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Timeline of World War I

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of the events ofWorld War I in chronological order.

Theatres ofWorld War I

1914

[edit]
DatesTheater/Front/CampaignEvents
June 28PoliticsAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, who was killed inSarajevo along with his wifeSophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, byGavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb.[1]
July 5PoliticsAustria-Hungary seeks German support for a war against Serbia in case of Russian military intervention. TheGerman Empire gives assurances of support.[2]
July 23PoliticsBeginning of the "Black Week". Austria-Hungary sendsan ultimatum to TheKingdom of Serbia. Serbia responds that night, agreeing to most but not all terms of the ultimatum.

The Serbian response is seen as satisfactory by the Kaiser, but German diplomats do not pressure Austria to make peace.[3] (details)

July 24BalkanSerbia mobilizes, expecting Austria to declare war after the refusal of the ultimatum.
July 25EasternAustria mobilizes against Serbia. Russia enters the period preparatory to war (partial mobilization).
July 28PoliticsTo my peoples.Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.[4]
July 29PoliticsWilly–Nicky correspondence.Wilhelm II, German Emperor andNicholas II of Russia communicate via telegram.[5]
July 30PoliticsGermany sends Russia an ultimatum.[5]
July 31PoliticsSweden announces neutrality in the conflict betweenAustria-Hungary andSerbia.[6]
PoliticsRussia mobilizes for war.
August 1PoliticsGermany declares war onRussia and mobilizes.[7][8][9]
WesternFrance mobilizes.[7]
PoliticsItaly declares its neutrality.[10]
PoliticsTheGerman–Ottoman alliance. Germany and theOttoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty.[11]
August 2WesternGermany invadesLuxembourg.[12] (details)
WesternSkirmish at Joncherey, first military action on the Western Front.[13]
August 2 – 26WesternGermany besieges and captures fortifiedLongwy, "the Iron Gate to Paris", near the Luxembourg border, opening France to mass German invasion.
August 3PoliticsGermany declares war onFrance.[14]Belgium denies permission for German forces to pass through to the French border.[15][16]
PoliticsSwitzerland declares its neutrality and mobilises for defence purposes.[17][18]
PoliticsSweden declares neutrality in the conflict betweenGermany,Russia andFrance.[6]
August 4WesternTheGerman invasion of Belgium (1914)[19] to outflank the French army.

Rape of Belgium.

PoliticsBritain protests against the violation of Belgian neutrality, guaranteed by theTreaty of London (1839). The German Chancellor replies that the treaty is just achiffon de papier (a scrap of paper). The United Kingdom declares war on Germany, automatically including all dominions, colonies, etc. of theBritish Empire including Canada, Australia, andBritish India.[20] (details)
PoliticsThe United States declares neutrality.
August 5 – 16WesternBattle of Liège. The Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses ofLiège, Belgium.
August 5Asian and PacificFirst weapon fired inMelbourne,Australia, by Australian troops.[21]
Asian and PacificGerman SteamerSSPfalz surrenders after being fired on byFort Nepean, south ofMelbourne,Australia.[22] (details)
PoliticsMontenegro declares war onAustria-Hungary.[23]
Middle EasternTheOttoman Empire closes theDardanelles.
August 6PoliticsAustria-Hungary declares war onRussia.[24]
PoliticsKingdom of Serbia declares war onGermany.[24]
August 7
PoliticsSpain declares "the strictest neutrality."[25][26] (details)
August 7 – September 6WesternBattle of the Frontiers. The Germans obtain a victory against the British Expeditionary Force and France's Fifth Army.
August 7 – 10WesternBattle of Mulhouse, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.
August 8PoliticsMontenegro declares war onGermany.[24]
PoliticsSweden andNorway declare neutrality in the general conflict.
August 9African,TogolandTheTogoland Campaign begins.
August 11PoliticsFrance declares war on Austria-Hungary.
August 12PoliticsThe United Kingdom declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24][27]
WesternBattle of Halen, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.
August 14 – 25WesternBattle of Lorraine, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.
August 14 – 24WesternBattle of Dinant, during the German invasion of Belgium. IncludingSack of Dinant (August 23).
August 15African,East AfricanGerman troops cross intoEast Africa Protectorate and occupyTaveta. (details)
August 15 – 24Balkan,SerbianThe Serbs defeat the Austro-Hungarians at theBattle of Cer.[28]
August 17EasternBattle of Stallupönen. The Russian army entersEast Prussia.
August 20EasternThe Germans attack the Russians in East Prussia at theBattle of Gumbinnen. The attack is a failure in addition to being a deviation from the Schlieffen Plan.[29]
WesternThe Germans occupyBrussels.
WesternBattle of Morhange-Sarrebourg, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.
August 21 – 23WesternBattle of Charleroi, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.
August 21 – 23WesternBattle of the Ardennes, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.
August 23PoliticsJapan declares war onGermany.[24] (details)
WesternBattle of Mons, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.
August 23 – 30EasternBattle of Tannenberg: the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans.[30]
August 23 – September 11EasternBattle of Galicia. The Russians captureLviv.
August 23 – 25EasternBattle of Kraśnik, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg. The Austro-Hungarian First Army defeats the Russian Fourth Army.[31]
August 24 – 26WesternAction of Elouges
WesternBattle of the Trouée de Charmes, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.
August 24 – September 7WesternSiege of Maubeuge. The Germans besiege and capture the Maubeuge Fortress.
August 24 – September 5WesternThe AlliedGreat Retreat to the River Marne.
August 25PoliticsJapan declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]
African,KamerunBattle of Tepe: The Kamerun campaign begins.
August 26African,TogolandBritish and French forces conquerTogoland, a German protectorate inWest Africa.[32] (details)
WesternRearguard Affair of Le Grand Fayt
August 26WesternBattle of Le Cateau results in an Allied retreat.
August 26 – 30EasternBattle of Gnila Lipa, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg.
August 26 – September 2EasternBattle of Komarów (1914), part of the Battle of Lemberg.
August 26, 1914 – February 18, 1916African,KamerunSiege of Mora
August 27WesternRearguard Affair of Étreux
August 27 – November 7Asian and PacificSiege of Tsingtao: British and Japanese forces capture the German-controlled port ofQingdao inRepublic of China (1912–1949).
August 28NavalTheRoyal Navy wins the FirstBattle of Heligoland Bight (1914) in theNorth Sea.
PoliticsAustria-Hungary declares war onBelgium.[24]
August 29 – 30WesternBattle of St. Quentin (1914), also known as Battle of Guise. Orderly Allied retreat.
August 29 – 31African,KamerunFirst Battle of Garua
August 29 – 30Asian and PacificOccupation of German Samoa.New Zealand occupies German Samoa (laterSamoa).
September 1WesternAffair of Néry
PoliticsSaint Petersburg renamed Petrograd, removing German words "Burg" and "Sankt."[33]
September 3 – 11EasternAustro-Hungarian defeat at theBattle of Rawa, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg.
September 5Naval,AtlanticBritishscout cruiserHMSPathfinder (1904) is sunk byU-boatSMU-21 offScotland.
September 5–12WesternFirst Battle of the Marne. The German advance onParis is halted, marking the failure of theSchlieffen Plan.[34]
WesternBattle of the Ourcq, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.
WesternBattle of the Two Morins
September 6African,KamerunBattle of Nsanakong
September 6–12WesternBattle of the Marshes of Saint-Gond, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.
WesternBattle of Vitry, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.
WesternBattle of Revigny, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.
September 7 – September 24Balkan,SerbianBattle of the Drina
September 7Asian and PacificFanning Raid
September 7–14EasternFirst Battle of the Masurian Lakes: The Russian Army of the Neman withdraws from East Prussia with heavy casualties.
September 9PoliticsTheobald von Bethmann Hollweg lays out Germany's war aims. (details)
September 11Asian and PacificBattle of Bita Paka
September 13African,South West AfricaSouth West Africa campaign. Troops fromSouth Africa begin invadingGerman South West Africa.
September 13–28WesternTheFirst Battle of the Aisne ends in a substantial draw. TheRace to the Sea begins.
September 14PoliticsErich von Falkenhayn replacesHelmuth von Moltke the Younger as German Chief of Staff.
September 14–17Asian and PacificSiege of Toma. Most German forces inGerman New Guinea surrender to the Australians then or over the following year.
September 15, 1914 - Feb 4, 1915African,South West AfricaMaritz rebellion.Boers leaderManie Maritz revolts in South Africa.
September 19 – October 11WesternBattle of Flirey
September 20Naval,African,East AfricanBattle of Zanzibar, German naval victory.
September 22Asian and PacificBombardment of Papeete
Asian and PacificBombardment of Madras. Germanlight cruiserSMS Emden attacksChennai.
September 22–26WesternFirst Battle of Picardy
September 24EasternTheSiege of Przemyśl begins.
September 26African,South West AfricaBattle of Sandfontein
September 25–29WesternFirstBattle of Albert (1914)
September 28 – October 10WesternSiege of Antwerp (1914). The Germans besiege and captureAntwerp, Belgium.
September 29–30Asian and PacificJapan occupies theMarshall Islands.
September 29 – October 31EasternBattle of the Vistula River, also known as Battle of Warsaw.
October 1914 – July 11, 1915Naval,African,East AfricanBattle of Rufiji Delta, German cruiserSMSKönigsberg (1905) destroyed.
October 1–4WesternFirstBattle of Arras (1914)
October 9 – November 1Balkan,SerbianCentral powers control Belgrade. (details)
October 10 – November 2WesternBattle of La Bassée
October 12 – November 2WesternFirstBattle of Messines (1914)
October 13 – November 2WesternBattle of Armentières
October 16–31WesternBattle of the Yser. French and Belgian forces secure the coastline of Belgium.[35]
October 19 – November 22WesternTheFirst Battle of Ypres ends theRace to the Sea. The Germans are prevented from reachingCalais andDunkirk.
October 18, 1914 – July 9, 1915African,South West AfricaGerman campaign in Angola. Clashes between German and Portuguese forces in thePortuguese Angola-German South West Africa border, without declaration of war.
October 28Naval,Asian and PacificBattle of Penang. The German cruiser Emden sinks two British warships in theStrait of Malacca.
October 29Naval,EasternBlack Sea raid. Ottoman warships bombard the Russian ports ofOdessa andSevastopol.
November 1PoliticsRussia declares war on theOttoman Empire.
NavalBattle of Coronel. Von Spee's German cruiser squadron defeats a Royal Navy squadron underChristopher Cradock offChile.[36]
November 2Naval,AtlanticTheUnited Kingdom begins the naval blockade ofGermany. (details)
PoliticsSerbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.[24]
November 2–21Middle Eastern,CaucasianBergmann Offensive, first military engagement in theCaucasus of the First World War.
November 3PoliticsMontenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
African,East AfricanBattle of Kilimanjaro
November 3–5African,East AfricanVon Lettow-Vorbeck's German colonial forces defeat the British at theBattle of Tanga, German East Africa.
November 5PoliticsFrance and the United Kingdom[37] declare war on the Ottoman Empire.[24]
November 6–8Middle Eastern,MesopotamianFao Landing, British and Indians besiege the fortress at Fao.
November 7Asian and PacificJapanese Forces capture the Naval Base at Tsingtao. (details)
November 11PoliticsSultanMehmed V declaresJihad on theAllies of World War I.[38][39]
November 11–22Middle Eastern,MesopotamianBattle of Basra (1914)
November 11 – December 6EasternBattle of Łódź (1914) (also known asSilesian offensive).
November 13African,East AfricanBattle of El Herri: Worst French defeat inMorocco at the hands of theZayanes.
November 16 – December 15Balkan,SerbianBattle of Kolubara, Austro-Hungarians withdraw from Serbia.
November 19PoliticsBolshevik representatives at theState Duma arrested and exiled toSiberia.
November 23Middle Eastern,MesopotamianBasra is occupied by theBritish.
December 1 – 13EasternBattle of Limanowa
December 3 – 9Middle Eastern,MesopotamianBattle of Qurna
December 8NavalBattle of the Falkland Islands. Von Spee's German cruiser squadron is defeated by theRoyal Navy.[40]
December 10WesternHill 60 (Ypres) captured by the Germans.
December 14Middle Eastern,PersianPersian campaign (World War I). Ottomans occupy the Persian border town of Qatur as a bridgehead to the Caucasus, but withdraw after their defeat atSarıkamış.
December 16Naval,AtlanticRaid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. The German fleet shellsScarborough, North Yorkshire,Hartlepool, andWhitbyEngland.[41]
December 18–19PoliticsChristian X, Gustaf V, and Haakon VII meet atMalmö to discuss neutrality, which leads toDenmark joining Sweden and Norway in neutrality.[42]
December 18 – 22WesternBattle of Givenchy
December 17, 1914 – January 13, 1915WesternFirst Battle of Artois
December 20WesternFighting begins atPerthes, Ardennes.
December 20, 1914 – 17 March 1915WesternFirst Battle of Champagne
December 22WesternFighting begins atNoyon.
December 22, 1914 – January 17, 1915Middle Eastern,CaucasianThe Russians win theBattle of Sarikamish, Caucasia.[43]
December 24 – 26WesternIn some sectors of the Western Front, an unofficialChristmas truce is observed between German and British forces.[44]
December 25 – January 18, 1915Middle Eastern,CaucasianBattle of Ardahan

