Most file sharing in this era was done by modem over landline telephone, at speeds from 300 to 9600 bits per second. Many file systems in use only supportedshort filenames. Computer memory and speed was very limited, with 33 MHz CPUs only being accessible to consumers at the end of the decade.
1981 –Kermit (protocol) – a binary protocol that can be used withtelnet or otherBBS systems to transfer binary data.
October 1985 –File Transfer Protocol is standardized in RFC 959, authored by Postel and Reynolds,[5] which made the preceding RFC 765 (and earlier FTP RFCs back to the original RFC 114) obsolete. FTP allows files to be efficiently uploaded and downloaded from a central server.
FTP, IRC and Usenet were the main vehicles for file sharing in this decade. Data compression technologies for audio and video (likeMP3, AAC and MPEG) came into use towards the end of the 1990s. Copper wire was common with fibre optic cable only becoming available late in the decade.
June 1992 – RFC 1341 establishes the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions(MIME) standards for sending audio and images by email, paving the way for the alt.binaries hierarchy onUsenet.[11]
1992 – Software Publishers Association runs an anti-copyright infringement campaignDon't Copy That Floppy
June 1996 – Mp3 warez groupRabid Neurosis founded. Using connections inside record companies, they rip pre-release music CDs, and make the mp3's available for others to download.[13]Mirabilis developedICQ a chat client for Windows that can do file transfers up to 2 GBs.
1997 –Scour Inc. is founded by fiveUCLA Computer Science students. Early products provide file search and download using theSMB protocol, as well as a multimedia web search engine released in 1998. Scour attracted early attention and support from media industry insiders before declaring bankruptcy in October 2000.[14]
April 1997 –Winamp audio player is released,[15] including the ability to make playlists, leading to increased use of MP3 files.
August 1997 –Hotline is announced at MacWorld,[17] and allows chat, forums, and file transfers. It becomes popular amongMac users.
September 1997 –Windows Media Player 6.1 includes support for mp3 playback for the first time.
November 1997 –MP3.com is founded byMichael Robertson and Greg Flores.[18] Initially an FTP search engine, MP3.com becomes a hosting service for unsigned artists. It serves 4 million audio file downloads per day at its peak and becomes the largest technologyIPO in July 1999. The release of My.MP3.com in January 2000, which allowed users to stream their own files, would prompt litigation. In May 2000,UMG v. MP3.com would be ruled in favor of the record labels. MP3.com would settle for $200 million and discontinue the service.[19]
January 1998 –Musicmatch Jukebox is released providing easier to use CD-ripping software for creating mp3's on Windows.[20]
March 1998 – TheMPMan F10, the first portable MP3 player, is launched.[21]
July 1998 –SoundJam MP released allowing mp3 playback and CD-ripping on Macintosh computers. In 2000,Apple bought this program, and used it as the basis foriTunes.
September 1998 –Rio PMP300 MP3 player is shipped byDiamond Multimedia.[22] Its popularity leads theRIAA to file a temporary restraining order in October, without success.[23][24]
October 1998 –Digital Millennium Copyright Act is unanimously passed by the US Senate. DMCA provides a 'safe harbor' ensuring that Internet Service Providers cannot be sued for the activities of their users.
November 1998 –Audiogalaxy is created byMichael Merhej.[25] Initially an FTP search engine, the Audiogalaxy Satellite P2P client would reach 1 million downloads in 2001. In May 2002, a suit by the RIAA would force Audiogalaxy to block sharing of illegal songs. In June 2002, Audiogalaxy would settle the suit for an undisclosed amount and make its services opt-in. In September 2002, Audiogalaxy would discontinue P2P services in favor ofRhapsody, a pay streaming service.
December 1998 –MP3 Newswire, the first digital media news site, is launched.[26]
February 1999 – China'sTencent launchesQQ, a chat client with file transfer capability.[27]
June 1999 –Napster was created byShawn Fanning. Napster let users search across all users' shares. Napster provided a centralized server that indexed the files, and carried out the searches.[28] Individual files, however, remain on the hosts' computers and were transferred directly from peer to peer.
