union afterelections.Grozny becomes the capital. TheRussian SFSR declares the election illegal the next day.^[284]
	5 November	ThePridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic changes its name to thePridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria).
	2 December	TheRussian SFSRrecognizes the independence ofUkraine the day after it is affirmed by areferendum.
	8 December	TheRussian SFSR, theRepublic of Belarus, andUkraine form theCommonwealth of Independent States as a successor organization to theSoviet Union.
	10 December	TheKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic changes its name to theRepublic of Kazakhstan.
	12 December	Nigeria moves its capital fromLagos toAbuja.
	12 December	TheRussian SFSR declares independence from theSoviet Union as part of theBelovezha Accords.Moscow remains the capital.
	16 December	TheRepublic of Kazakhstan secedes from theSoviet Union.Alma-Ata remains the capital until 1997.
	19 December	TheSerbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina declares its independence fromCroatia and loyalty toYugoslavia as theRepublic of Serbian Krajina.Knin becomes the capital.
	21 December	TheRepublic of South Ossetia declares independence from theSoviet Union.Tskhinvali remains the capital.Georgia continues to claim South Ossetia as part of its own territory.^[285]
	25 December	TheRussian Federation supersedes both theSoviet Union and theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.Moscow remains the capital.
	26 December	TheSoviet Union is formally dissolved at the final meeting of theSoviet of the Republics of theSupreme Soviet.
1992	6 January	TheNagorno-Karabakh Republic declares its complete independence following areferendum.Azerbaijan, which abolished theNagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast on 26 November, continues to claim its territory in full.^[286]
	6 January	TheIraqi Republic changes its name to theRepublic of Iraq.^[287]^[288]
	12 February	TheMongolian People's Republic changes its name toMongolia upon the promulgation of anew constitution.
	26 February	TheSerbian Autonomous Oblast of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia and theSerbian Autonomous Oblast of Western Slavonia join theRepublic of Serbian Krajina.
	3 March	Following anindependence referendum, theSocialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina secedes from theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.Sarajevo remains the capital.
	12 March	Mauritius changes its name to theRepublic of Mauritius and severs all ties to theBritish monarchy as aCommonwealth realm, but remains part of the Commonwealth of Nations.
	12 March	TheChechen Republic changes its name to theChechen Republic of Ichkeria upon the promulgation of a new constitution.^[289]
	15 March	TheState of Cambodia cedes all government powers to theUnited Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia tasked with organizing constituent assembly elections, in fulfillment of the1991 Paris Peace Agreements.^[290]^[291]
	15 March	ThePeople's Republic of the Congo changes its name to theRepublic of the Congo following the promulgation of a new constitution byreferendum.
	7 April	TheSerbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declares independence from theSocialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Pale becomes the capital.
	8 April	TheSocialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina changes its name to theRepublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
	24 April	Anaccord between theMujahideen andAfghan Army factions ends thecivil war and creates theIslamic State of Afghanistan, superseding theRepublic of Afghanistan. The new state immediately plunges into anew civil war.
	27 April	TheFederal Republic of Yugoslavia supersedes theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.Belgrade remains the capital.
	27 April	Armenia conquersBarxudarlı andSofulu, two exclaves ofAzerbaijan. They remain Azerbaijani territory onlyde jure.^[292]
	15 May	TheCollective Security Treaty is signed by sixPost-Soviet states -Russia,Armenia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan, andUzbekistan.
	8 June	Armenia conquersYukhari Askipara, an exclave ofAzerbaijan. It remains Azerbaijani territory onlyde jure.^[292]
	24 June	A ceasefire is imposed inthe war between theunrecognizedRepublic of South Ossetia andGeorgia, with Georgia losing control of over 60% of the formerSouth Ossetian Autonomous Oblast which it continues to claim in full.
	21 July	A ceasefire is imposed inthe war between theunrecognizedTransnistria andMoldova, with Moldova losing control ofBender and most of theleft bank of the Dniester both of which it continues to claim in full.
	23 July	TheAbkhaz faction of theAbkhazia Supreme Soviet effectively declares independence fromGeorgia by reinstating the1925 constitution, precipitating aGeorgian military response and the outbreak of war.^[293]
	8 August	Azerbaijan conquersArtsvashen, an exclave ofArmenia. It remains Armenian territory onlyde jure.^[294]
	12 August	TheSerbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina changes its name toRepublika Srpska.
	27 August	ThePeople's Republic of Angola changes its name to theRepublic of Angola with the enactment of constitutional revisions.^[295]
	15 September	Russia completely withdraws its forces fromMongolia, ending itsmilitary presence in the country since 1967.^[296]
	18 September	TheDemocratic Republic of Madagascar changes its name to theRepublic of Madagascar upon the promulgation of a new constitution.^[297]^[298]