1915

[edit]
DatesTheater/Front/CampaignEvents
January 2EasternThe Russian offensive in theCarpathians begins. It will continue until April 12.
January 4–11Middle Eastern,PersianOttomans occupyUrmia andTabriz by surprise.
January 18PoliticsJapan attempts to impose itsTwenty-One Demands on neutral China.
January 18–19African,East AfricanBattle of Jassin.
January 19 – December 22WesternBattle of Hartmannswillerkopf, series of battles fought to control the peak.
January 24NavalBattle of Dogger Bank between squadrons of the BritishGrand Fleet and the GermanHochseeflotte.
January 24–26African,East AfricanChilembwe uprising led by John Chilembwe inNyasaland.
January 28 – February 3Middle Eastern,Sinai and PalestineThe Ottomans fail to capture theSuez Canal in theFirst Suez Offensive.
January 30Middle Eastern,PersianThe Russians take Tabriz.
January 31EasternBattle of Bolimov. First German use ofchemical weapons.[45]
February 4Naval,AtlanticGermany beginsunrestricted submarine warfare against merchant vessels.
African,South West AfricaJan Kemp surrenders. End of theMaritz Rebellion.
African,South West AfricaBattle of Kakamas: German invasion of South Africa repelled.
February 7–22EasternSecond Battle of the Masurian Lakes. The Russian X Army is defeated.
February 15Asian and PacificTroops in Singapore mutiny against the British
February 19Middle Eastern,GallipoliBritish and French naval attack on theDardanelles.The Gallipoli Campaign begins.[46]
March 5PoliticsGreat Britain and France promise RussiaConstantinople.
March 7Middle Eastern,PersianOttomans retreat to Qotur, pushed by a Russian counteroffensive.
March 10 – March 13WesternBattle of Neuve Chapelle. After an initial success, a British offensive is halted.
March 14NavalBattle of Más a Tierra. The last remnant of the GermanEast Asia Squadron is sunk and its crew interned in neutralChile.
March 18Naval,Middle Eastern,GallipoliBattle of 18 March. The British and French unsuccessfully try to force theDardanelles, losing 3 Pre-Dreadnought Battleships
March 22EasternTheSiege of Przemyśl ends. The Russians capture the fortress.
April 5 – May 5WesternFirst Battle of Woevre.
April 12–14Middle Eastern,MesopotamianBattle of Shaiba.
April 15Middle Eastern,PersianBattle of Dilman
April 19 – May 17Middle Eastern,CaucasianThe Ottomans besiege the Armenian city ofVan.
April 22 – May 25WesternTheSecond Battle of Ypres, which ends in a stalemate.Germany first usespoison gas.
April 22–23WesternBattle of Gravenstafel, First stage of the Second Battle of Ypres.
April 24PoliticsDeportation of Armenian intellectuals toAnkara, first act of theArmenian genocide.
April 24 – May 5WesternBattle of St Julien, part of the Second Battle of Ypres.
April 25Middle Eastern,GallipoliAllied forces land on Gallipoli, landing atAri Burnu, soon renamed Anzac Cove, andCape Helles.[47] (details)
April 26PoliticsTreaty of London between the Entente andItaly.[citation needed]
African,South West AfricaBattle of Trekkopjes.
April 28Middle Eastern,GallipoliFirst Battle of Krithia. The Allied advance is repelled.[48]
April 29African,KamerunBattle of Gurin.
May 1EasternTheGorlice-Tarnów Offensive begins: the German troops under General Mackensen break through the Russian lines inGalicia.
Middle Eastern,GallipoliBattle ofEski Hissarlik.
May 3Middle Eastern,GallipoliTroops withdraw fromAnzac Cove.
PoliticsItaly revokes its commitment toa defensive alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
May 6–8Middle Eastern,GallipoliSecond Battle of Krithia. The Allied attempts at advancing are thwarted again.[49]
May 7Naval,AtlanticThe British linerLusitania is sunk by a German U-boat.[50]
May 8–13WesternBattle of Frezenberg Ridge, Part of the Second Battle of Ypres.
May 9WesternBeginning of theSecond Battle of Artois, with theBattle of Aubers
May 10EasternTroops fromHungary rout the Russians atJarosław. Lviv is again in Austrian hands.
May 11Middle Eastern,GallipoliArmistice called at Gallipoli to bury the dead. (details)
May 12African,South West AfricaWindhoek, capital of German South-West Africa, is occupied bySouth African troops.[51]
May 15–25WesternBattle of Festubert.
May 16 – June 23EasternBattle of Konary.
May 23PoliticsItaly declares war onAustria-Hungary.[24] (details)
May 24–25WesternBattle of Bellewaarde, final phase of the Second Battle of Ypres.
May 31 – June 10African,KamerunSecond Battle of Garua.
June–SeptemberEasternTheRussian Great Retreat from Poland and Galicia.
June 4Middle Eastern,GallipoliThird Battle of Krithia. Yet another Allied failure.[49]
EasternThe Russians leavePrzemyśl. (details)
June 21–23African,East AfricanBattle of Bukoba.
June 22EasternMackensen again breaks through the Russian lines in theLviv area. (details)
June 23 – July 7ItalianFirst Battle of the Isonzo.
June 27EasternThe Austro-Hungarians re-enter Lviv. (details)
June 28 – July 5Middle Eastern,GallipoliThe British win theBattle of Gully Ravine.
June 29African,KamerunBattle of Ngaundere
July 1AirFirst aerial victory by a synchronized gun-armed fighter aircraft (details)
African,South West AfricaBattle of Otavi.
July 9African,South West AfricaThe German forces inSouth-West Africa surrender.
July 10–26Middle Eastern,CaucasianBattle of Manzikert.
July 18 – August 3ItalianSecond Battle of the Isonzo.
July 25ItalianItalians capture Cappuccio Wood. (details)
AirFirstVictoria Cross awarded to a British combat pilot (details)
July 27–31Middle Eastern,CaucasianBattle of Kara Killisse.
August 5EasternThe Germans occupyWarsaw. (details)
August 6–10Middle Eastern,GallipoliBattle of Lone Pine, part of the August Offensive.
August 6–13Middle Eastern,GallipoliBattle of Krithia Vineyard, part of the August Offensive.
August 6–15Middle Eastern,GallipoliAlliesland at Suvla Bay, a phase of the August Offensive.
August 6–21Middle Eastern,GallipoliBattle of Sari Bair, part of the August Offensive. Last and unsuccessful attempt by the British to seize theGallipoli peninsula.[52]
August 7Middle Eastern,GallipoliBattle of the Nek, a phase of the August Offensive.
August 7–19Middle Eastern,GallipoliBattle of Chunuk Bair, a phase of the August Offensive.
August 19Naval,AtlanticA German U-boat sinks the linerSS Arabic (1902). 44 died including 3 Americans
August 21Middle Eastern,GallipoliScimitar Hill, a phase of the August Offensive.
PoliticsItaly declares war on the Ottoman Empire.[24]
August 21–29Middle Eastern,GallipoliBattle of Hill 60, part of the August Offensive.
August 26 – September 19EasternSventiany Offensive, a phase of the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive.
September 1Naval,AtlanticGermany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare. (details)
September 5–8PoliticsTheZimmerwald Conference of anti-militarist European socialist parties is held inZimmerwald,Switzerland.
September 5EasternNicholas II removesGrand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, personally taking that position.
September 15 – November 4WesternThird Battle of Artois.
September 19EasternThe Germans occupyVilnius.The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive ends.
September 25–28WesternBattle of Loos, a major British offensive, fails.
September 25 – October 15WesternBattle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt, a phase of the Battle of Loos.
September 25 – November 6WesternSecond Battle of Champagne.
September 28Middle Eastern,MesopotamianBattle of Es Sinn.
October 3Balkan,MacedonianAllies land troops atSalonika inGreece to aidSerbia.
October 7 – December 4Balkan,SerbianSerbia is invaded byGermany,Austria-Hungary, andBulgaria.
October 12PoliticsEdith Cavell executed.
October 14PoliticsBulgaria declares war on Serbia[24] (details)
October 14 – November 9Balkan,SerbianMorava Offensive, a phase of the Central Powers Invasion of Serbia, Bulgarians break through Serbian lines.
October 14 – November 15Balkan,SerbianOvche Pole Offensive, a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia, Bulgarians break through Serbian lines.
October 15PoliticsTheUnited Kingdom declares war on Bulgaria.[24][53]
PoliticsMontenegro declares war on Bulgaria.[24]
October 16PoliticsFrance declares war on Bulgaria.[24]
October 17 – November 21Balkan,MacedonianBattle of Krivolak, first of theSalonika front.
October 18 – November 4ItalianThird Battle of the Isonzo
October 19PoliticsItaly andRussia declare war on Bulgaria.[24]
October 27PoliticsAndrew Fisher resigns asPrime Minister of Australia; he is replaced byBilly Hughes.
October 29PoliticsRené Viviani resigns asPrime Minister of France; he is replaced byAristide Briand.
November 4–6African,KamerunBattle of Banjo.
November 10Middle Eastern,PersianPro-Central Powers Iranians seizeShiraz from pro-Entente forces and arrest all British citizens in the city.
November 10 – December 2ItalianFourth Battle of the Isonzo
November 10 – December 4Balkan,SerbianKosovo Offensive, a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia, Serbians pushed into Albania.
November 14–30Middle Eastern,PersianRussian forces from the Caucasus occupyTehran.
November 17African,North AfricanArmed by Ottomans and Germans, theLibyanSenussi cross the border and attackEgypt from the west. (details)
November 22–25Middle Eastern,MesopotamianBattle of Ctesiphon, in present-dayIraq.[54]
November 27Balkan,SerbianThe Serbian army collapses. It will retreat to theAdriatic Sea and be evacuated by the Italian and French Navies. (details)
December – July, 1916Naval,African,East AfricanBattle of Lake Tanganyika.
December 6–12Balkan,MacedonianBattle of Kosturino
December 7Middle Eastern,MesopotamianThe FirstSiege of Kut, Mesopotamia, by the Ottomans begins.[55]
December 15Middle Eastern,PersianRussians occupyHamadan.
December 18Middle Eastern,GallipoliGallipoli evacuations, a major Ottoman victory and a "disaster for the Allies."
December 19WesternDouglas Haig replacesJohn French as commander of theBritish Expeditionary Force.
December 23African,KamerunCarl Zimmermann orders the retreat of all German forces and civilians in Kamerun to the Spanish colony ofRío Muni.