In computer science terms, modern file sharing begins in the 2000s. Several file sharing protocols and file formats were introduced, along with nearly a decade in protocol experimentation. Towards the end of the 2000s, BitTorrent became subject to a "man in the middle" attack in TCP mode – and this has led most file sharing protocols to move to UDP towards the very end of the decade. Client and tracker software in this era was in development as much as the transmission protocols, so the file trading software was not always as reliable as it could have been.
March – Scour Exchange is released as a P2P file exchange service to compete with Napster. In addition to audio files, it also supports sharing of other media as well as software.[31]
March –Gnutella becomes the first decentralized file sharing network with the release of a network client byJustin Frankel andTom Pepper ofNullsoft.[32] Like Napster, users could share large numbers of files at once, and search across the entire network for files.
March –Phex (formerlyFURI) Gnutella client released.[33]
May –UMG v. MP3.com causes My.MP3.com to shut down.MSN Messenger 3.0 becomes the first version to include file transfer capability.[34]
June –Slyck.com (originally Slyway.com) launches.[35]
July –Freenet is created byIan Clarke. Its goal is to provide freedom of speech through a peer-to-peer network which focuses on protecting anonymity. Files are distributed across the computers of Freenet's users. Ian Clarke's paper would become the most-cited computer science paper of 2000.[36] Freenet would become adarknet in 2008.
September –eDonkey2000 client and server software is released by Jed McCaleb, introducinghashing into decentralized file sharing.
October – Scour Exchange is shut down as Scour Inc. files for bankruptcy in the face of copyright infringement litigation.[37]
October – Napster is credited with driving Radiohead'sKid A album to the top of the Billboard charts.[38]
December – Peer-to-peer file sharing clientWinMX 1.8 beta is released, providing users with another way to connect toNapster (later OpenNap) networks.[39]
December – Bearshare was launched as a Gnutella-based peer-to-peer file sharing application.
March –Kazaa and theFastTrack proprietary protocol are released byNiklas Zennström,Janus Friis, and Priit Kasesalu. The Kazaa Media Desktop client came bundled withmalware. Legal action in the Netherlands would force an offshoring of the company, renamedSharman Networks. In September 2003, theRIAA would file suit against private individuals allegedly sharing files via Kazaa. In September 2005,UMA v. Sharman would be ruled against Sharman by the Federal Court of Australia. Sharman's non-compliance would prompt censorship of the program in Australia. In July 2006, theMGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. would cause Sharman to settle for $100 million and convert Kazaa to a legal-only file sharing program.
April –Morpheus is released byMusicCity (later StreamCast), after licensing theFastTrack protocol.[40][41] MusicCity had previously operated OpenNap servers.Morpheus would become a popular FastTrack client, with 4.5 million users, until licensing disputes and a protocol switch in February 2002. In March 2003, the Morpheus client was re-released to operate on Gnutella, using Gnucleus servant as its core. In June 2005, a redesigned Morpheus client would be released. In June 2005,MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. would be decided against StreamCast. In June 2008, the Morpheus client would become no longer available for download.
July 2 –BitTorrent released byBram Cohen.[44] Users only upload one or a small number of files at a time, but all peers are forced to seed to other peers from the parts of a file they have received so far. Initially, programs did not include a search function, so indexing sites sprung up. Downloads for popular files tend to be faster than on many other networks.
August –ShareReactor eDonkey network index site founded. It would be taken down by police in March 2004.
