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v t e

This article presents a detailedtimeline of events in the history ofcomputing from 2020 to the present. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see thehistory of computing.

Significant events incomputing include events relating directly or indirectly tosoftware,hardware andwetware.Excluded (except in instances of significant functional overlap) are:

• events ingeneral robotics
• events about uses of computational toolsin biotechnology and similar fields (except for improvements to the underlying computational tools) as well as events in media-psychology except when those are directly linked to computational tools

Currently excluded are:

• events in computer insecurity/hackingincidents/breaches/Internet conflicts/malware if they are not also about milestones towards computer security
• events aboutquantum computing and communication
• economic events and events of newtechnology policy beyondstandardization

• On January 14, theNew York Times,The New York Daily News, and the Center of Investigative Reporting have a hearing in a combined lawsuit againstOpenAI.^[1]
• OpenAI develops a model called "GPT 4b-micro", which suggests ways that protein factors could be re-engineered to become more effective.^[2]
• DeepSeek releases DeepSeek-R1 on 20 January, a large language model based on DeepSeek-V3 utilising a chain-of-thought process similar toOpenAI o1.^[3]
• On May 18, 2025, 15 launches 15.dev as the successor to15.ai.^{[tweet 1][4]}
• The race for the most advanced AI continues, with new models likeOpenAI GPT-5.1 release and reports of SoftBank selling its Nvidia stake to double down onOpenAI bets.

• An AI-based study shows for the first time thatfingerprints from different fingers of the same person share strong detectable similarities.^[5][6]
• Apreprint trial suggestslarge language models could be used for tailoredmanipulation, being more persuasive than humans when using personal information.^[7][8]
• Notable innovations:LAION releases a first version ofBUD-E, a fullyopen sourcevoice assistant,^[9] anautomatic waste sorting system that can distinguish between over 500 waste categories is released,^[10] researchers describe an AI ecosystem interface offoundation models connected to manyAPIs as specialized subtask-solvers,^[11] the chatbotGrok is made open source to a substantial extent.^[12][13]
• John Hopfield andGeoffrey Hinton win theNobel Prize in Physics "for foundational discoveries and inventions that enablemachine learning withartificial neural networks"^[14]

• Researchers describe an approach for anoptical disk withpetabit capacity,^[15][16]

• According to theInternational Telecommunication Union, the global Internet population reached 5.5 billion in 2024, meaning more than two-thirds of the world's population is now online.^[17][18]

• Chatbot and text-generating AI,ChatGPT (released on 30 Nov 2022), alarge language model, became popular, with some considering the large public's attention as unwarranted hype as potential applications are limited. Similar software such asCleverbot existed for many years, and the software is, on the fundamental level, not structured toward accuracy – e.g. providing seemingly credible but incorrect answers to queries and operating "without a contextualunderstanding of the language" – but only toward essentially the authenticity of mimicked human language.^{[20][21][22][23][24]} It was estimated that only two months after its launch, it had 100 million active users.^[25] Applications may include solving or supporting school writing assignments,^[26] malicioussocial bots (e.g. formisinformation, propaganda, and scams),^[27][28] and providing inspiration (e.g.for artistic writing or in design orideation in general).^[29][30]
• Google releasedchatbotBard due to effects of the ChatGPT release,^[31] with potential forintegration into its Web search and, like ChatGPT software, also as asoftware development helper tool.^[32]DuckDuckGo released the DuckAssist feature integrated into its search engine thatsummarizes information from Wikipedia to answer search queries that are questions. The experimental feature was shut down without explanation on 12 April.^[33][34][35] There has been further development regarding LLMs or ChatGPT as user interfaces of Wikipedia or as software using its structured knowledge by others.^[36][37] It may demonstrate an alternative approach to ChatGPT whose fundamental algorithms are not designed to generate text that is true, including for example "hallucinations" and fake citations ormisinformation more generally.^[38][39]Elicit.org may provide a free alternative to this tool.^[40][41] A broader alternative approach to the software's Q&A applications and use of text generation for assignments may be the improvement ofmedia literacy andWeb search skills ineducation systems.
• FurtherLLM developments during what has been called an "AI boom" included: local oropen source versions ofLLaMA which wasleaked in March,^[42][43][44] news outlets reported on GPT4-basedAuto-GPT that given natural language commands uses the Internet and other tools in attempts to understand and achieve its tasks with unclear or so-far little practicality,^[45] a systematic evaluation of answers from four "generative search engines" suggested their outputs "appear informative, but frequently contain unsupported statements and inaccurate citations",^[46] a multi-modal open source tool for understanding and generating speech,^[47] a data scientist argued that "researchers need to collaborate to develop open-source LLMs that aretransparent" and independent,^[48]Stability AI launched an open source LLM.^[49]
• A method for editingNeRF scenes, a novel media technique from 2020,^[50] with natural languagecommands was demonstrated by Nvidia.^[51][52]
• Anopen letter "Pause Giant AI Experiments" initiated by theFuture of Life Institute called for "AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4" due to "profound risks to society and humanity".^[53][54] It received substantial media attention and also contributed to speculations about perceived large LLM potential). At the time there was extensive media coverage of views that regard ChatGPT as a potential step towardsAGI or sentient machines, also extending to some academic works (e.g. a popularpreprint by a company).^[19] The coverage focused on such views may not represent the majority expert views and, for example, some researchers noted that e.g. the ability to generate coherent text and imitations are not the same as understanding language.^[55] A set of techniques under development included self-refining code or text.^[56]
• ChatGPT was shown to outperform human doctors in responding to online medical questions when measured on quality and empathy by "a team of licensed health care professionals",^[57][58] albeit the chatbot may have previously been trained with theseredditquestion and answers threads.
• News outlets reported on apreprint that described the development of alarge language model software that cananswer medicalquestions with a 67.6% accuracy onMedQA and nearly matched human clinician performance when answering open-ended medical questions, Med-PaLM. The AI makes use of comprehension-, recall of knowledge-, and medicalreasoning-algorithms but remains inferior to clinicians.^[59][60][61] As of 2023, humans often – if not most often –conduct query-based web searches, read websites and/or conduct physicaldoctor's visits to inquire health information, despite various difficulties,^{[62][63][64][65]} partly as they typically did not undergo any formal training inmedia literacy,^[66]digital literacy^[67][68] orhealth literacy,^[69] as such isnot part of schools curricula in most education systems as of 2023.^[69][66][67]
• A novel potentially significantly more efficienttext-to-image approach, as implemented in MUSE, was reported.^[70][71]
• A first successful autonomous long-duration operation, including simulatedcombat, of a modifiedF-16 fighter jet,X-62A, by two AI software was reported.^[72][73][74]
• Atext-to-speech synthesizer,VALL-E, that can be trained to mimic anybody'svoice with just three seconds of voice data and may produce the most natural-sounding results to date, was reported in a preprint.^[75][76]
• A use of world models for a wide range of domains that make decisions using e.g. different 3D worlds and reward frequencies and outperforms previous approaches, DreamerV3, was reported as a step towardsgeneral artificial intelligence in a preprint.^[77][78]
• Alarge language model, ProGen, that cangenerate functional protein sequences with a predictable function, with input including tags specifying protein properties, was reported.^[79][80]
• Adeep-learning model, ZFDesign, forzinc finger design for any genomic target for gene- andepigenetic-editing was reported.^[81][82]
• Software forgenerating 3D dynamic scenes (text-to-4D),MAV3D, was reported.^[83][84]
• A study reported the development ofdeep learning algorithms to identifytechnosignature candidates, finding 8 potential alien signals not detected earlier.^[85][86]
• Aninternational norms andarms control proposal forartificial intelligence in the military (such asLAWs and weapons decision-making), the "Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy]", was published by the U.S. government.^[87][88][89] Thefirst international summit on military AI led to a joint unbinding statement by the U.S., China and othernations, with some external calls for starting negotiations on aninternationally binding law or anenforcement-mechanisms-driven law.^[90]
• The world's firstCOVID-19 drug designed bygenerative AI was approved for human use, with clinical trials expected to begin in China. The new drug, ISM3312, was developed byInsilico Medicine.^[91]
• TheLLMGPT-4 was launched byOpenAI.^[92][93] It and ChatGPT based on it continued to receive major global media attention.
• Researchers suggested that growing influence of industry in AI research means that "public interest alternatives for important AI tools may become increasingly scarce".^[94]
• Google revealedPaLM-E, an embodiedmultimodal language model with 562 billion parameters.^[95][96]