1916

[edit]
DatesTheater/Front/CampaignEvents
January 5–17BalkanAustro-Hungarian offensive againstMontenegro, which capitulates. (details)
January 6–7BalkanBattle of Mojkovac
January 6–8Middle EasternBattle of Sheikh Sa'ad, a phase of the first siege of Kut
January 9GallipoliThe Gallipoli Campaign ends in an Allied defeat and an Ottoman victory.[56] (details)
January 10 – February 16CaucasianBattle of Erzurum
January 11BalkanCorfu occupied by the Allies. (details)
January 13Middle EasternBattle of Wadi, a phase of the first siege of Kut. (details)
January 21Middle EasternBattle of Hanna, a phase of the first siege of Kut
January 24NavalReinhard Scheer is appointed commander of Germany'sHochseeflotte.[57] (details)
January 27PoliticsConscription introduced in the United Kingdom by theMilitary Service Act 1916.[58] (details)
February 5 – April 15CaucasianTrebizond Campaign.
February 12AfricanBattle of Salaita Hill.
February 21WesternTheBattle of Verdun begins.[59]
February 26AfricanBattle of Agagia:Senussi rebellion suppressed by the British.
February 28AfricanGermanKamerun (Cameroon) surrenders. (details)
March 1NavalGermany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare. (details)
March 1–15ItalianFifth Battle of the Isonzo.
March 2 – August 4CaucasianBattle of Bitlis.
March 8Middle EasternBattle of Dujaila: a British attempt to relieve Kut failed. (details)
March 9PoliticsGermany declares war onPortugal.[24] Portugal officially enters the war. (details)
March 11–12AfricanBattle of Latema Nek.
March 14PoliticsTheManifesto of the Sixteen, declaringKropotkinist-anarchist support of the Allied war effort, is published. (details)
March 15PoliticsAustria-Hungary declares war on Portugal.[24]
March 16 – November 6AfricanBritish preemptively invade theSultanate of Darfur and annex it to theAnglo-Egyptian Sudan. (details)
March 18AfricanBattle of Kahe.
March 18 – AprilEasternLake Naroch Offensive.
April 24–29PoliticsEaster Rising byIrish rebels for independence from theUnited Kingdom. (details)
April 24–30PoliticsTheKienthal Conference, the second meeting of the anti-war socialistZimmerwald Movement, is held inKienthal,Switzerland. (details)
April 27–29WesternGas attacks at Hulluch.
April 29Middle EasternThe British forces under siege at Kut surrender to the Ottomans, first siege of Kut ends. (details)
May 7–10AfricanBattle of Kondoa Irangi.
May 10NavalGermany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare. (details)
May 15 – June 10ItalianAustro-HungarianStrafexpedition in Trentino. (details)
May 16PoliticsSigning of theSykes-Picot Agreement between Britain and France defining their proposed spheres in the Middle East. (details)
May 18Middle EasternRussian forces in Persia link up with the British inMesopotamia, but it is too late. (details)
May 31 – June 1NavalBattle of Jutland between Britain'sGrand Fleet and Germany'sHochseeflotte. (details)
June 2–14WesternBattle of Mont Sorrel.
June 3Middle EasternRussians fail to encircle Ottoman forces in Persia. (details)
June 4EasternTheBrusilov Offensive begins.
June 5Middle EasternThe Arab Revolt inHejaz begins. (details)
NavalHMS Hampshire is sunk off theOrkney Islands;Lord Kitchener dies. (details)
June 8NavalIn theAdriatic Sea the Italian troopshipSS Principe Umberto is sunk by an Austro-Hungarian submarine. It is the deadliest sinking of the war, with 1,900 lives lost.
June 10PoliticsItaly:Paolo Boselli succeedsAntonio Salandra asPrime Minister. (details)
Middle EasternTheSiege of Medina begins.
June 10 – July 4Middle EasternBattle of Mecca, Arabs capture the city. (details)
June 12Middle EasternPercy Sykes marches onKerman to link up with the Russian forces in central-northern Persia.
June 30WesternBattle of the Boar's Head, diversion from the Battle of the Somme which began the next day.
JulyMiddle EasternBattle of Taif. (details)
July 1WesternTheBattle of the Somme begins. (details)
July 1–3PoliticsTheSocial Democratic Party wins a majority in the parliament of the Russian-ruledGrand Duchy of Finland. (details)
July 1–13WesternSecond Battle of Albert (Opening phase of the Battle of the Somme). (details)
July 1–2WesternBritish capture Fricourt during the Second Battle of Albert. (details)
July 2Middle EasternOttoman counter-attack into Persia reachesKermanshah. (details)
July 2–25CaucasianBattle of Erzincan.
July 3–7WesternBritish capture La Boisselle during the Second Battle of Albert. (details)
July 3–12WesternBritish capture Mametz Wood during the Second Battle of Albert. (details)
July 3–17WesternBritish capture Ovillers during the Second Battle of Albert and Battle of Bazentin Ridge. (details)
July 4–6EasternBattle of Kostiuchnowka.
July 7–11WesternBritish capture Contalmaison during the Second Battle of Albert. (details)
July 8–14WesternBritish capture Trônes Wood during the Second Battle of Albert. (details)
July 14–17WesternBattle of Bazentin Ridge (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme) (details)
July 14 – September 15WesternBattles for Longueval andDelville Wood (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme) (details)
July 19–20WesternBattle of Fromelles (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme).
July 23 – August 7WesternBattle of Pozières (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme) (details)
July 24 – August 8EasternBattle of Kowel.
July 30German agents sabotage munition factories inJersey City that supply the Allies, causing theBlack Tom explosion.
August 3–5Middle EasternBattle of Romani. Ottoman attack on the British in theSinai peninsula fails. (details)
August 6–17ItalianSixth Battle of the Isonzo. The Italians captureGorizia (August 9). (details)
August 6ItalianBattle of Doberdo, part of the Sixth Battle of Isonzo.
August 9–18BalkanFirst battle of Doiran. (details)
August 10Middle EasternOttomans take Hamadan. (details)
August 24AfricanBattle of Mlali.
August 27BalkanRomania enters the war on the Entente's side. Her army is defeated in a few weeks.
August 27 – DecemberBalkanConquest of Romania by Central Powers. (details)
August 27 – November 26BalkanBattle of Transylvania, a phase of the conquest of Romania.
August 28PoliticsItaly declares war onGermany.[24]
August 29PoliticsPaul von Hindenburg replacesErich von Falkenhayn as German Chief of Staff. (details)
August 30PoliticsThe Ottoman Empire declares war on Romania.[24]
September 1PoliticsBulgaria declares war on Romania.[24]
September 2–6BalkanBattle of Turtucaia, a phase of the conquest of Romania.
September 3–6WesternBattle of Guillemont (intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme) (details)
September 5–7BalkanBattle of Dobrich, a phase of the conquest of Romania.
September 6PoliticsTheCentral Powers create a unified command.
September 7–11AfricanBattle of Kisaki.
September 8–19AfricanBattle of Tabora.
September 9WesternBattle of Ginchy (intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme) (details)
September 9–11AfricanBattle of Dutumi.
September 12 – December 11BalkanMonastir Offensive, set up of theSalonika front.
September 12–14BalkanBattle of Malka Nidzhe, a phase of theMonastir Offensive.
September 12–30BalkanBattle of Kaymakchalan, a phase of the Monastir Offensive.
September 14–17ItalianSeventh Battle of the Isonzo
September 15–22WesternBattle of Flers-Courcelette; the British usearmoured tanks for the first time in history. (details)
September 17–19BalkanFirst Battle of Cobadin, a phase of the conquest of Romania.
September 20EasternTheBrusilov Offensive ends with a substantial Russian success. (details)
September 25–28WesternBattle of Morval (part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme) (details)
September 26–28WesternBattle of Thiepval Ridge (part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme) (details)
September 29 – October 5BalkanFlamanda Offensive, a phase of the conquest of Romania.
October–NovemberBalkanFirst Battle of the Cerna Bend, a phase of the Monastir Offensive. (details)
October 1 – November 5WesternBattle of Le Transloy (last stage of the Battle of the Somme) (details)
October 1 – November 11WesternBattle of Ancre Heights (last stage of the Battle of the Somme).
October 9–12ItalianEighth Battle of the Isonzo.
October 14 – January 6, 1917AfricanBattle of Kibata.
October 19–25BalkanSecond Battle of Cobadin, a phase of the conquest of Romania.
October 24WesternThe French recaptureFort Douaumont nearVerdun. (details)
November 1–4ItalianNinth Battle of the Isonzo.
November 11AfricanBattle of Matamondo.
November 13–18WesternBattle of the Ancre (closing phase of the Battle of the Somme) (details)
November 18WesternTheBattle of the Somme ends with enormous casualties and an Anglo-French advantage. (details)
November 21NavalHMHS Britannic sinks after hitting a German mine, becoming the largest ship lost during WW1. (details)
PoliticsFrancis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, dies and is succeeded by Charles I. (details)
November 25NavalDavid Beatty replacesJohn Jellicoe as commander of theGrand Fleet. Jellicoe becomes First Lord of the Sea. (details)
November 25 – December 3BalkanBattle of Bucharest, a phase of the conquest of Romania.
November 28BalkanPrunaru Charge, a phase of the Battle of Bucharest, Romanian cavalry desperately charge into enemy lines.
December 1BalkanBattle of the Arges, a phase of the Battle of Bucharest.
December 1 – January 18, 1917Middle EasternAllies capture Yanbu. (details)
December 3–6PoliticsIn a four-day crisis December 3–6, 1916,H. H. Asquith is unaware how fast he is losing support.David Lloyd George now has growing Unionist support, the backing of Labour and (thanks toChristopher Addison) a majority of Liberal MPs. Asquith falls. (details)
December 7–31PoliticsThe new Prime Minister Lloyd George answers the loud demands for a much more decisive government. He energetically sets up a new small war cabinet, a cabinet secretariat underMaurice Hankey, a secretariat of private advisors in the 'Garden Suburb' and moved towards prime ministerial control.[60] (details)
December 6BalkanThe Germans occupyBucharest. The capital ofRomania moved toIaşi. (details)
December 13WesternRobert Nivelle replacesJoseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army. (details)
December 17AfricanKaocen Revolt: TheTuareg besiege the French garrison atAgadez.
December 18WesternBattle of Verdun ends with enormous casualties on both sides.
December 23Middle EasternBattle of Magdhaba in the Sinai peninsula.[61] (details)
December 23–29EasternChristmas Battles.
December 27AfricanTogoland is divided into British and French administrative zones. (details)
December 30PoliticsGrigori Rasputin, Russia'séminence grise, is assassinated. (details)