May 15 – First hearing before House Committee of Government Reform on inadvertent file sharing,Overexposed: The Threats to Privacy & Security on File Sharing Networks.[56] Inadvertent File Sharing was a security concern detailed by researcherNathaniel Good atHP Labs describing how user interface issues contributed to users ofKaZaA inadvertently sharing personal and confidential information over p2p networks.[57][58][59]
June 17 – Second congressional hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee on inadvertent file sharingThe Dark Side of a Bright Idea: Could Personal and National Security Risks Compromise the Potential of P2P File-Sharing Networks?[60]
July – Torrentse and Sharelive sites both shut down as a result of theMPAA starting to take action against BitTorrent sites.[61]
September –TorrentSpy is registered. It would be shut down in March 2008, and in May 2008 it would be ordered to pay theMPAA $110 million in damages.
September 8 – TheRIAA begins filing lawsuits against individuals allegedly sharing files on P2P networks such asKazaa.[62]
November –Winny source code is confiscated by theKyoto Police
November 21 –The Pirate Bay (TPB)bittorrent tracker is founded byGottfrid Svartholm,Fredrik Neij, andPeter Sunde. It is based in Sweden. It has remained active despite numerous legal actions and a police raid in May 2006. As of February 4, 2013, it is the 73rd most popular site on the Internet according toAlexa.
2003 –eMule introduces theKad network, which implements theKademlia protocol. Invisible Internet Project (i2p) is launched to provide an anonymizing layer for p2p programs.
October 28 – TheRIAA files an additional 750 lawsuits aimed at alleged copyright violations from file sharing.
December 14 – Suprnova and many other torrent indexes closed after cease and desist orders byMPAA.
December 14 –LokiTorrent refuses to comply with cease and desist orders, quickly gains 680,000 users, and $40,000 in legal fund donations. Its legitimacy would later be questioned and it would be taken over byMPAA in February 2005.
December 15 – USFederal Trade Commission Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Workshop entitledPeer-to-Peer File-Sharing Technology: Consumer Protection and Competition Issues[65]
January –Mininova torrent index goes online as a successor to Suprnova. It has served 5 billion downloads as of May 2008.[66]
January –eXeem goes online and rumored/adversed as "the revenge of suprnova". The program failed to gain popularity and was eventually abandoned months later.
February – LokiTorrent indexing service shut down and is taken over byMPAA.YouTube comes online.
March –WinMX reported as the most popular music service with 2.1 million users followed byiTunes andLimeWire with 1.7 million users each.[67]
June 30 – EzPeer[76] wins its case vs IFPI Taiwan[77] inShilin district court. The high court would later reject an appeal, but ezPeer would settle with IPFI Taiwan. As of 2008[update], it is a legal music download service.
August –Yahoo! Messenger adds drag and drop file sharing capability with version 7.
September 13 –WinMX servers owned by Frontcode are shut down due to acease and desist letter from theRIAA. Developer groups would set up new servers days later.[79]
September 9 –Kuro (酷樂) loses its case vs IFPI Taiwan in Taipei local court. It would also lose its case vs Push Sound Music & Entertainment on December 19, 2006.[80] Kuro would lose its appeal in the Taiwan high court on July 16, 2008. Chairman Chen Shou-ten (陳壽騰), CEO James Chen (陳國華), president Chen Kuo-hsiung (陳國雄), and one of Kuro's 500,000 members Chen Chia-hui (陳佳惠), were sentenced to fine and jail.[81] It shut down its P2P services in 2006, and has become a legal music download service.[82]
September 28 – MetaMachine Inc. discontinues the development and maintenance of the originaleDonkey2000 client and of theOvernet network following acease and desist letter from theRIAA.
November –Bram Cohen, the author of thepeer-to-peer (P2P)BitTorrent protocol and theBitTorrent program, made a deal with theMPAA to remove links to illegal content on the official BitTorrent website. The deal was with the seven largest studios in America. The agreement means the site will comply with procedures outlined in theDigital Millennium Copyright Act.[85]
October –YouTube announced the introduction of a "content identification architecture" which allows them to locate videos under copyright, and remove them. If copyright holders choose to leave the video up, YouTube agrees to pay them a share of the advertising revenue.Universal Music Group,Sony Music Entertainment andWarner Music Group all agree to this approach.[90]MediaFire, file host, is launched.