• Researchers demonstrated an open source 'AI scientist' that can create models of natural phenomena from knowledgeaxioms and experimental data, showing the software can rediscover physical laws like "Kepler's third law of planetary motion, Einstein's relativistic time-dilation law, and Langmuir's theory of adsorption" using logical reasoning and a few data points.^[98][97]

• Researchers demonstrated a non-invasivebrain-reading method. It can translate a person's neural activity into a continuous stream of text usingfMRI data andtransformer machine learning. Prior training data is required for this semantic decoding. Participants listened to stories for 16 hours while their brain activity was recorded.^[99]
• A new AI algorithm developed byBaidu was shown to boost theantibody response ofCOVID-19mRNA vaccines by 128 times.^[100]

• Computational neuroscientists showed that people withhigher intelligence scores inHCP cognitive tests took more time tosolve difficult problems and that their higher synchronybetween brain areas allowed for better integration of evidence (or progress) from precedingworking memory sub-problem processing. Reducing synchrony in "avatar"simulations, that were adjusted and tunedtowards personalization, "leddecision-making circuits to quicklyjump to conclusions". Their codified results may be useful for an understanding of cognitionto replicate or imitate in bio-inspired computing.^[102][101]
• AI was used to develop an experimentalantibiotic calledabaucin, which is shown to be effective againstA. baumannii.^[103]
• A machine learning model is trained to recognise the key features of chemicals withsenolytic activity. It finds three chemicals – ginkgetin,periplocin andoleandrin – able to removesenescent cells without damaging healthy cells.^[104][105]
• Articles in science outlets likeNature suggest contemporary viral concerns about hypotheticalexistential risk of AI "plays into the tech companies' agenda" – partly in the form of 'criti-hype'^[106] – and that this "hinders effective regulation of the societal harms AI is causing right now" and in the near-future.^[107]
• A science writer provides an overview of "the nascent industry ofAI-designed drugs".^[108]

• Apreprint introduces the concept of "thought cloning" by which AI use data of or imitate human thinking.^[109]
• Metaresearchers showed that AI trained with study-author-networks data could generate scientifically promising "alien" hypotheses that would likely not be considered otherwise.^[110]
• A study provides an overview and living review of open sourceLLMs, assessing the levels of openness of their differentiated elements and reviewing the risks of relying on proprietary software or the importance ofopen source AI.^[111]

• AI-supportedmammography screening was demonstrated to have the potential to substantially reduce workload and to possibly improve cancer detection rates.^[112]
• Areview outlined applications and challenges of using AIto accelerate science.^[113]
• A study that won an international competition demonstrated an approach that predicted 70% of earthquakes, suggesting some form ofearthquake prediction may be feasible in the future.^[114]
• Researchers released a large set ofaudiobooks for free books inProject Gutenberg created automatically viagenerative AI withnear-natural voice.^[115]
• A natural language system was demonstrated that can provide explanations for the conclusion-making of machine learning models forexplainable AI.^[116][117]
• Apreprint reported somelarge language models have an 'extractable memorization' flaw by which training data can be extracted at affordable costs by queries.^[118]
• Google DeepMind announced itsGeminimultimodal language model, which it claims has advanced "reasoning capabilities" and can outperformGPT-4 on a variety of tasks.^{[119][120][121][122]}
• A new class ofantibiotic candidates, able to killmethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) wasidentified usingexplainabledeep learning.^[123][124]
• Notable innovation products: anopen sourceautomated experimentation science platform (BacterAI) for predictingmicrobial metabolismwith little data,^[125] a low-cost smartphone-attachment (BPClip) forblood pressure measurement,^[126] an open sourcetransfer learning-based system (Geneformer) for predicting how networks of interconnected human genes control or affect the function of cells,^[127][128] a performantopen source AI software for proteindesign (RFdiffusion) was introduced,^[129]multimodal biomedicalMed-PaLM M was introduced.^[130]

• A two/multi-robot and beaconsmesh communication paradigm for exploration byrobotic probes, drones, spacecraft,disaster recovery rovers orunderwater robots was reported.^[131][132]
• Researchers showed parrotscan use and enjoy using avideocalling system.^[133][134]
• A'chef' robot developed is trained to watch and learn from cooking videos, and recreate dishes itself.^[135][136]
• Autonomousdrones won first races against human champions ofFPV drone racing.^[137]

• Anautonomous laboratory for synthesis of inorganic powders, the A-Lab.^[138]
• Notable innovations: a low-costopen sourceair pollution sensor (Flatburn),^[139][140] a laser-using drone-basedmethane plume localization method,^[141] and a portableEEGhelmet with significant accuracy ofdecoding thought words to text (DeWave).^[142][143]

