This is atimeline of events of World War II in 1939 from the start of the war on 1 September 1939. For events preceding September 1, 1939, see thetimeline of events preceding World War II.
Germany'sinvasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 brought many countries into the war. This event, and the declaration of war by France and Britain two days later, mark the beginning of World War II. After the declaration of war, Western Europe saw minimal land and air warfare, leading to this time period being termed the "Phoney War". At sea, this time period saw the opening stages of theBattle of the Atlantic.
The Allies (blue) and Axis Powers (black) at the dawn of the German/Soviet (red) invasion of Poland
.
1 September
TheRepublic of China and theEmpire of Japan are involved in the early stages of the third year of armed conflict between them during theSecond Sino-Japanese War. The war is in what will be known as the "Second Period", which begins after thefall of Wuhan in October 1938 and ends in December 1941 withPearl Harbor. This conflict will eventually be swept up intoWorld War II when Japan joins theAxis and China joins theAllies.[1]
In a mass evacuation effort (code named "operation Pied Piper") the British authorities relocate 1,473,000 children and adults from the cities to the countryside. The adults involved were teachers, people with disabilities and their helpers, mothers with preschool children.[15]
Acting on account of their governments, the ambassadors ofFrance andBritain demand the German government to cease all hostile activities and to withdraw its troops from Poland.[6]
At 9:00 a.m. the British ambassador to BerlinNevile Henderson is instructed by theCabinet to deliver an ultimatum to Germany which expired without answer at 11:00 a.m.[26]
TheAustralian Prime MinisterRobert Menzies declares that the country is at war with Germany due to Britain's choice, and a similar war declaration against Germany is made byNew Zealand's government.[33]
German authorities order U-boats to immediately take action against all British ships, but sparing French ships and in strict observance ofprize rules.[39]
In Britain's first military action, theRoyal Air Force'sBomber Command sends out 27 planes to bomb theKriegsmarine, but they turn back before having been able to find any targets.[41] Overnight tenWhitleys made the first of many 'nickel raids' inBremen,Hamburg and theRuhr in which the planes dropped propaganda leaflets.[42]
Further answering to Roosevelt's plea the British and French present a joint formal declaration stating that the Allied bombers would attack only military targets unless Germany begins indiscriminate civilian bombings.[16]
In the first British raid of the war, theRoyal Air Force's send 15Blenheim bombers to launch a bombing raid on the German fleet in theHeligoland Bight. They target the German pocket-battleshipAdmiral Scheer and thelight cruiserEmden anchored offWilhelmshaven. Seven aircraft are lost in the attack and, although theAdmiral Scheer is hit three times, all of the bombs fail to explode.[43][44]
Japan'sPrime MinisterNobuyuki Abe sends a formal note to all belligerents and neutrals announcing it would remain neutral and "avoid becoming involved" in the European conflict; instead it will concentrate on "settling the China incident".[45]
Duncan calls on the politicianJan Smuts to attempt to form a Cabinet and replace Hertzog as Prime Minister of South Africa, which he successfully does.[33]
The British freighterSSBosnia becomes the first merchant ship sunk in the battle of the Atlantic when it gets targeted off the coast of Portugal by the U-boatU-47.[54]
The United States publicly declares neutrality.[55]
Following the administration's declaration of neutrality,American PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt orders to put together aNeutrality Patrol which must observe and report any belligerent forces by patrolling the United States Atlantic coast and the Caribbean.[56]
British Destroyers escorting theaircraft carrierHMS Ark Royal sink theU-39 after the U-boat's attack against thecarrier failed. It was the first sinking of a German U-boat in WW II.[82]
TheRomanian cabinet under intense German pressure decides that the Polish military and civilian leaderships would be interned if they were to evacuate in Romania.[78]
Romanian authorities drastically limit the passage through the country of war materials to be sent to Poland.[78]
TheBritish aircraft carrierHMSCourageous is torpedoed and sunk byU-29 on patrol off the coast of Ireland, causing the death of 514 aboard; it represented the first major warship to be sunk in the war.[82]
The Sovietnews agencyTASS accuses theEstonian government of having deliberately permitted the Orzeł of escaping internment and also alleges the existence of other Polish submarines hidden in otherBaltic states.[84]
The French Army completes its sixteen-day long mobilization.[25]
19 September
The German and Soviet armies link up nearBrest Litovsk.