2006 – Anonymous friend-to-friend clientRetroshare is first released.
August 9 –Microsoft launches Windows Live SkyDrive in the United Kingdom and India.[92] They gradually made it available in more countries, and in January 2014, the service was renamedOneDrive.[93]
October 12 –RIAA files a lawsuit againstUsenet.com, accusing it of being an illicit peer-to-peer file sharing site.[97][98]
October 23 –OiNK's Pink Palace BitTorrent Tracker is raided and shut down by a joint effort between Dutch and British police.[99]
October 24 – The civil-court jury trial forCapitol v. Thomas, the firstlawsuit bymajor record labels against an alleged file sharer, concludes with a verdict for the plaintiffs and astatutory damage award of $9,250 for each of 24 songs, for a total of $220,000. This was vacated due to an error in jury instruction, and a new trial was held in 2009.[citation needed]
November 9 – TheDemonoid BitTorrent tracker shuts down until April 2008 citing legal threats by theCRIA.
December 20 – Shareaza.com, the homepage ofShareaza, is taken over by Discordia Ltd., a company closely related to theRIAA (Recording Industry Association of America). It now distributes software containing spyware and adware.[100]
December 19 – TheRIAA claims to have ended its P2P litigation campaign against individuals in the U.S., which had been losing money,[109] in favor of a three strikes campaign.[110][111] However, some new lawsuits continued to be filed.[112]
April 17 – The Pirate Bay trial concludes with a guilty verdict; each defendant is sentenced to one year in jail and a total of 30 millionSEK (US$3.6 million, 2.7 million EUR) in fines and damages. The people behind The Pirate Bay declare they will appeal the ruling.[115]
April 24 – Legal fees in record industry lawsuits causeSeeqPod to sell its technology; the site closes until it finds a buyer.[116]
June 15 – In the retrial of the 2007Capitol v. Thomas case, a jury again finds in favor of the plaintiffs, and awards statutory damages of $80,000 per song, for a total of $1.92 million.
June 30 – Swedish gaming companyGlobal Gaming Factory says it has an interest in purchasingThe Pirate Bay. Global Gaming factory eventually lose funding to do so. (GGF).[117]
September 9 – Six alleged members of the mp3 warez groupRabid Neurosis were indicted on charges of conspiracy to commit copyright infringement. Two were acquitted. Four pleaded guilty, and served 3-month prison sentences.[118][119]
September 14 – Demonoid experiences hardware damage from power outages causing a three-month downtime.[120]
September 30 – Global Gaming Factory fails to produce the funds to purchase The Pirate Bay and the deal is put to an end.[121]
November 26 –Mininova has removed torrents to all copyrighted content that it does not have official agreements for.[122]
December – BtChina and about 530 other sites registered in China were closed down.[123][124]
In computer science terms, there have been few significant developments in the 2010s. The BitTorrent protocol and clients have become more stable,[how?] adoptingUDP to defend against transmission problems related to TCP.IPv6 support increased with clients and trackers.[clarification needed]
October 26, 2010 – US federal court judgeKimba Wood issued an injunction forcingLimeWire to prevent "the searching, downloading, uploading, file trading and/or file distribution functionality, and/or all functionality" of its software (seeArista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC).[126][127] As a result, LimeWire May 5, 2011 and newer have been disabled using a backdoor installed by the company.