1917

[edit]
DatesTheater/Front/CampaignEvents
January 3–4AfricanBattle of Behobeho.
January 9Middle EasternBattle of Rafa. The British drive the Ottomans out of Sinai. (details)
January 11 – March 13WesternBritish raid the Ancre. (details)
January 16PoliticsThe German Foreign SecretaryArthur Zimmermann sends a telegram to his ambassador in Mexico, instructing him to propose an alliance against the United States to the Mexican government. (details)
February 1NavalGermany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare. (details)
February 3NavalSS Housatonic an American steamer carrying wheat fromGalveston, Texas toEngland is sunk by a U-boat.
February 13PoliticsMata Hari is arrested inParis on charges of spying for the Germans.
February 21WesternSinking of the SS Mendi-the SS Mendi was a troop ship carrying members of the South African Native Corps (SANLC).The SANLC was a group of black South Africans recruited as non-combatants. The ship was on its way to France where the SANLC members were going to the trenches on the Western Front. The Mendi stopped in England and was heading across the English Channel when it sank
February 23Middle EasternSecond Battle of Kut. The British recapture the city. (details)
February 23 – April 5WesternThe Germans withdraw to theHindenburg Line.
March 1PoliticsArz von Straussenberg replacesConrad von Hötzendorf as Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff. (details)
March 3AfricanThe French relieve Agadez.
March 8–11Middle EasternThe British captureBaghdad. (details)
March 8PoliticsThe celebrations ofInternational Women's Day in Petrograd spawn severe protests that will evolve into theFebruary Revolution.
March 12PoliticsRussian troops refuse to fire on demonstrators after 50 are killed in Petrograd'sZnamenskaya Square the day before. Numerous attacks against prisons, courts, police stations andOkhrana offices.
Provisional Committee of the Duma formed.
Petrograd Soviet formed.
March 13AfricanBattle of Nambanje.
March 13 – April 23Middle EasternSamarra offensive, British capture much of Mesopotamia.
March 14PoliticsChina severs relations with Germany.[24]
March 15PoliticsNicholas II abdicates. Aprovisional government is formed.
March 16PoliticsLenin arrives in Petrograd from his exile inSwitzerland and publishes hisApril Thesis.
March 17PoliticsAristide Briand resigns asPrime Minister of France; he is replaced byAlexandre Ribot.
March 26Middle EasternFirst Battle of Gaza. The British attempt to capture the city fails.[62] (details)
April–OctoberMiddle EasternStalemate in Southern Palestine.
April 2–3WesternAustralians attackNoreuil. (Details.)
April 6PoliticsThe United States declares war on Germany.[63] (details)
April 7PoliticsCuba declares war on Germany.[24]
PoliticsPanama declares war on Germany.[24]
Asian and PacificScuttling of SMS Cormoran inGuam, the only hostile action between American and German forces in the Pacific.
April 9 – May 17WesternSecond Battle of Arras. The British attack a heavily fortified German line without obtaining any strategic breakthrough.[64] (details)
April 9–12WesternThe Canadians obtain a significant victory in the Battle of Vimy Ridge, part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras.[65] (details)
April 9–14WesternFirst Battle of the Scarpe, part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras. (details)
April 10–11WesternFirst Battle of Bullecourt, part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras. (details)
April 11PoliticsBrazil severs relations with Germany.[24]
April 13PoliticsBolivia severs relations with Germany.[24]
April 15WesternBattle of Lagnicourt, part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras. (details)
April 16 – May 9WesternThe Second Battle of the Aisne (also known as Nivelle Offensive) ends in disaster for both the French army and its commanderRobert Nivelle.[66] (details)
April 17–20WesternBattle of the Hills (also known as Third battle of Champagne), a diversion to the Second Battle of the Aisne.
April 19Middle EasternSecond Battle of Gaza. The Ottoman lines resist a British attack. (details)
April 22 – May 8BalkanSecond Battle of Doiran. (details)
April 23PoliticsThe Ottoman Empire severs relations with the United States.[24]
April 23–24WesternSecond Battle of Scarpe, part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras. (details)
April 28–29WesternBattle of Arleux, part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras. (details)
April 29 – May 20WesternSeries of mutinies in the French army.[67] (details)
May 3–4WesternThird battle of the Scarpe, part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras. (details)
PoliticsMass demonstrations in Petrograd andMoscow to protestPavel Milyukov'snote affirming Russia's commitment to theEntente war effort. (details)
May 3–17WesternSecond Battle of Bullecourt, part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras. (details)
May 5PoliticsAustralian Prime MinisterBilly Hughes wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscriptionNationalist Party. (details)
May 5–15BalkanAllied Spring offensive on the Salonika front.
May 5–9BalkanSecond Battle of the Cerna Bend, a phase of the Allied Spring Offensive. (details)
May 12 – June 6ItalianTenth Battle of the Isonzo. (details)
May 15WesternPhilippe Pétain replacesRobert Nivelle as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.[68] (details)
May 23ItalianBattle of MountHermada in the Karst.
PoliticsSalonika Trial ends:Dragutin Dimitrijevic, chief conspirator of the Sarajevo Assassination, is sentenced to death by Serbia on trumped up charges, as part of negotiations for a peace treaty with Austria-Hungary.
June–OctoberWesternOperation Hush, Abortive British plan to capture coast of Belgium.
June 7–14WesternSecond Battle of Messines, the British blow 19 deepmines and recapture Messines Ridge. (details)
June 10–29ItalianBattle of Mount Ortigara. (details)
June 12PoliticsConstantine I of Greece abdicates.[69]
June 13AirFirst successfulheavy bomber raid onLondon done by theGotha G.IV.
June 25WesternFirst American troops land inFrance. (details)
June 27WesternBatterie Pommern aka. 'Lange Max', world's largest gun fires for the first time fromKoekelare toDunkirk (±50 km).
June 30PoliticsGreece declares war on theCentral powers. (details)
July 1–2EasternBattle of Zborov, a phase of the Kerensky Offensive. (details)
July 1–12PoliticsBrief monarchist coup and restoration in China, allegedly promoted by Germany to distance China from the Entente. (details)
July 1–19EasternThe Kerensky Offensive fails. It is the last Russian initiative in the war.[70] (details)
July 6Middle EasternArab rebels led byLawrence of Arabia seize the Jordanian port ofAqaba.[71] (details)
July 11WesternThe Open Letter to Albert I is published byFlemish Movement sympathisers within theBelgian Army on theYser Front, complaining about official discrimination againstDutch language (details)
July 16–17PoliticsPetrogradJuly Days.
July 19PoliticsTheReichstag passes a Peace Resolution.
July 20PoliticsCorfu Declaration about the futureKingdom of Yugoslavia.[72] (details)
July 21PoliticsAlexander Kerensky replacesGeorgy Lvov as Minister-President of theRussian Provisional Government.
July 22PoliticsSiam declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.[24]
July 22 – August 1BalkanBattle of Mărăști
July 29AfricanBattle of Kiawe Bridge.
July 31WesternThe Third Battle of Ypres (also known as Battle of Passchendaele) begins. (details)
July 31 – August 2WesternBattle of Pilckem Ridge (Opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).
August 2Asian and PacificThe German raiderSMSSeeadler is wrecked atMopelia inFrench Polynesia.
August 2–10AfricanBattle of Rumbo.
August 4PoliticsLiberia declares war on Germany.
August 6–20BalkanBattle of Mărăşeşti. (details)
August 8–22BalkanThird Battle of Oituz.
August 14PoliticsChina declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.[73][24]
August 15–25WesternBattle of Hill 70 (Continuation of British operations near Lens).
August 16–18WesternSecond Battle of Langemarck (Initial phase of the Third Battle of Ypres). (details)
August 17Asian and PacificChina terminates the German and Austro-Hungarianconcessions in Tianjin and occupies them.
August 18–28ItalianEleventh Battle of the Isonzo. (details)
August 20–26WesternSecond Offensive Battle of Verdun.
September – OctoberEasternOperation Albion. German capture ofOesel,Dago andMoon Islands.
September 1–3EasternBattle of Jugla.
September 5Asian and PacificThe SMSSeeadler's crew sail toFiji in a lifeboat and capture the FrenchschoonerLutece, allowing their escape. They rename itFortuna.
September 5–12PoliticsTheThird Zimmerwald Conference of the anti-war socialistZimmerwald Movement, is held inStockholm. (details)
September 8–12PoliticsRussia: General Kornilov's coup attempt fails. (details)
September 12PoliticsAlexandre Ribot resigns asPrime Minister of France; he is replaced byPaul Painlevé.
September 14PoliticsRussia declared a republic.
September 20–26WesternBattle of the Menin Road Ridge (Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).
September 21PoliticsCosta Rica severs relations with Germany.[24]
September 26–27WesternBattle of Polygon Wood (Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).
September 28–29Middle EasternBattle of Ramadi, Mesopotamia. (details)
October 4WesternBattle of Broodseinde (Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).
October 5Asian and PacificTheFortuna wrecks atEaster Island and its crew is interned by the Chileans.
October 6PoliticsPeru severs relations with Germany.[24]
October 7PoliticsUruguay severs relations with Germany.[24]
October 9WesternBattle of Poelcappelle (Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).
October 12WesternFirst Battle of Passchendaele (Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).
October 15PoliticsMata Hari executed.
October 15–18AfricanBattle of Mahiwa.
October 23Middle EasternBattle of Wadi Musa.
October 23 – November 10WesternBattle of La Malmaison, much-postponed French attack on theChemin des Dames. (details)
October 24 – November 4ItalianBattle of Caporetto. The Austro-Hungarians and Germans break through the Italian lines. The Italian army is defeated and falls back on the Piave River. (details)
October 26PoliticsBrazil declares war on Germany.[24]
October 26 – November 10WesternSecond Battle of Passchendaele (Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).
October 27Middle EasternBattle of Buqqar Ridge.
October 30PoliticsItaly: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando succeedsPaolo Boselli as Prime Minister. (details)
October 31 – November 7Middle EasternThird Battle of Gaza. The British break through the Ottoman lines. (details)
October 31Middle EasternBattle of Beersheba (opening phase of the Third Battle of Gaza). (details)
November 1–6Middle EasternBattle of Tel el Khuweilfe.
November 2PoliticsBalfour Declaration: the British government supports plans for a Jewish "national home" in Palestine. (details)
November 5PoliticsThe Allies agree to establish a Supreme War Council atVersailles.
November 7PoliticsOctober Revolution: Kerensky flees Petrograd just before the Petrograd Soviet seizes theWinter Palace.
Middle EasternCharge at Sheria.
November 8ItalianArmando Diaz replacesLuigi Cadorna as Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Army. (details)
Middle EasternCharge at Huj.
November 9 – December 28ItalianFirst Battle of the Piave: the Austro-Hungarians and Germans try unsuccessfully to cross the river. (details)
November 10WesternThe Third Battle of Ypres (also known as Battle of Passchendaele) ends. (details)
November 11 – December 23ItalianFirst Battle of Monte Grappa, Austro-Hungarian offensive halted.
November 13PoliticsFrance:Paul Painlevé is replaced byGeorges Clemenceau as Prime Minister. (details)
Middle EasternBattle of Mughar Ridge.
November 14Middle EasternBattle of Ayun Kara.
November 17NavalSecond Battle of Heligoland Bight, North Sea. (details)
November 17 – December 30Middle EasternBattle of Jerusalem. The British enter the city (December 11). (details)
November 18–24Middle EasternBattle of Nebi Samwil, a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem.
November 19ItalianBattle of Caporetto ends.Central Powers take a quarter of a million prisoners. (details)
November 20 – December 3WesternFirst Battle of Cambrai. A British attack and the biggest German attack against the British since 1915 succeed and the battle is a stalemate.[74] (details)
November 25AfricanBattle of Ngomano, the Germans invade Portuguese East Africa to gain supplies.
December 1Middle EasternBattle of El Burj, a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem.
December 6NavalHalifax Explosion: An accidental collision between theNorwegian supply shipSS Imo and the Frenchcargo shipSS Mont-Blanc, laden withhigh explosives for the Western Front, leaves 2,000 dead and 9,000 injured inRichmond, Nova Scotia. It is thelargest man-made explosion before the invention ofatomic weapons.
December 6PoliticsFinland declares independence fromRussia.
December 7PoliticsThe United States declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]
December 8PoliticsEcuador severs relations with Germany.[24]
December 9PoliticsRomania signs an armistice with theCentral Powers.
December 10PoliticsPanama declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]
December 11Middle EasternGeneral Allenby leads British and Indian troops intoJerusalem, ending 400 years of Ottoman rule.
December 15PoliticsArmistice between Russia and the Central Powers, to take effect on December 17.
December 16PoliticsArmistice of Erzincan between the Ottomans and the RussianSpecial Transcaucasian Committee.
December 17PoliticsCanadian Prime MinisterRobert Borden wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscriptionUnionist Party. (details)
December 20–21Middle EasternBattle of Jaffa, a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem. (details)