	22 September	TheRepublic of Kosova declares independence fromYugoslavia, though it only ever exercises partial control over most of the territory it claims and receives no international recognition.Pristina is the declared capital.
	1 October	Oman andYemen resolve theirborder dispute, in particular over theKhuriya Muriya Islands which are confirmed as part of the territory of Oman.^[299]
1993		Azerbaijan,Belarus, andGeorgia join theCollective Security Treaty.
	1 January	TheCzech Republic and theSlovak Republic gain full independence with thedissolution of theCzech and Slovak Federative Republic.Prague andBratislava remain the respective capitals.
	28 January	Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital fromAlma-Ata toAlmaty.
	13 February	Papua New Guineareconquers Arawa, the capital of theRepublic of Bougainville. TheBougainville Revolutionary Army wages an insurgency until the1997–98 agreements leading to a2019 independence referendum.^[266]
	8 April	TheRepublic of Macedonia becomes a member state of theUnited Nations as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)" due toGreece'sobjection to its official name.
	5 May	TheRepublic of Kyrgyzstan changes its name to theKyrgyz Republic.
	24 May	The independence ofEritrea is internationally recognized followinga referendum.Asmara remains the capital.
	23 June	TheRepublic of the Seychelles changes its name to theRepublic of Seychelles.^[300]^[301]^[302]
	28 August	TheCroatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia declares itself theCroatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia with the intention of forcing theOwen–Stoltenberg plan uponBosnia and Herzegovina.Mostar becomes the capital.
	18 September	Russia completely withdraws its forces fromPoland, ending itsmilitary presence in the country since World War II.
	24 September	With thepromulgation of a new constitution by the Constituent Assembly elected in May, theUnited Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia cedes its authority to the restoredKingdom of Cambodia.
	27 September	The forces ofRussia and the unrecognizedRepublic of Abkhaziaconquer the Abkhazian capital ofSukhumi fromGeorgia, which continues to claim the entire territory of theAutonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
	27 September	The secessionistAutonomous Province of Western Bosnia is established with the support ofSerbian andCroatian forcesbelieved to be intent on thepartition of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Velika Kladuša is the capital.
	1 November	TheEuropean Union isestablished between the twelve members of theEuropean Communities:Belgium,Denmark,France,Germany,Greece,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Netherlands,Portugal,Spain, and theUnited Kingdom.
1994	1 March	South Africa transfersWalvis Bay and thePenguin Islands toNamibia.
	28 March	Kazakhstan leasesBaikonur Cosmodrome toRussia for twenty years, with automatic extension absent objections by either party.^[303]
	30 March	In aceasefire agreement, the government-controlled territories of theRepublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and theCroatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia combine to form theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
	2 April	TheCollective Security Treaty takes effect, creating theCollective Security Treaty Organization military alliance.
	27 April	The nominally independent republics ofBophuthatswana,Ciskei,Transkei andVenda are reincorporated back intoSouth Africa.
	4 May	Anagreement betweenIsrael and thePalestine Liberation Organization, implementing theOslo I Accord, creates thePalestinian National Authority.^[304]
	10 May	Libya completely withdraws its forces from theAouzou Strip in northernChad after a 21-year occupation, implementing a 3 FebruaryICJ verdict which upheld Chad's sovereignty over the territory.^[305]
	12 May	A ceasefire is imposed in theFirst Nagorno-Karabakh War with the forces of theunrecognizedNagorno-Karabakh Republic, supported byArmenia, occupying more than 13% of theinternationally recognized territory ofAzerbaijan.
	21 May	TheDemocratic Republic of Yemen secedes fromYemen.Aden is the capital.
	7 July	Yemeni government forces reconquer theDemocratic Republic of Yemen.
	31 August	Russia completely withdraws its forces from easternGermany, ending anoccupation begun in 1945.
	1 October	TheRepublic of Palau gains full independence but enters intofree association with theUnited States.Koror remains the capital. The US-administeredUnited Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands is terminated.
	21 October	Argentina is awarded almost all ofLaguna del Desierto surrounding territory, also claimed byChile, followinginternational arbitration.
	3 November	TheTaliban conquersKandahar, the first city tofall under the control of the militant group inAfghanistan.
	10 November	Iraq recognizes the independence and territorial integrity ofKuwait following anew war scare on their borders.^[306]
1995	1 January	Three more states join theEuropean Union:Austria,Finland, andSweden.
	1 January	TheInternational Date Line is moved aroundKiribati.
	14 January	The self-proclaimedGagauz Republic is reintegrated intoMoldova as theAutonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia.
	3 May	Croatian forcesreconquer theWestern Slavonia region ofSerbian Krajina.
	1 July	Oman andSaudi Arabia finalize the demarcation oftheir previously undefined border.^{[citation needed]}
	26 July	TheAutonomous Province of Western Bosnia changes its name to theRepublic of Western Bosnia.
	28 July	Vietnam joinsASEAN as the association's seventh member state.
	7 August	Croatian andBosnian forcesreconquer most ofSerbian Krajina.