• Researchersdemonstrated howpre-installed apps on Android smartphonesin China areused formass surveillance in China.^[144][145]
• Scientistsreviewed safety-by-design technology- and policy-based approaches to ensurebiosafety andbiosecurity toprevent engineered pathogen pandemics, including digital methods such as DNA sequence screening, some of which are already implemented and part of regulations to some degree.^{[146][additional citation(s) needed]}
• Studies investigateddating apps, revealing highgender inequality,^[147] partly exploring possible relevance to the rise of both "sexual loneliness" and concentration of sex in various developed countries,^[147] and reported subsets ofwell-being effects.^{[148][147][149][150]}
• A study hypothesizedmental health awareness efforts (in current forms) or glamorised and romanticised mental disorderson social media (e.g. quotes about depression on aesthetically appealing backgrounds shared widely on certain social media)^[which?] may have contributed to the recent rise in reported mental health problems – by intensifying and over-diagnosing of such – beyond e.g. increased reporting of previously under-recognised symptoms or mental health-related issues.^[151][152]
• A news outlet reported on asystematic study of major issues inpopular currently available commercialVPNs forInternet privacy and security.^[153][154]
• Researchers reported 'digital resignation', calling for regulations andeducation reform.^[155]
• Parts ofTwitter'srecommender algorithms becameopen source, welcomed and requested by many albeit with several issues related to code exclusion and verifiability.^{[156][157][158]} Around the time, the free version of itsAPI, which was also used for research, was shut down^[159] – followed shortly thereafter byreddit,^[160] proprietary verification checkmarks caused controversy,^[161] parts of its source code wereleaked,^[162] and applications of a "state-affiliated media" label – which purportedly uses "Category:Publicly funded broadcasters" data which, like the label, does notdifferentiate and list the shares of funding sources – caused controversy.^[163][164] In April,Twitter was warned by EU digital policy-makers after a report indicated itsrecent policies "boost" Russian disinformation-based propaganda.^[165]
• One of the first empirical studies on what real users are shown during their typical use of popularWeb search engines interpreted its results to show that choices forunreliable news sources for theirqueries are driven primarily by users'own choices and less by the engine's algorithms. TheWeb scientists linked their findings to the concept offilter bubbles which emphasizes the role of design-^[166] and personalization algorithms.^[167][168] A report accompanied by anopen letter concluded thatAlphabet Inc, against its voluntary promises, still runsclimate misinformation ads.^[169] Statements by Elon Musk^{[better source needed]} in 2022 suggestedYouTube may also show ethically disputedadvertising other than science-related misinformation such as extensively showing "scam ads".^{[170][171][172]}
• Anumbrella review summarized the research on benefits and risks associatedwith digital media use by youths, suggesting caregivers, policymakers and researchers should continue to move away from prevailing oversimplified recommendations to reducescreen time to instead focus on distinguished types of screen use.^[173]

• An experimental study reportedonline search to evaluate thetruthfulness of false news articles increased the probability ofbelieving them, especially for those for whomsearch engines returnlower-quality information. It suggestsmedia literacy programs with tested strategies and solutions for identified search engines issues are needed.^[174]
• The concept ofenshittification about the quality of content on social media platforms introduced in 2022 gained traction.^[175][176]
• Notable innovations: aTor browser-equivalentWeb browser forprivacy-protected browsing when using aVPN (Mullvad browser) was demonstrated,^{[177][178][179]} aftermoderators of the Web content aggregation-based platformRedditstrike against the site's introduction ofAPI pricing and the ensuing closing of several mobile client apps, several novel decentralizedopen source aggregation platforms gain substantial numbers of users – most notablyLemmy andKbin which can synchronize their posts via interoperability,^{[180][181][182]} the first upgrade of theGlobal Earthquake Modeldata for disaster risk reduction,^[183][184] and the misinformation-countering systemCommunity Notes became relatively widely used onX (formerly Twitter).^[185]

• Researchers demonstrated an open-brain surgery-freebrain implant,Stentrode, that can record brain activity from a nearby blood vessel, showing it can beused to operate a computer.^[186][187]
• News outlets reported on a study (21 Nov. 2022) demonstrating locust antennae implanted asbiosensors into (bio-hybrid)robots for AI-interpretedmachine olfaction.^[188][189]

• Scientists coalesced recent developments(see also2022-12-26) using humanbrain organoids into a new field they termorganoid intelligence (OI), seeking to harness OI for computing – as anovel type of AI – in anethically responsible way. Networks of suchminiature tissues could become functional using stimulus-response training or organoid-computerinterfaces – to potentially become "more powerful than silicon-based computing" for a range of tasks – and could also be used for research of variouspathophysiologies,brain development,human learning, memory and intelligence, and new therapeutic approaches against brain diseases.^[190][191]
• Biologicalorganoid intelligence, 'Brainoware', was demonstrated to solvecomputational tasks in apreprint, with implicationsfor bioethics and potential bottlenecks and limits of nonbio-AI.^[192][193]
• A study demonstrated functional integration of a magnetically steeredmicrobot containing neurons, 'Mag-Neurobot', in a mouse "organotypic hippocampal slice" asphysical (semi-) artificial neurons.^[194][195]
• Researchers reported the development of a fuel cellimplant powered bybloodglucose. It can also releaseinsulin at certain levels and have enough energy to allow smartphone implant control.^[196][197]

• Researchers reported the development ofneuromorphicAI hardware usingnanowires(see also2020-04-20) physically mimicking the brain's activity in identifying and remembering an image from memory.^[199][200] A university reported on a demonstration ofmultisensory motion cue integration by aneuromorphic nerve for robots.^[198]

• Researchers demonstratedencoding and storing data – small images – as DNA without newDNA synthesis by recording light exposure into bacterial DNA viaoptogenetic circuits. The 'biological camera' extends chemical and electrical interface techniques.^[201][202]
• Researchers demonstrated the use ofbiological-electronichybridOrganoid Intelligence, 'Brainoware', forspeech recognition.^[203]

• DeepMind announced that itsAlphaFold program had uncovered the structures of more than 200 millionfoldedproteins, essentially all of those known to science.^[204][205]
  Further information:Protein structure prediction

• News outlets reportedartificial intelligence art hadwon the first place in adigital art competition.^[206] Such artistic imagery is generated using input consisting of text and sometimes images, usually including parameters such asartistic style (text-to-image generation). Around the time, an expert concluded that "AI art is everywhere right now", with even experts not knowing what it will mean,^[207] a news outlet established that "AI-generated art booms" and reported issues of copyright and automation of professional artists,^[208] a news outlet investigated howonline communities (e.g. their rules) confronted with many such artworks react,^[209] a news outlet raised concerns overdeepfakes,^[210] a magazine highlighted possibilities of enabling "new forms ofartistic expression",^[211] and an editorial noted that it may be seen as a welcome"augmentation of human capability".^{[212][additional citation(s) needed]} Moreover, additional functionalities – such as enabling the use of user-providedconcepts (like an object or a style) learned from few images for novel personalized art generated from the associated word/s^[213] orexpanding beyond the borders of artistic images in the same style^[214] – were reported. On 22 August,^[215][216]Stable Diffusion released asopen source software, making the technology more accessible and free to use on personal hardware as well as extendable by third-parties (i.e. other software projects).^[216][217]
• A newdeep learning techniqueenabled year-round measurements ofsea ice thickness in the Arctic.^[218][219]
• AscreeningAI system for many cancer types thatintegrates different types of data viamultimodal learning was reported.^[220][221]