1918

[edit]
DatesTheater/Front/CampaignEvents
January 8PoliticsWoodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points. (details)
February to SeptemberMiddle EasternAllied forces occupy theJordan Rift Valley. (details)
February 9PoliticsTheCentral Powers sign an exclusive protectorate treaty with theUkrainian People's Republic as part of the negotiations inBrest-Litovsk. (details)
February 15–16EasternBattle of Rarancza.
February 18 – March 3EasternOperation Faustschlag, last offensive on Eastern Front.
February 19Middle EasternBritish begin their assault on Jericho. (details)
February 21Middle EasternThe British captureJericho. (details)
EasternGermans capture Minsk. (details)
February 24EasternGermans capture Zhytomyr. (details)
February 25EasternGerman troops captureTallinn. (details)
February 28EasternGermans capture Pskov and Narva. (details)
March 2EasternGermans capture Kiev. (details)
March 3PoliticsAt Brest-Litovsk,Leon Trotsky signs the peace treaty with Germany.[75] (details)
March 4First known case of what will later be calledSpanish flu: Private Albert Gitchell at Camp Funston,Fort Riley,Kansas.
March 7WesternGerman artillery bombard the Americans atRouge Bouquet. (details)
March 8–12Middle EasternBattle of Tell 'Asur.
March 8–13EasternBattle of Bakhmach.
March 11Over 100 sick from Spanish flu in Fort Riley; first known case outside inQueens,New York.
March 21 – April 5WesternFirst phase of theGerman spring offensive, Operation Michael (also known as Second Battle of the Somme). The Germans obtain a Pyrrhic victory. (details)
March 21–23WesternThe Battle of St. Quentin, first phase of Operation Michael and the Spring Offensive. (details)
March 21 – April 2Middle EasternFirst Transjordan attack on Amman.
March 23 – August 7WesternArtillery bombardment ofParis. (details)
March 24–25WesternFirst Battle of Bapaume, a phase of Operation Michael. (details)
March 25WesternFirst Battle of Noyon, a phase of Operation Michael. (details)
March 25PoliticsPenza Agreement: TheCzechoslovak Legion is given free passage toVladivostok to join the Entente in return for surrendering most weapons to the Bolsheviks.
March 26PoliticsFrench MarshalFerdinand Foch is appointed Supreme Commander of all Allied forces. (details)
March 26–27WesternBattle of Rosieres, a phase of Operation Michael. (details)
Middle EasternAction of Khan Baghdadi.
March 27–31Middle EasternFirst Battle of Amman, a phase Of The First Transjordan Attack.
March 28WesternThird Battle of Arras (also known as First Battle of Arras (1918)), a phase of Operation Michael. (details)
March 30 – April 5WesternFirst Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, a phase of Operation Michael.
March 30WesternBattle of Moreuil Wood.
April 1AirRoyal Air Force founded by combining theRoyal Flying Corps and theRoyal Naval Air Service.
April 4–5WesternBattle of the Avre, final phase of Operation Michael.
April 7–29WesternSecond phase of the Spring Offensive, Operation Georgette (also known as Battle of the Lys). The results are disappointing for the Germans. (details)
April 7–9WesternBattle of Estaires, first phase of Operation Georgette. (details)
April 10–11WesternThird Battle of Messines, a phase of Operation Georgette. (details)
April 12–13WesternBattle of Hazebrouck, a phase of Operation Georgette. (details)
April 13–15WesternBattle of Bailleul, a phase of Operation Georgette. (details)
April 14PoliticsOttokar Czernin resigns as Austria-Hungary's Foreign Minister over theSixtus Affair.
April 17–19WesternFirst Battle of Kemmelberg, a phase of Operation Georgette. (details)
April 18WesternBattle of Bethune, a phase of Operation Georgette. (details)
April 21AirThe Red Baron is shot down overVaux-sur-Somme.
April 23PoliticsGuatemala declares war on Germany.[24]
April 24–27WesternSecond Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, a phase of Operation Georgette.
April 25–26WesternSecond Battle of Kemmelberg, a phase of Operation Georgette. (details)
April 28PoliticsGavrilo Princip dies inTerezín prison, fromtuberculosis.
April 29WesternBattle of Scherpenberg, final phase of Operation Georgette. (details)
April 30 – May 4Middle EasternSecond Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt.
May 7PoliticsTreaty of Bucharest betweenRomania and the Central Powers. It will never be ratified. (details)
May 8PoliticsNicaragua declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.[24]
May 10–11EasternBattle of Kaniow.
May 14PoliticsClash atChelyabinsk station between Hungarian POWs heading west to be repatriated and Czechoslovaks going east. Trotsky orders the arrest of the Czechoslovak Legion, but they revolt and seize several towns along theTrans-Siberian Railway. (details)
May 21CaucasianOttomans invadeArmenia. (details)
May 21–29CaucasianBattle of Sardarabad, a phase of the invasion of Armenia.
CaucasianBattle of Abaran, a phase of the invasion of Armenia.
May 23PoliticsCosta Rica declares war on Germany.[24]
May 24–28CaucasianBattle of Karakilisa, a phase of the invasion of Armenia.
May 27 – June 6WesternThird Battle of the Aisne (also known as Operation Blücher-Yorck, third phase of the Spring Offensive). After initial gains, the German advance is halted. (details)
May 28WesternBattle of Cantigny.
May 29–31BalkanBattle of Skra-di-Legen
June 1–26WesternBattle of Belleau Wood, part of theGerman spring offensive.
June 8Middle EasternAction of Arsuf.
CaucasianOttomans re-enter Tabriz. (details)
June 8PoliticsThe Czechoslovak Legion forms theCommittee of Members of the Constituent Assembly inSamara.Stanislav Čeček calls to join forces withanti-Bolshevik Russians to overthrow the Communist government and reignite the Eastern Front. (details)
June 8 – OctoberCaucasianGermany interferes in the Caucasus. (details)
June 9–12WesternFourth phase of the Spring Offensive, Operation Gneisenau (also known as Battle of Matz). Despite substantial territorial gains, the Germans do not achieve their strategic goals (details)
June 13PoliticsProvisional Siberian Government formed inOmsk.
June 15–23ItalianSecond Battle of the Piave: the Austro-Hungarian offensive is repelled. (details)
June 15–31CaucasianOttomans occupy Dilman,Khoy and Urmia. (Details.)
June 23EasternBritish and French troops land atMurmansk in NorthernRussia. It's the beginning of Allied Intervention in theRussian Civil War on theWhite Army's side. (Details.)
July 4WesternBattle of Hamel.
July 12PoliticsHaiti declares war on Germany.[24]
July 14Middle EasternBattle of Abu Tellul.
July 15 – August 6WesternSecond Battle of the Marne and last German offensive on the Western Front, which fails when the Germans are counterattacked by the French. (details)
July 15–17WesternChampagne-Marne Offensive (consisting of theFourth Battle of Champagne and theBattle of the Mountain of Reims), a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne. last phase of the Spring Offensive and last German offensive of World War I. (details)
July 17PoliticsNicholas II and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks, out of fear that they might be released by Czechoslovak andWhite troops. (details)
July 18WesternBattle of Chateau-Thierry, a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne. (details)
WesternEnd of the Second Battle of Artois
July 18–22WesternBattle of Soissons, a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne. (details)
July 19WesternBattle of Tardenois, a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne.
PoliticsHonduras declares war on Germany.[24]
AugustSpanish fluvirus mutates: Simultaneous deadlier outbreaks inBrest,Freetown andBoston.
August 5EasternThe CzechoslovakPeople's Army of Komuch takesKazan from the Bolsheviks and captures the Imperial Russiangold reserve. (details)
August 8 – November 11WesternHundred Days Offensive, last offensive onWestern Front.
August 8–12WesternBattle of Amiens, first phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. (details)
August 9–12WesternBattle of Montdidier.
August 13 – September 3ItalianBattle of San Matteo.
August 17–29WesternSecond Battle of Noyon, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. (details)
August 21–22WesternThird Battle of Albert, opening phase of the Second Battle of the Somme. (details)
August 21 – September 3WesternSecond Battle of the Somme (also known as Third battle of the Somme), a phase of theHundred Days Offensive. (details)
August 21 – September 3WesternSecond Battle of Bapaume, a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme.
August 26 – September 3WesternFourth Battle of Arras (also known as Second Battle of Arras (1918)), a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme (details)