November 9, 2010 – First release of a modified version of LimeWire Pro with all undesirable components removed (such as ad- and spyware, as well as dependencies to LimeWire LLC servers) under the name of "LimeWire Pirate Edition", enabling access to all advanced features of the professional version for free.[128]
November 26, 2010 – The verdict inThe Pirate Bay trial was announced. The appeal court shortened sentences of three of the defendants who appeared in court that day. Neij's sentence was reduced to 10 months, Sunde's to eight, and Lundström's to four. However, the fine was increased from 32 to 46 million kronor.[129]
February 2012 –FileServe andFilesonic, both popular file sharing sites voluntarily stop all sharing services, while another site, uploaded.to, begins blocking all IP addresses from the U.S.[citation needed]
August 2012 – SeizedDemonoidBitTorrent sites up for sale.[134] Filesonic, which previously disabled its sharing services following Megaupload's shutdown, goes completely offline.[135]
September 2012 – The file sharing site uploaded.to switches its domain to uploaded.net; in addition, it starts allowing IP addresses from the U.S.[136]
May 2014 – Infinit launched its Windows app (Public Beta).[139]
November 2014 –Tencent, the Chinese internet company behindQQ andWeChat suedNetease for streaming 623 songs it claims it held exclusive licenses for.[140] At the time, Netease was offering a Grooveshark-like free music service.
December 2014 – IsoHunt release the source code for Pirate Bay allowing anyone to deploy their own version of The Pirate Bay.[citation needed]
August 2015 – Video sharing websiteOpenload.co comes online.[143]
The FBI seize the file sharing site ShareBeast and arrest its administrator, Artur Sargsyan.[144] The Recording Industry Association of America considered it America's most prolific file sharing site.[145]
May 2017 – ExtraTorrent shuts down permanently. One of the world’s largest torrent indexes closed for good, erasing data and warning users about fakes.[149]
September 2017 - The Pirate Bay tests in-browser cryptomining (Coinhive). TPB quietly ran aJavaScript miner in visitors’ browsers to monetize traffic, helping kick off the broadercryptojacking wave later covered by mainstream tech press.[150]
February 2018 -Demonoid returns after long downtime. After being largely inactive since 2017, the long-running BitTorrent tracker re-emerges under new administration before going offline again later that year.[151]
March 26 2018 -European Court of Justice rules that ISP blocking orders can cover mirror sites (C-320/16 UPC Telekabel Wien v Constantin Film). This decision affirmed that courts may require ISPs to block successor or mirror domains of infringing sites such as The Pirate Bay.[152]
April 2018 — Google bans cryptocurrency-mining extensions from Chrome Web Store. The policy responded to the Coinhive wave that began with The Pirate Bay’s 2017 experiment, effectively ending browser-based cryptomining distribution through official channels.[153]
October 2018 — Coinhive announces shutdown of its mining service after anti-mining crackdowns. This closure effectively ends the short-lived trend of browser-based cryptomining on file-sharing and streaming sites.[154]
April 2019 -European Council adopts the Copyright Directive (2019/790). Following the September 2018 Parliament vote, the final adoption of the directive — particularly Articles 15 and 17 (formerly 11 and 13) — introduces upload-filter and link-licensing requirements across the EU.[155]
May 2019 – Demonoid founder Deimos reportedly dies. Community moderators confirm the passing of the tracker’s longtime administrator, leading to another period of dormancy for the historic BitTorrent site.[156]
August 2019 – YTS, LimeTorrents, and other major torrent sites hit by coordinated ISP blocks in the UK. High Court injunctions expand the range of torrent domains subject to mandatory blocking orders.[157]
December 2019 – RapidVideo shuts down. One of the largest cyberlocker and streaming hosts closes following repeated copyright enforcement and DMCA takedowns.[158]
March 2020 – Global lockdowns during theCOVID-19 pandemic lead to record increases in torrent and streaming traffic. Data from multiple ISPs and analytics firms show file-sharing and video piracy activity rising by over 30% in some regions during stay-at-home orders.[159]