TheFührer der UnterseebooteKarl Dönitz greatly relaxes prize rules ordering the sinking without warning of merchant ships that send signals by radio and the attack on smaller Allied passenger ships. He also opens the war on French shipping.[95][96]
In Moscow Molotov asks from the Estonian delegation a mutual assistance pact which would give the Soviets naval and air bases. If the Soviet Union doesn't get military bases in Estonia, it will be compelled “to use force against Estonia”.[93]
The Japanese army successfully crosses theDongting Lake, thus cutting by more than half the distance from the army's target, theChinese city ofChangsha.[100]
27 September: In the first military operations by the German Army in Western Europe, guns on theSiegfried Line open up on villages behind FrenchMaginot line.[101]
28 September
German–Soviet Frontier Treaty is signed by Molotov and Ribbentrop. The secret protocol specifies the details of partition of Poland originally defined inMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact (August 23, 1939) and adds Lithuania to the Soviet Union sphere of interest.
The remaining Polish army and militia in the centre ofWarsaw capitulate to the Germans.
Soviet troops mass by the Latvian border. Latvian air space violated.
Estonia signs a10-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union, which allows the Soviets to have 30 000-men military bases in Estonia. As a gift in return Stalin promises to respect Estonian independence.
Latvian representatives negotiate withStalin andMolotov. Soviets threaten an occupation by force if they do not get military bases in Latvia.
2 October
The last Polish garrison stationed inHel capitulates, ending theBattle of Hel.
TheDeclaration of Panama is approved by the American republics. Belligerent activities should not take place within waters adjacent to the American continent. A neutrality zone of some 300 miles (480 km) in breadth is to be patrolled by theU.S. Navy.[56]
British forces move to take over part of the frontier defenses manned by French troops.[104]
Lithuanians meetStalin andMolotov inMoscow. Stalin offersLithuania the city ofVilnius (in Poland) in return for allowing Soviet military bases in Lithuania. The Lithuanians are reluctant.
Latvia signs a10-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union, which allows the Soviets to have 25,000 men in military bases in Latvia. Stalin promises to respect Latvian independence.
Reacting to the news thatGerman surface raiders are targeting commercial shipping, the BritishFirst Sea Lord SirDudley Pound orders the creation of eight hunting forces together with the French to scout the Atlantic and destroy the surface raiders.[105]
The last of Poland's military surrenders to the Germans.
The leaders of the German navy suggest toHitler they need to occupyNorway.
British Prime MinisterChamberlain formally declines Hitler's peace offer in a speech held in theHouse of Commons.
Lithuania signs a15-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union, which allows the Soviets to have 20,000 men in military bases in Lithuania. In a secret protocol, Vilnius is made Lithuanian territory.
11 October
An estimated 158,000 British troops are now in France.
French PremierÉdouard Daladier declines Hitler's offer of peace.
Finland's representatives meet Stalin and Molotov in Moscow. Soviet Union demands Finland give up a military base nearHelsinki and exchange some Soviet and Finnish territories to protectLeningrad against Great Britain or the eventual future threat of Germany.
Finns meet Stalin again. Stalin tells them that "an accident" might happen between Finnish and Soviet troops, if the negotiations last too long.[citation needed]
16 October: TheLuftwaffe made its first air raid on Britain when it sent a dozenJunkers Ju 88 after ships offRosyth, in particular the battlecruiserHMSHood. The raid was unsuccessful, failing to land any hits while the group commanderHelmuth Pohle was shot down.[97][109]
17 October
TheLuftwaffe launches a new raid on Britain, this time targeting the British fleet anchored atScapa Flow, again with limited success, with only thedecommissionedHMSIron Duke being hit.[97][110]
First Soviet forces enter Estonia. During theUmsiedlung, 12,600Baltic Germans leave Estonia.
Adolf Eichmann starts deporting Jews from Austria and Czechoslovakia into Poland, executing theNisko Plan.
19 October: Portions of Poland are formally inducted into Germany; the first Jewishghetto isestablished at Lublin.
20 October
The "Phoney War": French troops settle in the Maginot line's dormitories and tunnels; the British build new fortifications along the "gap" between the Maginot line and the Channel.
Registration begins in the United Kingdom in order to conscript all able-bodied males between 18 and 23.[29]
The German prize crew anchors the SSCity of Flint inTromsø,Norway, but are immediately ordered to limit their stay to less than twenty-four hours.[113]
23 October: The seized freighterCity of Flint reachesMurmansk in theSoviet Union. Here the prize crew is forced to leave the ship, but the latter is not given permission to leave.[114]
TheCity of Flint is permitted to leave under the control of its prize crew despite the angry protests of theRoosevelt administration.[118]
28 October
Hitler, worried on one side by the protests received by the American andNorwegian governments, and on the other by the danger of losing a warship with such a prestigious name, orders theDeutschland to return home.[119]
30 October: The British government releases a report on concentration camps being built in Europe for Jews and anti-Nazis.[121]
31 October: As Germany plans for an attack on France, German Lieutenant-GeneralErich von Manstein proposes that Germany should attack through theArdennes rather than through Belgium – the expected attack route.