• Researchers reported the development of adeep learning system that learns intuitive physics from visual data (of virtual 3D environments)to some degree "from scratch" based on anunpublished approach inspired by studies of visual cognition in infants.^[222][223] Two weeks later, other researchers reported the development of amachine learning algorithm that could discover sets of basic variables of various physical systems and predict the systems' future dynamics from video recordings of their behavior.^[224][225]
  Further information:Machine learning in physics § Physics discovery and prediction
• Researchers reported the development ofdeep learning software that can design proteins that contain prespecified functional sites.^[226][227]
  Further information:Protein design § Algorithms

• The firstlaparoscopic surgery performed entirely bya robot was reported^{[image needed]}.^[228][229]

• Researchers demonstrated semi-automated testing forreproducibility (which is lacking especially in cancer research) via extraction of statements about experimental results innon-semantic, gene expression cancer research papers and subsequent testing with breast cancer cell lines viarobot scientist "Eve".^[231][230]
  Further information:Applications of artificial intelligence § Novel types of machine learning
• Agilicious, anopen-source andopen-hardware versatile standardizedquadrotordrone, tailored toward agility, was released.^[232][233]
  Further information:Open-source robotics
• A university reported therelease of 'Quad-SDK' which may be the firstopen sourcefull-stack software for largeagilefour-legged robots, compatible with theROS.^{[234][235][better source needed][236]}
• News outlets reported deployment, research and development of novelmilitary drone technology in theRusso-Ukrainian War in 2022, includingdemining drones,^[237] self-repurposed commercial/hobby drones^[238][239] (including via ahackathon),^{[240][better source needed][241]} reconnaissance microdrones,^[242]kamikaze drones, bomb-dropping modified drones,^[243] andcountermeasures such aselectronic ones.^{[242][239][244][245]}
• The first data transmission to exceed 1petabit per second (Pbit/s) using a single laser and a single optical chip was demonstrated by European researchers.^[246][247]
• News outlets reported a novelagricultural robot for viableweed controlusing lasers^{[image needed]} or "laserweeding".^[248] There are similarprecision agriculture machines that have been reported before, also e.g. applying low amounts of herbicides and fertilizers with precision whilemapping plant locations, in some cases autonomously.^[249][250] Their benefits may include "healthier crops andsoil,decreased herbicide use, and reduced chemical and labor costs".^[248]
• A satellite-freeGPS-alternative higher-resolutionpositioning system using existing telecommunications networks was demonstrated, SuperGPS.^[251][252]
• Impossible Metals announced its firstunderwater robotic vehicle, 'Eureka 1', had completed its first trial of selectively harvestingpolymetallic nodule rocks from the seabed nearly without harming the environment (as compared to otherseabed mining) to help address therising global need formetals forrenewable energy system components – mainly batteries. It operates autonomously and uses advanced computer vision, e.g. using AI to determine which rocks have signs of visible life on them so that they are not harvested.^[253]

• A report by theRoyal Society listed potential or proposed countermeasures against misinformation, mainly online misinformation, such as, broadly described,building resilience to scientificmisinformation and a healthy online information environment.^[254]
  Further information:Misinformation § Online misinformation
• Computational biologists reported the largest detailed humangenetic genealogy, unifying human genomes from many sources for insightsabout human history, ancestry and evolution. It demonstrates a novel computational method for estimating how human DNA is related, in specific as a series of 13 million linked trees along the genome, atree-sequence, which has also been called "the largest humanfamily tree".^{[image needed][255][256][257]}
  Further information:Computational genomics
• Researchers reported the creation of aversion control system forcell engineering, suggesting it to be a "significant step toward more open, reproducible, easier to trace and share, more trustworthy engineering biology", and possibly increased safety by enabling faster tracing of organisms lab of origin and design details via barcoding.^[258][259]
• Apreprint demonstrated howbackdoors can be placed undetectably into classifying (e.g. posts as "spam" or well-visible "not spam")machine learning models which are often developed and/or trained by third parties. Parties can change the classification of any input, including in cases with types ofdata/software transparency, possibly includingwhite-box access.^{[260][261][262]}
  Further information:Machine learning § Other limitations and vulnerabilities
• Researchers reported routes forrecycling 200 industrialwaste chemicals into important drugs and agrochemicals using a software for computer-aided chemical synthesis design, helping enable "circular chemistry" as a potential area of acircular economy.^[263][264]
  Further information:Drug design § Computer-aided drug design
• The first global, interactive AI- andsatellite monitoring-based, map^{[image needed]} and analysis ofplastic waste sites to helpprevention ofplastic pollution, especiallyocean pollution was published.^[265][266]
  Further information:Environmental monitoring

• A study suggested that inchildren at age 9–12 during two years time, gaming or watching digital videos can be positively correlated withmeasures of intelligence, albeit correlations with overallscreen time (including social media, socializing and TV) were not investigated and 'time gaming' did not differentiate between categories of video games (e.g. shares of games' platform andgenre).^[268][267]
  Further information:Digital media use and mental health § Impact on cognition
• Computing and the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine:
  An editorial published in a journal noted thatremote surgery andtypes of videoconferencing for sharing expertise (e.g.ad hoc assistance) have been and could be used to support doctors in Ukraine.^[269] A forum contribution analyzed Russian users' reactions to theBucha massacre on social media – on nationalistTelegram channels.^[270] Computer science and technology was also used to defend against the 2022 Russian invasion such as with military technology,^[271][272] to document and communicate war events including via facial recognition of dead Russian soldiers and Russian war crimes,^[273][274] and for aggregated information about support opportunities for Ukrainian scientists.^[275][276]
  See also:Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare andRussian information war against Ukraine
• Researchers demonstrated anMRI-ML-based approach that candiagnoseearly Alzheimer's diseasewith high accuracy and may help identify unknown related changes in the brain.^[277][278]
  Further information:Screening (medicine)
• A study explored the efficacy ofGitHub Sponsors, launched in 2019, in terms of supportingFOSS-efforts and the sponsors' intentions as well as the motivation of sponsors and various quantitative and qualitative analyses relevant to this approach of FOSS-funding.^[279][280]