May 2020 -Popcorn Time returns with a new version during pandemic lockdowns. The revived app claims to offer a "Netflix-like" torrent streaming interface, quickly drawing millions of downloads before being targeted again by the MPAA.[160]
September 2020 – U.S. court orders Internet Archive to halt its "National Emergency Library". After lawsuits by major publishers, the Internet Archive closes its temporary digital-lending program launched during COVID-19 closures.[162]
November 2020 – TorrentGalaxy launches as a successor to ExtraTorrent and1337x communities. Built by veteran uploaders, the hybrid torrent and streaming index quickly gains traction as one of the few new sites to establish a lasting presence post-2016.[163]
February 2021 – Z-Library emerges as one of the largest shadow libraries on the web. Following the decline ofLibrary Genesis mirrors, Z-Library expands rapidly, offering over 7 million books and 80 million articles for direct download. Its growth draws international copyright-enforcement attention.[164]
March 2021 – Google removes popular "piracy-enabling" apps from the Play Store. Apps such as Popcorn Time, TeaTV, and Cinema HD are delisted following MPAA and ACE complaints, marking a new phase of coordinated enforcement against Android streaming clients.[165]
April 2021 – European Court of Justice rules that hosting providers can be forced to reveal pirate operators’ identities (C-597/19 Mircom v. Telenet). The ruling strengthens rightsholders’ ability to pursue BitTorrent users and mirrors in EU jurisdictions.[166]
June 2021 – Major torrent proxies and mirror domains seized by ACE and Europol. Dozens of KickassTorrents, 1337x, and RARBG proxy sites are taken offline in coordinated operations announced by the Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment.[167]
September 2021 – ACE shuts down Nyaa.si clones and Anime torrent mirrors. Targeting anime-focused piracy for the first time, the coalition seizes multiple Nyaa mirror domains used in East Asia and North America.[168]
November 2021 – RARBG resumes normal operations after prolonged downtime. After weeks of technical issues and speculation about a takedown, RARBG confirms it has restored databases and intends to continue operations.[169]
March 2022 – Russia legalizes use of unlicensed content from"unfriendly" countries. Following Western sanctions after theinvasion of Ukraine, the Russian Ministry of Economic Development proposes allowing domestic companies to use copyrighted works without paying rights-holders from sanctioning nations, effectively enabling state-backed piracy.[170]
May 2022 – YTS resumes activity under new management despite lawsuits. After settlements in 2020, the YTS.mx domain continues to operate, becoming one of the few major torrent indexes still online, though its legitimacy remains debated.[171]
July 2022 -Operation 404:Brazilian authorities shut down 226 pirate domains. The anti-piracy operation, coordinated by the Ministry of Justice with international partners, becomes one of the largest crackdowns in Latin America.[172]
August 2022 – U.S. court orders $82 million judgment againstFLVTO.biz and 2Conv stream-ripping sites.The Eastern District of Virginia rules in favor of the RIAA, awarding one of the largest damages in a music-piracy case to date.[173]
December 2022 – Archive.org and shadow libraries face new coordinated DMCA mass-takedowns. Hundreds of thousands of links to Internet Archive, Z-Library mirrors, and LibGen appear on anti-piracy databases maintained by publishers, signalling a global crackdown on educational file-sharing.[174]
January 2023 – Z-Library relaunches as a Tor and I2P network. After the 2022 domain seizures, Z-Library re-emerges as a decentralized “shadow library,” accessible only through onion and I2P addresses, with personal domains assigned to registered users.[175]
March 2023 – ACE shuts down major streaming and torrent domains in coordinated global action. The Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment (ACE) announces the seizure of over 40 domains, including Sdarot, IsraelTV, and Cinehub, marking its largest enforcement campaign to date.[176]
May 31, 2023 – RARBG shuts down permanently. After more than 15 years online, one of the world’s most visited torrent indexes announces its closure, citing "COVID, war, inflation, and loss of staff." All tracker infrastructure and user data are deleted.[177][178]
June 2023 – Russia blocks 1,800 foreign torrent and streaming sites under newRoskomnadzor directive. This wave includes mirrors of The Pirate Bay, RARBG, and Z-Library, marking the country’s largest censorship action against international file-sharing domains.[179]