	7 August	TheRepublic of Western Bosnia is conquered by the forces ofBosnia and Herzegovina supported byCroatia.
	21 August	Ethiopia changes its name to theFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia with the promulgation of anew constitution.
	24 August	TheRepublic of Georgia changes its name toGeorgia.
	28 September	TheOslo II Accord begins thetransfer of land to thePalestinian Authority. All of theGaza Strip and 18% of theWest Bank is eventually transferred tofull Palestinian control, and 22% tojoint Israeli-Palestinian control.^[307]
	14 October	Ukraine officiallychanges the English name of its capital fromKiev toKyiv.^[308]
	12 November	Croatia and the remaining portion ofSerbian Krajina inEastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia reachan agreement to reincorporate the region into Croatia through a transitionalUnited Nations protectorate.
	14 December	TheFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina andRepublika Srpska unite to formBosnia and Herzegovina, superseding theRepublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Sarajevo remains the capital.
1996	15 January	TheUnited Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium is established in theremaining territory of the former Serbian Krajina in order to reintegrate the region intoCroatia.
	February	Tanzania moves its capital fromDar es Salaam toDodoma.
	27 September	TheIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan is established following theTaliban's conquest ofKabul, which becomes the state capital.
	27 September	TheIslamic State of Afghanistan moves itsde facto capital toMazar-i-Sharif following the evacuation ofKabul.
1997	23 January	TheChechen Republic of Ichkeria changes the name of its capital fromGrozny toDzokhar-Ghala.^[309]
	17 May	TheRepublic of Zaire changes its name back to theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.
	25 May	TheIslamic State of Afghanistan moves its capital fromMazar-i-Sharif toTaloqan, as Mazar-i-Sharif becomesa battlefield in the war against theTaliban.
	28 May	Ukraine formally agrees tolease naval facilities in Sevastopol toRussia for twenty years, until 2017.
	1 July	Sovereignty overHong Kong is transferred toChina from theUnited Kingdom. Hong Kong becomes aspecial administrative region.
	4 July	TheIndependent State of Western Samoa changes its name to theIndependent State of Samoa.
	23 July	Laos andMyanmar joinASEAN as the association's eighth and ninth member states.
	27 July	TheSovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji changes its name to theRepublic of the Fiji Islands upon thepromulgation of a new constitution. Fiji returns to its membership of the Commonwealth of Nations as a result.
	3 August	TheState of Anjouan declares independence from theComoros.Mutsamudu becomes the capital.^[310]
	11 August	TheDemocratic Republic of Mohéli declares independence from theComoros.Fomboni becomes the capital.^[311]
	10 December	Kazakhstan moves its capital fromAlmaty toAqmola.^[312]
1998	15 January	TheUnited Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium concludes its operations and transfers full administrative authority overthe region toCroatia.
	6 May	Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital fromAqmola toAstana.^[312]
	(Unknown)	Comoros reabsorbs the de facto independent Democratic Republic ofMohéli.Fomboni yields toMoroni as the capital.
	4 July	China is allocated 407 km² andKazakhstan is allocated 537 km² of disputed territory in a treaty delimiting theborder between the two countries.^[313]^[314]^[315]
	1 August	ThePuntland State of Somalia declares "temporary" independence fromSomalia.Garowe becomes the capital.^[316]^[317]
	16 December	Argentina andChile redraw part of the border in theSouthern Patagonian Ice Field, and establish a pending of definition area betweenMount Fitz Roy andCerro Murallón.
1999	5 March	Self-governingBrčko District inBosnia and Herzegovina is established.
	12 March	TheCzech Republic,Hungary, andPoland join theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's fourth enlargement.
	19 March	France elevates theOverseas Territory ofNew Caledonia to thesui generis collectivity of New Caledonia.^[318]
	2 April	Azerbaijan,Georgia, andUzbekistan leave theCollective Security Treaty Organization. The remaining six members renew the treaty for another 5 years.
	30 April	Cambodia joinsASEAN as the association's tenth member state.
	10 June	TheUnited Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo is formed in theAutonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija ofYugoslavia.
	20 June	The last forces ofYugoslavia withdraw fromKosovo.^[319]
	23 June	Belgium andThe Netherlands make a small change to the border at theGhent–Terneuzen Canal.^[320]^[321]
	25 October	Indonesia relinquishes control over the disputed region ofEast Timor to theUnited Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor.
	20 December	TheRepublic of Venezuela changes its name to theBolivarian Republic of Venezuela.^[322]
	20 December	Sovereignty overMacau is transferred toChina fromPortugal. Macau becomes aspecial administrative region.
	30 December	China andVietnam sign a treaty resolvingtheir border dispute, with China acquiring 114 km² and Vietnam acquiring 113 km² of disputed territory.^[323]
	31 December	TheUnited States transfers the operation of thePanama Canal and full sovereignty in theformer Panama Canal Zone toPanama.^[324]

Notes

[edit]

^Lists of non-disputed maritime claims can be found in the articles onexclusive economic zones andmaritime boundary treaties.

References

[edit]

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Bibliography

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