1–2 November: The German physicistHans Ferdinand Mayer compiles, while on a trip toOslo, the so-calledOslo Report, containing important German secret military information.[122]
3 November
Finland andSoviet Union again negotiate new borders. Finns mistrust Stalin's aims and refuse to give up territory breaking their defensive line.
The seizedCity of Flint anchors atHaugesund,Norway, claiming medical reasons.[123]
4 November
Roosevelt signs into law the amendments to theNeutrality Act: belligerents may buy arms from the United States, but on a strictlycash and carry basis, banning the use of American ships.[124]
Hans Mayer sends an anonymous letter to the BritishNaval attaché in Oslo, Captain Hector Boyer, asking if the British wants information from Germany on present and future German weapons. If the answer is positive he requires that confirmation be given by a small change of the German version of the BBC World Service, which is done.[125][126]
The anchorage in Haugesund is judged a violation of international law by Norwegian authorities that during the nightboard the ship freeing the ship and interning the Germans.[123]
5 November: Hans Mayer sends anonymously his report to theBritish Embassy in Norway; from there it was sent for evaluation toWhitehall, where it attracted the attention ofReginald Victor Jones, Assistant Director of Intelligence to the Air Ministry, despite the skepticism of many who suspected it being a German plant.[125]
6 November:Sonderaktion Krakau: In Krakow, Nazis detain and deport university professors to concentration camps.
8 November: Hitler escapes a bomb blast in a Munich beerhall, where he was speaking on the anniversary of theBeer Hall Putsch of 1923. British bombers coincidentally bomb Munich.
9 November
At an Anglo-French meeting held inVarennes general Gamelin obtains the approval of theDyle plan, a strategy meant to keep the war out of France if Hitlerinvaded Belgium.[128]
12 November: TheCzech studentJan Opletal dies as a result of wounds inflicted by German authorities, causing vast anger and resentment among Czechs.[127]
13 November
Negotiations between Finland and Soviet Union break down. Finns suspect that Germans and Russians have agreed to include Finland in the Soviet sphere of influence.[130]
The first British destroyer lost in the war isHMS Blanche, sunk by a minefield laid by an U-boat close to theThames Estuary.[131]
TheDeutschland arrives home atGotenhafen, after having only sunk two ships and caught one.[132][130]
TheLuftwaffe drops in the mud an intact magnetic mine offShoeburyness at the mouth of theThames Estuary. Once salvaged, Admiralty scientists inventeddegaussing that greatly decreased the danger represented by magnetic mines.[138]
Polish Jews are ordered to wearStar of David armbands.
24 November: Japan announces the capture ofNanning in southern China.
26 November
The Soviets stage theshelling of Mainila, Soviet artillery shells a field near the Finnish border, accusing Finns of killing Soviet troops.
Germany and Slovakia sign a border treaty which assigns to the latter the Polish parts ofOrava andSpiš together with the territoriestaken by Poland in 1938.[141]
29 November: The USSR breaks off diplomatic relations with Finland.
1 December: Russia continues its war against Finland;Helsinki is bombed. In the first two weeks of the month, the Finns retreat to theMannerheim line, an outmoded defensive line just inside the southern border with Russia.
5 December: The Russian invaders begin heavy attacks on the Mannerheim line. The Battles ofKollaa andSuomussalmi begin.
7 December: Italy, Norway and Denmark again declare their neutrality in the Russo-Finnish war. Sweden proclaims "non-belligerency", by which it could extend military support to Finland, without formally taking part in the war.[145]
11 December: The Russians are met with several tactical defeats inflicted upon them by the Finnish Army.
17 December: TheAdmiral Graf Spee is forced byUruguay to leave Montevideo harbor; given freedom of choice by Berlin, the ship's Kapitän zur See,Hans Langsdorff, orders the scuttlling of the vessel just outside the harbour. The ship's captain and its crew are interned byArgentinian authorities.[151][152]
27 December: The first Indian troops arrive in France.
28 December
The BritishMinister of FoodW.S. Morrison announced that starting January 8, rationing would be expanded to include butter, bacon, ham and sugar.[154]
While patrolling theButt of Lewis the British battleshipHMSBarham is damaged by the GermanU-30 and put out of service for four months.[155][156]
31 December: German Propaganda MinisterJoseph Goebbels makes a radio address reviewing the official Nazi version of the events of 1939. No predictions were made for 1940 other than saying that the next year "will be a hard year, and we must be ready for it."[157]
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