September 2023 – U.S. court orders Cloudflare to block DNS access to pirate domains. In a landmark case, a California judge rules that CDN and DNS providers can be compelled to disable access to copyright-infringing sites, expanding intermediary liability.[180]
October 2023 – Z-Library adds "community upload" features on Tor and I2P. The site introduces anonymous contribution tools, becoming the first major dark-web archive with user-curated metadata and cross-sync between mirrors.[181]
December 2023 – YouTube-DL reinstated onGitHub after multi-year DMCA controversy. GitHub updates its copyright policy to explicitly protect open-source circumvention tools used for research and archiving, reversing its 2020 takedown stance.[182]
January 2024 – Z-Library returns to the public web with new clearnet domains. After operating solely through Tor and I2P since 2022, Z-Library re-emerges under new domain names, claiming "improved legal compliance" and mirror redundancy. The relaunch quickly restores millions of visitors per month.[183]
February 2024 – Rise of AI-generated torrent spam detected across major indexes. Automated scripts begin uploading synthetic e-books, films, and AI-generated datasets to 1337x, RARBG clones, and Pirate Bay mirrors, prompting discussions about authenticity and metadata verification.[184]
March 2024 – Court in India permanently blocks Sci-Hub and LibGen after three-year trial. The Delhi High Court rules in favor of international publishers, ordering ISPs to maintain permanent access blocks, ending one of the longest-running academic-piracy cases.[185]
May 2024 – BitTorrent celebrates its 20th anniversary. First released in July 2001, BitTorrent reaches two decades of active protocol development. Modern clients such asqBittorrent, Deluge, and Transmission mark the event with long-term seed initiatives and nostalgia campaigns.[186]
August 2024 – Russia introduces mandatory "sovereign DNS" for all ISPs, blocking foreign torrent trackers. New telecommunications laws require all DNS requests to route through Roskomnadzor servers, automatically filtering The Pirate Bay, 1337x, YTS, and Z-Library domains.[187]
September 2024 – Archive.org ordered to pay $32 million in publishers lawsuit. A U.S. federal court finds the Internet Archive liable for copyright infringement through its digital-lending program, setting a major precedent for digital libraries.[188]
November 2024 – EU Commission proposes “Know Your Uploader” regulation. The initiative aims to require online platforms, including decentralized file-sharing gateways, to verify uploader identities for copyrighted material, sparking backlash from digital-rights groups.[189]
January 2025 – 1337x mirror domains seized in coordinated ACE operation. The Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment announces the seizure of over 50 1337x mirrors and proxies hosted across Europe and Asia, marking one of the largest domain takedown campaigns since RARBG’s 2023 closure.[190]
February 2025 – UNESCO calls for global regulation of "shadow libraries". In a policy whitepaper on educational access, UNESCO warns that platforms such as Z-Library and LibGen blur the line between piracy and open knowledge, urging member states to adopt consistent legal frameworks rather than purely punitive measures.[191]
April 2025 – AI-driven anti-piracy systems deployed by major studios. Warner Bros. and Sony deploy real-time generative-AI tools to detect unauthorized film and music uploads across torrent indexes and streaming platforms, using watermark recognition and neural content matching.[192]
June 2025 – BitTorrent protocol receives open security update "BTv2". An updated specification introduces encrypted peer handshakes and IPv6-native tracker discovery, marking the first major protocol revision since 2008.[193]
July 2025 – Russia launches "RuTorrent National Network". The Russian government unveils a state-sanctioned torrent ecosystem for domestic film and TV distribution, combining state archives and licensed local studios under a closed tracker model.[194]
September 2025 – EU enacts Digital Watermarking Act. The regulation requires AI platforms and content distributors to embed verifiable watermarks into media, indirectly impacting file-sharing by increasing traceability of leaked or remixed material.[195]
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