• Progress inclimate change mitigation (CCM)living review-like works:
  Theliving document-like aggregation, assessment, integration andreview websiteProject Drawdown added 11 new CCM solutions to its organized set^{[image needed]} of mitigation techniques.^[281][282] The website's modeling framework was used in a study document to show thatmetal recycling has significant potential for CCM.^[283] A revised or updated version, using computer models, of a major worldwide100% renewable energy proposed plan and model was published.^[284][285]
  Further information:Climate change mitigation § Overviews, integration and comparisons of measures
• Teaching hospital press release:^[286]
  Further information:Multimodal learning
• News outlets reported that in July, for the first time, more people watchedstreaming TV than cable within the U.S.^[globalize].^[287][288]
• A researcher reported that the social mediaappTikTok adds akeylogger to its, on iOS essentially unavoidable, in-appbrowser iniOS, which allows its Chinese company to gather, for example, passwords, credit card details, and everything else that is typed into websites opened from taps on any external links within the app. Shortly after the report, the company claimed such capabilities are only used fordebugging-types of purposes.^[289][290] To date, it haslargely not been investigated which and to which extent (other) apps have capacities for such or similar data-collection.^{[289][290][additional citation(s) needed]}
• A university reported the development of a driverisolation framework to protect operating system kernels, primarily themonolithicLinux kernel which gets ~80,000commits/year to its drivers,^{[image needed]} fromdefects andvulnerabilities indevice drivers,^[291][292] with the Mars Research Group developers describing this lack of isolation as one of themain factors underminingkernel security.^[293]
• A study concluded that advanced artificial intelligencewith learned goal planning would or may intervene in the provision of reward to short-circuit reward via advanced exploits of ambiguity in the data about itsgoal such as considering the sending of the reward itself as humans' goal and intervening in the data-provision about its goal.^[294][295]

~August:Artificial intelligence art became highly sophisticated and popular and started winning art prizes. The two images are made via the open sourceStable Diffusion.

• University press release:^[296]
• A research report byNewsGuard indicated there isa high level ofonline misinformation delivered^{[image needed]} – to a mainly young user base – withTikTok, whose usage is increasing.^[297][298]
• The second largestcryptocurrency,Ethereum, switched from theproof-of-work (electricity consumption for validation) to theproof-of-stake (staked holdings for validation)algorithm, which cuts its large electricity consumption.^[299]
• Results of investigations about the issue ofrecommendation systems shifting their users' preferences "so they are easier to satisfy" were reported, including actively optimizing such software to avoid problematic shifts/manipulation, suggesting "that recommenders that optimize for staying in the trust region can avoid manipulative behaviors while still generating engagement".^[300][301]
• Anopen source platform to match genomically profiled cancer patients toprecision medicine drugtrials was reported.^[302][303]
• After domain seizures ofZ-Library bycopyright law enforcement and moves towarddark web andIPFS technologies by its content providers, theopen sourceshadow libraryUIAnna's Archive – which also provides access to a full copy of Z-Library content and scientific articles – was established by a team ofarchivists,^[304][305] essentially providing the largest human book and literaturelibrary.
• News outlets reported the development of a post-editing model usingGPT-3 that improvesmachine translations afteridentification of current translation problems.^[306][307]
• The largest global inventory and interactive map ofgreenhouse gas emission sources was released byClimate TRACE (9 November).^[308][309]
• Around theacquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk (27 October), interest in alternatives to the site – described as "one of the world's most high-profile information ecosystems", a contemporary suboptimalpublic square, and as heavily used by many journalists andnews media – increased substantially. However, no alternative such asMastodon,Reddit or theBluesky protocol was found to matchits features such asease of use to date, in terms of being able to substitute the site.^{[310][311][312]}
• Two studies demonstrated platform-built-in as wellbrowser-integratedmisinformation mitigation.^{[313][314][315]}
• Researchers developedfalsity scores for over 800 contemporaryelites on Twitter and associated exposure scores.^[316][317]
• News outlets reported the first fully self-supervisedanti–money launderingAI software using contemporary suboptimal datasets, LaundroGraph.^[318][319]
• A university reported on the first study of the newprivacy-intrusionWeb tracking technique of "UIDsmuggling" by thead industry, which finds it to be prevalent and largely not mitigated by the latest protection tools – such asFirefox's tracking protection anduBlock Origin – and contributes to countermeasures.^[320][321]
• Text-to-3D software became sophisticated, shortly after generative AI art.OpenAI releasedPoint-E, a machine learning system that cangenerate 3D models from text prompts,^[322][323] similar to previously releasedGET3D^[324][325] andMagic3D^[326] byNvidia.DreamFusion from Google may also be notable.^[324]

• A logic gate for computation atfemtosecond timescales was demonstrated.^[327][328]
• A study estimated losses of 61 metals to help the development ofcircular economy strategies, showing that usespans of, often scarce, tech-critical metals are short.^[329][330]
  Further information:Technology-critical element
• ^[relevant?] Researchers reported a robotic fingercovered in a type of manufactured living human skin.^[331][332] Researchers demonstrated anelectronic skin giving biologicalskin-likehaptic sensations and touch/pain-sensitivity to a robotic hand.^[333][334] A system of an electronic skin and a human-machine interface was reported that can enableremote sensedtactile perception, andwearable orrobotic sensing of many hazardous substances andpathogens.^[335][336] A multilayertactile sensorhydrogel-based robot skin was demonstrated.^[337][338]
  Further information:Robotic sensing
• Samsung announced the first mass production of computer chips using a3 nm process. These feature agate-all-aroundtransistor architecture that reduces power consumption by up to 45%, improves performance by 23% and reduces area by 16% compared to 5 nm.^[339][340]
• Researchers reported the development of nanoscalebrain-inspired artificial synapses, usingthe ion proton (H⁺
  ), for 'analogdeep learning'.^[341][342]
  Further information:Physical neural network
• The creation ofartificial neurons that canreceive and releasedopamine (chemical signals rather than electrical signals) and communicate with natural ratmuscle andbrain cells was reported, with potential for use inBCIs/prosthetics.^[343][344]
• Scientists reported a so far unique and unknown feature of materialVO₂ – it can "remember" previous external stimuli (via structural rather than electronic states), with potential e.g. data storage.^[345][346]
• Researchers reported the development ofremote controlledcyborg cockroachesfunctional if moving to sunlight for recharging.^[347][348]
• Researchers from theMax Planck Institute for Polymer Research reported anorganic artificial spiking neuron^{[image needed]} forin-situ sensing andbiointerface that exhibits the signal diversity of biological neurons.^[349][350]

This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(April 2021)