August 26–30WesternFourth Battle of the Scarpe (also known as Battle of the Scarpe (1918)), a phase of the Fourth Battle of Arras. (details)
August 26 – September 14CaucasianBattle of Baku, last Turkish offensive of the war.
August 30–31AfricanBattle of Lioma.
August 31 – September 3WesternBattle of Mont Saint-Quentin, a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme.
September 1–2WesternBattle of Peronne, a phase of the Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin. (details)
September 2–3WesternBattle of Drocourt-Queant Line, final phase of the Second Battle of the Somme. (details)
September 8–23PoliticsUfa Conference: Formation of theProvisional All-Russian Government with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion.
September 10WesternBattle of Savy-Dallon, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. (details)
September 12WesternBattle of Havrincourt, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. (details)
September 12–15WesternBattle of Saint-Mihiel, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
September 14WesternBattle of Vauxaillon, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. (details)
September 14–29BalkanVardar Offensive, final offensive on theBalkan Front.
September 15BalkanThe Allies (French and Serbs) break through the Bulgarian lines at Dobro Polje, a phase of the Vardar Offensive. (details)
September 18WesternBattle of Epehy, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
September 18–19BalkanThird Battle of Doiran, a phase of the Vardar Offensive, The Bulgarians halt the British and Greek advance. (details)
September 18 – October 17WesternBattle of the Hindenburg Line, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. The Allies break through the German lines. (details)
September 19–25Middle EasternBattle of Megiddo. The British conquer Palestine. (details)
Middle EasternBattle of Nablus, a phase of the Battle of Meggido. (details)
Middle EasternThird Transjordan attack, a phase of the Battle of Nablus.
Middle EasternBattle of Sharon, a phase of the Battle of Megiddo.
September 19Middle EasternBattle of Tulkarm, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.
Middle EasternBattle of Arara, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.
September 19–20Middle EasternBattle of Tabsor, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.
September 20Middle EasternCapture of Jenin, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.
Middle EasternBritish capture both Afulah and Beisan during the Battle of Sharon. (details)
September 20–21Middle EasternBattle of Nazareth, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.
September 22Middle EasternThe British capture Jisr ed Damieh in the Battle of Sharon. (details)
September 23Middle EasternBattle of Haifa, a phase of the Battle of Sharon. (details)
September 25Middle EasternBattle of Samakh, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.
Middle EasternThe British capture Tiberias during the Battle of Sharon. (details)
Middle EasternSecond Battle of Amman, a phase of the Third Transjordan Attack.
September 26 – November 11WesternMeuse-Argonne Offensive, the final phase of the Hundred Days Offensive and of World War I. (details)
September 26 – October 1Middle EasternThe British enterDamascus. (details)
September 26WesternBattle of Somme-Py (Initial phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive). (details)
Middle EasternCharge at Irbid, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.
September 26–27Middle EasternBritish capture Deraa during the Capture of Damascus. (details)
September 27Middle EasternBattle of Jisr Benat Yakub, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.
September 27 – October 1WesternBattle of the Canal du Nord, a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.
September 28 – October 2WesternFifth Battle of Ypres (also known as Advance on Flanders), a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.
September 29 – October 10WesternBattle of St. Quentin Canal, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
September 30PoliticsBulgaria signs anarmistice with the Allies.[76]
WesternBattle of Saint-Thierry (Initial phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive). (details)
Middle EasternCharge at Kaukab, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.
Middle EasternCharge at Kiswe, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.
October 3PoliticsTsarFerdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates andBoris III accedes to the throne.
October 3–27Middle EasternPursuit to Haritan.
WesternBattle of Blanc Mont Ridge.
October 4PoliticsGermany requests an Armistice to U.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilson. He demands German withdrawal from all occupied territory, and theKaiser's abdication.
October 8–10WesternSecond Battle of Cambrai (also known as Battle of Cambrai (1918)), a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line. (details)
October 14PoliticsGeneral strike of 14 October 1918 inCzechoslovakia. The same day theCzechoslovak declaration of independence is made in Washington.
October 14–17WesternBattle of Montfaucon (intermediate phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive). (details)
October 14–19WesternBattle of Courtrai, closing phase of the Hundred Days offensive. (details)
October 15WesternBattle of Mont-D'Origny, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. (details)
October 17–26WesternBattle of the Selle, closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
October 20NavalGermany suspends submarine warfare. (details)
WesternBattle of Lys and Escaut (Which included theSecond Battle of Lys and theBattle of the Escaut), a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. (details)
WesternBattle of Serre, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. (details)
October 23–30Middle EasternBattle of Sharqat.
October 24 – November 4ItalianBattle of Vittorio Veneto. The Austro-Hungarian army is routed. The Italians enterTrent and land atTriest. (details)
October 24–28ItalianSecondBattle of Monte Grappa, beginning phase of Vittorio Veneto.
October 25Middle EasternBattle of Aleppo. (details)
October 29PoliticsWilhelm Groener replacesErich Ludendorff as Hindenburg's deputy. (details)
NavalGermany'sHochseeflotte mutinies.[77] (details)
PoliticsState of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs proclaimed. (details)
October 30PoliticsThe Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros. (details)
NovemberFirst Spanish flu cases in Spain, where reports on the disease are published freely due to the lack of wartime censorship.
November 1WesternBattle of Chesne (Closing phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive). (details)
November 1–2WesternBattle of Valenciennes, closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. (details)
November 3PoliticsAustria-Hungary signs the armistice with Italy, effective November 4.[78]
November 4WesternBattle of the Sambre, closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. (details)
WesternSecond Battle of Guise, a phase of the Battle of Sambre. (details)
WesternBattle of Thierache, a phase of the Battle of Sambre. (details)
November 6–11WesternAdvance to the Meuse.
November 9PoliticsGermany: Kaiser William II abdicates;republic proclaimed.[79] (details)
November 10PoliticsAustria-Hungary: Kaiser Charles I abdicates. (details)
BalkanRomania renews the war against the Central Powers.[24]
November 11PoliticsAt 6 am, Germany signs the Armistice of Compiègne.End of fighting at 11 a.m..[80] (details)
PoliticsPoland proclaimed.
November 12PoliticsAustria proclaimed a republic.
November 14PoliticsCzechoslovakia proclaimed a republic. (details)
NavalGerman U-boats interned.
AfricanThree days after the armistice, fighting ends in the East African theatre when General von Lettow-Vorbeck agrees a cease-fire on hearing of Germany's surrender. (details)
November 18PoliticsAlexander Kolchak seizes control of the Provisional All-Russian Government in a coup.
November 21NavalGermany'sHochseeflotte surrendered to the United Kingdom.[77] (details)
November 22WesternThe Germans evacuateLuxembourg.
November 25African11 days after agreeing a cease-fire, General von Lettow-Vorbeck formally surrenders his undefeated army at Abercorn in present-day Zambia. (details)
November 27WesternThe Germans evacuateBelgium.
December 1PoliticsKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes proclaimed. (details)

1919

[edit]
DatesTheater/Front/CampaignEvents
January 5Asian and PacificHermann Detzner surrenders at theFinschhafen District ofNew Guinea.
January 10Middle EasternFakhri Pasha surrenders at Medina. (details)
January 18PoliticsTreaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany: the Peace Conference opens in Paris.[81] (details)
January 25PoliticsProposal to create theLeague of Nations accepted. (details)
January 27PoliticsThe Czechoslovak Legion assumes complete control of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
June 21NavalGerman High Seas Fleet (53 ships) scuttled in Scapa Flow with nine deaths, the last casualties of the war.[77] (details)
June 28PoliticsTreaty of Versailles signed.[82] (details)
July 8PoliticsGermany ratifies the Treaty of Versailles.[83] (details)
July 21PoliticsThe United Kingdom ratifies the Treaty of Versailles.[84] (details)
November 10–11PoliticsA Banquet in Honour of The President of theFrench Republic is hosted byKing George V and held atBuckingham Palace during the evening hours of November 10. The very firstArmistice Day is held on the Grounds of Buckingham Palace on the Morning of November 11. This will set the trend for the laterRemembrance Day. (details)
November 14PoliticsThe Bolsheviks take Omsk. Kolchak's retreat east is impeded by the Czechoslovaks denying him use of the Trans-Siberian.

1920

[edit]
DatesTheater/Campaign/FrontEvents
January 4PoliticsA coup inIrkutsk deposes Kolchak. (details)
January 10PoliticsFirst meeting of the League of Nations held in London. (details)
PoliticsFree City of Danzig established.[85] (details)
January 20PoliticsIrkutsk surrenders to the Bolsheviks.
January 21PoliticsTheParis Peace Conference ends. (details)
February 7PoliticsArmistice between the Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion. The Czechoslovaks surrender the Russian gold reserves and Kolchak in return for free passage to Vladivostok. Kolchak and his Prime Minister,Viktor Pepelyayev are executed.
February 10PoliticsA plebiscite returnsNorthern Schleswig to Denmark.[86] (details)
April 19–26PoliticsConference ofSanremo, Italy, about League of Nations mandates in former Ottoman territories of the Middle East. (details)
June 4PoliticsTreaty of Trianon between the Allies and Hungary. (details)
August 10PoliticsTreaty of Sèvres between the Allies and the Istanbul Government of Ottoman Empire against objections of Turkish National Assembly. Eventually the treaty is not approved by Turkish National Assembly. Istanbul government was considered illegitimate by theTurkish national movement and Turkish National Assembly since Istanbul was occupied, Chamber of Deputies was raided, deputies were taken prisoner at Malta by allies at that time.[87] (details)
September 8PoliticsGabriele D'Annunzio proclaims in Fiume theItalian Regency of Carnaro. (details)
November 1PoliticsLeague of Nations headquarters moved toGeneva, Switzerland. (details)
November 12PoliticsTreaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia.Zadar is annexed by Italy and theFree State of Fiume is established. (details)
November 15PoliticsThe League of Nations holds its first general assembly. (details)