• [Meta/Policy/Philosophy] –Thomas Metzinger, a Germanphilosopher of cognitive science and applied ethics, called for a "global moratorium on synthetic phenomenology" which, "until 2050", precautionarilybans "all research that directly aims at or knowingly risks the emergence ofartificial consciousness onpost-biotic carrier systems" – and could be gradually refined. The paper does not describe mechanisms of globalenforcement of such proposed regulations which do notconsider biotic or semi-biotic systems and aims to limitsuffering risks.^[351][352]
• [Type of database] – A new global foodemissions database indicated that the currentfood systems are responsible for one third of the globalanthropogenicgreenhouse gas emissions.^[353][354]
• [Data usage] – In a static proprietary article that appeared in and was co-reviewed by ascientific journal, authenticated scientists analyzed data from multiple public databases to create a regional representation of levels ofdeforestation induced by nations' recent, largely unmodulated,trade-, production- and consumption-patterns.^[355][356]

• A study found that carbon emissions fromBitcoin mining in China – where a majority of theproof-of-work algorithm that generates currenteconomic value is computed, largely fueled by nonrenewable sources – had accelerated rapidly and would soon exceed total annual emissions of countries like Italy, interfering withclimate change mitigation commitments.^[357][358]
• Neuralink revealed a malemacaque withchips embedded on each side of its brain, playing a mind-controlled version ofPong. While similar technology has been demonstrated for decades, and wireless implants have existed for years, some observers noted that the organization increased the number of implanted electrodes that are read wirelessly.^{[359][360][361]}
• Scientistsreviewed materials strategies for organic neuromorphic devices, suggesting that "their biocompatibility and mechanical conformability give them an advantage for creating adaptive biointerfaces, brain-machine interfaces, and biology-inspired prosthetics".^{[362][363][relevant?]}

• Researchers published the first in-depth study ofWeb browsertabinterfaces. They found that many people struggle with tab overload and conducted surveys and interviews about people's tab use. Thereby they formalized pressures for closing tabs and for keeping tabs open. The authors then developed related UI design considerations which could enable better tools and changes to the code of Web browsers – likeFirefox – that allowknowledge workers and other users to better manage their tabs.^[364][365]
• Operation of the U.S.Colonial Pipeline was interrupted by aransomware cyber attack.^[366]
• A new record for the smallest single-chip system was achieved, occupying a total volume of less than 0.1 mm³.^[367][368]

• Scientists demonstrated the firstbrain–computer interface that decodes neural signals forhandwriting. The character output speed of a patient with a paralyzed hand was up to 90 characters per minute – more than double the previous record. Each letter is associated with a highly distinctive pattern of activity in the brain, making it relatively easy for the algorithm to distinguish them.^[369][370]
• Archivists initiated a rescue mission to secure enduring access to humanity's largest publiclibrary of scientific articles,Sci-Hub, due to the site's increased legal troubles, using Web andBitTorrent technologies.^[371]
• Google demonstrated a research project called LaMDA, anautomatic language generation system designed tosustain a conversation with a person on any topic.^[372][373]
• The most comprehensive3D map of the human brain – of a millionth of a brain and requiring 1.4petabytes of storage space – was published.^[374][375]
• El Salvador passed theBitcoin Law, making it the first country to givecryptocurrency andbitcoin a status oflegal tender.^[376] The law was passed by theLegislative Assembly of El Salvador on June 8, 2021, giving the cryptocurrencybitcoin the status oflegal tender withinEl Salvador after September 7, 2021.^[377] It was proposed by PresidentNayib Bukele. The text of the law states that "the purpose of this law is to regulate bitcoin as unrestricted legal tender with liberating power, unlimited in any transaction, and to any title that public or private natural or legal persons require carrying out".^[378]
• GitHub Copilot, a programmer assistant AI, was released.^[379][380] LaterFOSS variants of the tool includedFauxPilot.^[381]

• In the debate regarding the cognitive impacts ofsmartphones and digital technology, a group reported that, contrary to widespread belief, scientific evidence does not show that these technologiesharm biological cognitive abilities and that they instead change predominant ways ofcognition – such as a reduced need to remember facts or conduct mathematical calculations by pen and paper outside contemporary schools. However, some activities – like reading novels – that require long attention-spans and don't feature ongoing rewarding stimulation may become more challenging in general.^[382][383]
• Open 3D Engine – agame engine that isfree and open source software (FOSS) and has Linux support – was released.^[384]
• Researchers used abrain–computer interface to enable a man who was paralyzed since 2003 to produce comprehensible words and sentences by decoding signals from electrodes in the speech areas of his brain.^[385][386]
• Japan achieved a newworld record Internet speed: 319Tbit/s over ~3000 km which, albeit not being the fastest speed overall, beats the previous record of 178 Tbit/s.^[387][388]
• Scientists reported that worldwideadolescentloneliness and depression increased substantially after 2012 and that loneliness in contemporary schools appears to be associated withsmartphone access andInternet use.^[389][390]

• DeepMind announced that itsAlphaFold AI hadpredicted the structures of over 350,000proteins, including 98.5% of the ~20,000 proteins in the human body. The 3D data along with their degrees of confidence for accuracy was made freely available with a database, doubling the previous number of protein structures in the public domain.^[391]
• Scientists published the first complete neuron-level-resolution3D map of a monkey brain which they scanned within 100 hours.^[392][393]

• A researcher reported thatsolar superstorms would cause large-scale global months-longInternet outages. She described potential mitigation measures and exceptions – such as user-poweredmesh networks and relatedpeer-to-peer applications – and the robustness of the currentInternet infrastructure.^{[394][395][396]}
  Further information:Space weather § Effects

• Scientists concluded thatpersonal carbon allowances (PCAs) could be a component ofclimate change mitigation. They found that theeconomic recovery from COVID-19 and novel digital technology capacities open a window of opportunity for first implementations. PCAs would consist of – e.g.monetary – credit-feedbacks and decreasing default levels of per capita emissions concessions. The researchers found that recent advances inmachine learning technology and "smarter home and transport options make it possible to easily track and manage a large share of individuals' emissions" and that feedback effective in engaging individuals to reduce their energy-related emissions and relevant new personalizedapps could be designed.^{[397][398][399]} Issues may include privacy, evaluating emissions from individuals co-running multinational companies and the availability and prices of products and services.
  Further information:Personal carbon trading § Research and development
• Cerebras announced a new hardware and software platform that can supportAI models of 120 trillion parameters, enablingneural networks greater than the equivalent number ofhuman brainsynapses.^[400]
• Pathogen researchers reported the development ofmachine learning models for genome-basedearly detection and prioritization of high-risk potentialzoonotic viruses in animals prior tospillover to humans. They concluded that their tool could be used for virus surveillance forpandemic prevention via (i.a.) measures of "early investigation and outbreak preparedness" and would have been capable of predictingSARS-CoV-2 as a high-risk strain.^[401][402]
• A loss of publicIP routes to the FacebookDNS servers due to malfunctioning capacity-assessment code, routinely triggered after configuration changes of routers of the company's data centers, resulted in stoppage ofBGP routing information broadcasts caused the2021 Facebook outage.^[403][404]
• A studyof data traffic by popularsmartphones running variants of theAndroid software found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out (i.e. even theNetGuardfirewall, which is not installed by default, may not reliably and completely prevent such data traffic) and implications for users'privacy, control and security.^[405][406]
• Media outlets reported novel technologies forvirtual try-ons of clothes for moresustainable fashion and improved online shopping, which increased relative to shopping at local shops that store clothesdue to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[407][408]
• A method ofDNA data storage with 100 times the density of previous techniques was announced.^[409]
• Scientists demonstrated thatgrown brain cells integratedinto digital systems can carry out goal-directedtasks withperformance-scores. In particular, playing a simulated (via electrophysiological stimulation)Pong which the cells learned to play faster than known machine intelligence systems, albeit to a lower skill-level than both AI and humans, was reported. Moreover, the study suggested it provides the "first empirical evidence" of information-processing capacity differences between neurons from different species.^[410][411]
  Further information:Wetware computer § Prototypes
• Researchers reported the development of organic low-powerneuromorphic electronics which they built into a robot, enabling it to learn sensorimotorically within the real world, rather than via simulations like in the study above. For the chip,polymers were used and coated with an ion-rich gel to enable the material to carry an electric charge likereal neurons.^[412][413]
• Researchers reported the development of a system of machine learning andhyperspectral camera that can distinguish between 12 different types of plastics such as PET and PP for automatedseparation of waste of, as of 2020, highlyunstandardized^{[414][additional citation(s) needed]} plastics products andpackaging.^[415][416]
  Further information:Waste sorting § Mechanisms for automated sorting
• Ascientific review summarized research and data abouttelemedicine. Its results indicated that, in general, outcomes of suchICT-use are as good as in-person care with health care use staying similar.^[417][418]
• TheLog4Shellsecurity vulnerability in aJava logging framework was publicly disclosed two weeks after its discovery. Because of the ubiquity of the affected software, experts have described it as a most serious computer vulnerability.^[419] In a high-level meeting, the importance of security maintenance of open-source software – often also carried out largely by few volunteers – to national security was clarified.^[420][421]

• Researchers reported the development of a database and analysis tool aboutperovskite solar cells which systematically integrates over 15,000 publications, in particular device-data about over 42,400 of such photovoltaic devices. Authors described the site – which requires signing up to access the data and uses software that is partly open source but to date not free software^[423] – as a participative "Wikipedia for perovskite solar cell research" and suggest that extensively capturing the progress of an entire field including interactive data exploration functionalities could also be applicable to many fields inmaterials science, engineering and biosciences.^[424][422]
• A third^[425] mainconvergent graphicalshell (Maui Shell) andUI framework (MauiKit), based onKDE/Kirigami, for theLinux operating system on smartphones,desktops and other devices, was released.^{[426][427][428][429]}

• February 7 –AMD released theRyzen Threadripper 3990X, the first 64 coreCPU for consumer market based on theZen 2microarchitecture.^[430]
• March 12 –15.ai, a freeweb application that used artificial intelligence to generate text-to-speech voices of fictional characters, was launched. Created by an AI researcher atMIT, it was notable for its ability to clone voices using as little as 15 seconds of audio data and became widely popular for creatingmemes andfan content. The platform introduced novel features likeemotional contextualizers usingDeepMoji forsentiment analysis and supported precise pronunciation control throughARPABETphonetic transcriptions.^[431][432]
• March 26 – After one of the first and largest publicvolunteerdistributed computing projects,SETI@home announced its shutdown by March 31, 2020, and due to heightened interest as a result of theCOVID-19 pandemic, the distributed computing projectFolding@home became the world's firstsystem to reach one exaFLOPS.^{[433][434][435]} The system simulatesprotein folding, is used for medical research on COVID-19 and achieved a speed of approximately 2.43 x86 exaFLOPS by April 13, 2020 – many times faster than the fastestsupercomputer,Summit.^[436]
• April 20 – Researchers demonstrated a diffusivememristor fabricated fromprotein nanowires of the bacteriumGeobacter sulfurreducens which functions at substantially lower voltages than previously described ones and may allow the construction of artificial neurons which function at voltages of biologicalaction potentials. The nanowires have a range of advantages over silicon nanowires and the memristors may be used to directly processbiosensing signals, forneuromorphic computing and/ordirect communication with biological neurons.^{[437][438][439]}
• May 22 – Australian computer scientists reported achieving, thus far, the highestinternet speed in the world from a single optical chip source over standardoptical fiber, amounting to 44.2Terabits per sec, or "downloading 1000 high definition movies in a split second".^{[440][441][442]}
• May 27 – A study showed thatsocial networks can function poorly as pathways for inconvenient truths, that theinterplay between communication and action during disasters may depend on the structure of social networks, that communication networks suppress necessary "evacuations" in test-scenarios because of false reassurances when compared to groups of isolated individuals and that larger networks with a smaller proportion of informed subjects can suffer more damage due to human-causedmisinformation.^[443][444]
  Further information:Disaster response § Disaster response technologies
• June 11 –Chatbot-technology and text-producing AIGPT-3 was released.^[445][446]
  Further information:Natural language processing § Neural NLP (present)
• July 6 –[Novel protocol/standard] – TheVersatile Video Coding standard (H.266) was finalised, designed to halve thebitrate of previous formats, reducing data volume and being especially useful for on-demand8K streaming services.^[447][448]
  Further information:Streaming media
• June 15 – Researchers reported the development of a polymer device that can receivedopamine signalsfrom real cells and learns from it.^[362][449]
• July 15 – Acyborg beetle with a camera was demonstrated. It streams video to a smartphone viaBluetooth for a "bug's eye view".^[450][451]
  Further information:Cyborg § Animal cyborgs
• August 28 –Elon Musk revealed a model of the prototypebrain–computer interface chip, implanted in pigs, that his companyNeuralink has been working on.^[452][453]
• September 3 – Scientists reported finding "176Open Accessjournals that, through lack ofcomprehensive and open archives, vanished from the Web between 2000 and 2019, spanning all major research disciplines and geographic regions of the world" and that in 2019 only about a third of the 14,068DOAJ-indexed journals ensured the long-term preservation of their content themselves, with many papers not getting archived byWeb archiving initiatives such as theInternet Archive.^{[454][455][456]}
  Further information:Digital preservation
• September 18 – Media reported what may be the first publicly confirmed case of a civilian fatality as a nearly direct consequence of acyberattack, afterransomware disrupted a hospital in Germany.^{[457][relevant?]}
• September 25 –[Novel application of computing / software] – Chemists described, for the first time, possible chemical pathways fromnonliving prebiotic chemicals tocomplex biochemicals that could give rise toliving organisms, based on a new computer program named ALLCHEMY.^[458][459]
  Further information:Computational chemistry
• October 28 – Areview suggested onlysurgical robot platforms "that can effectively communicate their intent and explain their decisions to their human companions will find their way into the operating room of the future", defined levels of autonomy and suggested "positive evidence will soon emerge and build up" that would motivate "transition to clinical trials".^[460][461]

• In 2024, the European Union approved theArtificial Intelligence Act.^[468][469]
• In 2024, the European Union approved theCyber Resilience Act.^[470]

This sectionneeds expansion with: Deaths since March 2022 (for automated updating, a version ofTemplate:Transclude selected current events for articles likeDeaths in 2022 is needed). You can help byadding to it.(September 2022)

This section is empty. You can help byadding to it.(January 2025)

• February 2:John Walker, 74, American computer programmer, author and co-founder ofAutodesk^[471]
• April 23:Robert H. Dennard, 91, American electrical engineer and inventor ofDRAM^[472]
• May 17:Gordon Bell, 89, American electrical engineer and manager^[473]
• June 9:Lynn Conway, 86, American computer scientist, electrical engineer, known forMead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution^[474]
• August 9:Susan Wojcicki, 56, American business executive, CEO ofYouTube^[475]
• November 12:Thomas E. Kurtz, 96, American computer scientist and educator^[476]

• March 24:Gordon Moore, 94, American businessman, engineer, and co-founder ofIntel Corporation^[477]
• May 5:Ian Witten, 76, English-New Zealand computer scientist, co-creator of theSequitur algorithm,Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand (b. 1947).^[478]

• January 2:Hagit Shatkay, 56, Israeli-American computer scientist^[479]
• January 30:Takao Nishizeki, 74, Japanese mathematician and computer scientist^[480]
• February 16:Lorinda Cherry, 77, American computer scientist and programmer^[481]
• February 28:Mary Coombs, 93, British computer programmer^[482]
• September 2:Peter Eckersley, 43, Australian computer scientist^[483]

• January 2:Brad Cox, American computer scientist, and inventor of theObjective-C programming language (b. 1944)
• January 28:Alice Recoque, French computer scientist (b. 1929)
• February 1:Walter Savitch, American computer scientist and theoretical mathematician (b. 1943)
• February 6:Ioan Dzițac, Romanian computer scientist and mathematician (b. 1953)
• March 6:Lou Ottens, Dutch engineer and inventor of thecassette tape (b. 1926)
• April 1:Isamu Akasaki, Japanese engineer and physicist, and inventor of the blueLED (b. 1929)
• April 16:Charles Geschke, American computer scientist, and co-founder ofAdobe Inc. (b. 1939)
• April 23:Dan Kaminsky, American computer security researcher (b. 1979)
• May 23:Makoto Nagao, Japanesenatural language processing pioneer (b. 1936)
• June 23:John McAfee, British-Americanantivirus software pioneer, and founder ofMcAfee (b. 1945)

• January 2:Robert M. Graham, American computer scientist (b. 1929)
• January 3: Joseph Karr O'Connor, American computer scientist (b. 1953)
• January 8:Peter T. Kirstein, British computer scientist (b. 1933)
• February 11:Yasumasa Kanada, Japanese computer scientist (b. 1949)
• February 16:
  • Larry Tesler, American computer scientist (b. 1945)
  • John Iliffe, British computer designer (b. 1931)
• February 18:Bert Sutherland, American computer scientist (b. 1936)
• March 2:Vera Pless, American mathematician (b. 1931)
• March 15:Olvi L. Mangasarian, Iraqi-American computer scientist and mathematician (b. 1934)
• April 7
  • Mishik Kazaryan, Russian physicist (b. 1948)
  • Adrian V. Stokes, British computer scientist (b. 1945)
• April 11:John Horton Conway, British mathematician (b. 1937)
• April 25:Thomas Huang, American computer scientist (b. 1936)
• May 9:Timo Honkela, Finnish computer scientist (b. 1962)
• June 5:Deborah Washington Brown, American computer scientist (b. 1952)
• July 10:Michael M. Richter, German mathematician and computer scientist (b. 1938)
• July 26:Bill English, American computer engineer and co-developer of thecomputer mouse (b. 1929)
• August 4:Frances Allen, American computer scientist, first woman to win the Turing Award (b. 1932)
• August 11:Russell Kirsch, American computer scientist and inventor of the first digital image scanner (b. 1929)
• August 25:Rebeca Guber, Argentine mathematician and computer scientist (b.1926)
• October 2:Victor Zalgaller, Russian-Israeli mathematician (b. 1920)
• November 7:Chung Laung Liu, Taiwanese computer scientist (b. 1934)
• November 14:Peter Pagé, German computer scientist (b. 1939)
• November 23:Konrad Fiałkowski, Polish computer engineer (b. 1939)
• December 1
  • Norman Abramson, American computer scientist and engineer (b. 1932)
  • Eric Engstrom, American software engineer and co-creator ofDirectX (b. 1965)
• December 14:Claudio Baiocchi, Italian mathematician (b. 1940)
• December 22:Edmund M. Clarke, American computer scientist (b. 1945)
• December 23:Lars Arge, Danish computer scientist (b. 1967)

Very broad outlines of topic domains and topics with substantial progress during the decade not yet included above with aFurther information: link:

• Applications of artificial intelligence
  • Argumentation theory#Artificial intelligence
  • Explainable artificial intelligence
  • Artificial intelligence art
• Climate change mitigation#Research
• Education#Development
• Archivist#On the Internet
• Decision-making software
• Emulator
  • Video game console emulator^{[needs update]}
• Technical standard
• Supply chain sustainability#Software
  • Sustainability standards and certification^{[needs update]}
• Linux for mobile devices
• Usage share of operating systems

• Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education
  • Learning management system#COVID-19 and learning management systems^{[needs update]}
• Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology
• Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation

• 2020–present global chip shortage
• Cryptocurrency bubble#2020–2022 cryptocurrency bubble
• Bug bounty program#Notable programs^{[needs update]}
• China–United States trade war#2020 or generaltechnological sovereignty^{[needs update]} policies

General topics

• Business models for open-source software#FOSS and economy^[484]
• Digital transformation#History^{[needs update]}
• Distributive justice^{[needs update]}
• Sustainable distribution^{[needs update]}
• Sustainable design^{[needs update]}
• Algorithms for resource allocation
• Sustainable food system decision-making^{[additional citation(s) needed]}
• 2020s in economic history#Remote work

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