Post-1920

[edit]
DatesCampaign/Front/TheaterEvents
1921
October 13PoliticsTreaty of Kars between Bolshevik Russia andTurkey. (details)
1922
February 6PoliticsWashington Naval Treaty, limiting naval tonnage, signed by France, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. (details)
April 10 – May 19PoliticsGenoa Conference. Representatives of 34 countries discuss economics in the wake of the Great War. (details)
April 16PoliticsTreaty of Rapallo between Germany and Bolshevik Russia to normalize diplomatic relations. (details)
September 11PoliticsTreaty of Kars ratified in Yerevan, Armenia. (details)
1923
June 16PoliticsTheRussian Civil War ends.
July 24PoliticsTreaty of Lausanne between the Allies and Turkey, successor State to the Ottoman Empire. It supersedes the Treaty of Sèvres.[88] (details)
1924
January 27PoliticsTreaty of Rome between Italy and Yugoslavia.Fiume is annexed by Italy and the neighbouring town ofSušak is assigned to Yugoslavia. (details)
March 3PoliticsTheOttoman caliphate is dissolved ending theOttoman Empire.
2010
October 3PoliticsGermany makes final reparations payments. (details)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Albertini 1953, p. 38.
  2. ^Keegan 1998, p. 53.
  3. ^Lowe 1994, p. 202.
  4. ^"Kriegserklärung [Declaration of War], Wiener Zeitung [Vienna Newspaper], July 28, 1914, Extraausgabe [Special Edition], Amtlicher Teil [Official Section], 19"(PDF).Library of Congress.Archived(PDF) from the original on November 11, 2020. RetrievedMay 9, 2017.
  5. ^ab"Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Czar Nicholas of Russia exchange telegrams - Jul 29, 1914 - HISTORY.com". 16 November 2009.Archived from the original on 2022-04-28. Retrieved2016-10-01.
  6. ^ab"CONTENTdm".dmr.bsu.edu.Archived from the original on 2019-12-28. Retrieved2024-02-01.
  7. ^ab"Historical Events on August 1".OnThisDay.com.Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved2018-01-03.
  8. ^Willmott 2003, p. 29.
  9. ^"Telegramm des Reichskanzlers an den Kaiserlichen Botschafter in Petersburg von 1. August 12:52 p.m. Dringend [ Telegram from the Imperial Chancellor to the Imperial Ambassador in Petersburg, August 1, 12:52 p.m. Urgent], in Auswärtiges Amt [Foreign Office], Das Deutsche Weissbuch, über den Ausbruch des Deutsch-Russisch-Französischen Krieges, Nach dem dem Reichstag Vorgelegten Material [The German White Book, on the Outbreak of the German-Russian-French War, According to the Documents Provided to the Reichstag] (Neumünster/Leipzig: Nordische Velagsanstalt, R. Hieronymus, 1914), 46, Anlage [Annex] 26"(PDF).Library of Congress.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2017-08-14. Retrieved2017-05-09.
  10. ^"The Italian Declaration of Neutrality - World War I Document Archive".wwi.lib.byu.edu.Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved28 March 2018.
  11. ^The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and TurkeyArchived 2011-08-11 at theWayback Machine 2 August 1914, Yale University
  12. ^"Occupation of Luxembourg - International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)".1914-1918-online.net.Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved28 March 2018.
  13. ^Jordan, Daniel (16 March 1916)."First to Fall For France"(PDF).The New York Times.Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved26 February 2021.
  14. ^"Der Reichskanzler an den Botschafter in Paris [The Imperial Chancellor to the Ambassador in Paris], August 3, 1914, in Auswärtiges Amt [Foreign Office], Die Deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch [German Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the War], Band [vol.] III, Vom Bekanntwerden der Russischen Allgemeinen Mobilmachung bis Zur Kriegserklärung an Frankreich [From the Publication of the Russian Mobilization to the Declaration of War Against France], (Charlottenburg: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte, 1919), 185, No. 734"(PDF).Library of Congress.Archived(PDF) from the original on April 14, 2021. RetrievedMay 9, 2017.
  15. ^Keegan 1998, p. 69.
  16. ^"Note remise par M. [Julien] Davignon, Ministre des Affaires étrangères, à M. de Below Saleske, Ministre d'Allemagne, Bruxelles, le 3 août 1914 (7 heures du matin) [Note Given by M. [Julien] Davignon, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to M. de Below Saleske, Minister of Germany, Brussels, August 3, 1914, 7 in the morning], in Documents Diplomatiques 1914: La Guerre Européenne (Paris: Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, 1914), 202"(PDF).Library of Congress.Archived(PDF) from the original on November 6, 2020. RetrievedMay 9, 2017.
  17. ^"August 1914: the outbreak of war".Switzerland and the First World War.Archived from the original on 2021-06-15. Retrieved2015-12-22.
  18. ^F.A. Kuenzli, Right and Duty, or Citizen and Soldier: Switzerland Prepared and at Peace, A Model for the United States (New York: National Defense Institute, 1916), 94.
  19. ^"Invasion of Belgium". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-11-18. Retrieved2013-11-13.
  20. ^"Daily Mirror Headlines: The Declaration of War, Published 4 August 1914". bbc.co.uk.Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved9 February 2010.
  21. ^"World War I: Australia Fired the First Shots".The Maritime Executive.Archived from the original on 2022-12-04. Retrieved2022-12-04.
  22. ^"Historians attempt to find WWI's first shot deep in Australian waters".ABC News. ABC. 11 November 2013.Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved16 September 2014.
  23. ^Neiberg 2005, pp. 54–55.
  24. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapDuffy, Michael (2009-08-22)."Who Declared War and When".Firstworldwar.com.Archived from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved2015-12-23.
  25. ^"Así se vivió la grerra en España".elmundo.es. Retrieved28 March 2018.[permanent dead link]
  26. ^Pereira Castañares, Juan Carlos (2015)."España Y La Primera Guerra Mundial: Una Neutralidad Impotente" [Spain and the First World War: A Powerless Neutrality](PDF). In Gamarra Chopo, Yolanda; Fernández Liesa, Carlos R.; Bermejo, Romualdo (eds.).Los orígenes del derecho internacional contemporáneo: estudios conmemorativos del Centenario de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Actas (in Spanish). Zaragoza: Institución "Fernando el Católico", Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza. pp. 275–287.ISBN 978-84-9911-368-5.Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved21 January 2022.
  27. ^"Declaration of War Against Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, 1914, The war against Austria-Hungary was declared on August 12, 1914, and the Declaration was published in the London Gazette on the following day. Foreign Office, Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, August 12, 1914, Supplement to the London Gazette no. 28868 (August 13, 1914): 6375"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on April 28, 2022. RetrievedMay 9, 2017.
  28. ^Tucker 2005, p. 605.
  29. ^Tucker 2005, p. 374.
  30. ^Tucker 2005, p. 445.
  31. ^Tucker 2005, p. 459.
  32. ^Farwell 1989, p. 353.
  33. ^"Петроград — Энциклопедия "Вокруг света"".www.vokrugsveta.ru.Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved2017-11-13.
  34. ^Creveld 1977, p. 121.
  35. ^Tucker 2005, p. xviii.
  36. ^Tucker 2005, p. 316.
  37. ^"Foreign Office, Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Turkey, November 5, 1914, London Gazette no. 28965 (November 6, 1914): 9011".The Gazette.Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. RetrievedMay 9, 2017.
  38. ^Tucker 2005, p. 943.
  39. ^"Rusya Fransa ve İngiltere devletleriyle hal-i harb ilanı hakkında irade-i seniyye [Imperial Decree Concerning the Declaration of a State of War with the States of Russia, France, and the United Kingdom], Nov. 11, 1914 (29 Teşrin-i Evvel 1330), Takvim-i Vekayi, Nov. 12, 1914 (30 Teşrin-i Evvel 1330)"(PDF).Library of Congress.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved2017-05-09.
  40. ^Tucker 2005, p. 407.
  41. ^Tucker 2005, p. 578.
  42. ^"Mitt Hjärtas Malmö". 2016-03-04. Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2024-02-01.
  43. ^Tucker 2005, p. 1052.
  44. ^Tucker 2005, p. 299.
  45. ^Duffy, Michael (2009-08-22)."The Battle of Bolimov, 1915".Firstworldwar.com.Archived from the original on 2006-09-03. Retrieved2013-11-13.
  46. ^Tucker 2005, p. 337.
  47. ^Tucker 2005, p. 564.
  48. ^Tucker 2005, p. 652.
  49. ^abTucker 2005, p. 653.
  50. ^Tucker 2005, p. 721.
  51. ^Tucker 2005, p. 42.
  52. ^Tucker 2005, p. 1139.
  53. ^"Foreign Office, Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Bulgaria, October 15, 1915, London Gazette no. 29333 (October 19, 1915): 10257–58".Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. RetrievedMay 9, 2017.
  54. ^Tucker 2005, p. 323.
  55. ^Tucker 2005, p. 660.
  56. ^Tucker 2005, p. 464.
  57. ^Tucker 2005, p. 1061.
  58. ^Tucker 2005, p. 1431.
  59. ^Tucker 2005, p. 366.
  60. ^Kenneth O. Morgan, "7 December 1916: Asquith, Lloyd George and the Crisis of Liberalism."Parliamentary History (2017) 36#3 pp 361-371.
  61. ^Tucker 2005, p. 1092.
  62. ^Tucker 2005, p. 467.
  63. ^Tucker 2005, p. 1252.
  64. ^Tucker 2005, p. 344.
  65. ^Tucker 2005, p. 245.
  66. ^Tucker 2005, p. 854.
  67. ^Tucker 2005, p. 855.
  68. ^Tucker 2005, p. 434.
  69. ^Tucker 2005, p. 174.
  70. ^Tucker 2005, p. 632.
  71. ^Tucker 2005, p. 115.
  72. ^Tucker 2005, p. 1286
  73. ^"China declares war on Germany". 5 November 2009.Archived from the original on 2022-02-03. Retrieved2018-12-12.
  74. ^Tucker 2005, p. 1283.
  75. ^Tucker 2005, p. 225.
  76. ^Tucker 2005, p. 242.
  77. ^abcGottschall 2003, p. 265.
  78. ^Tucker 2005, p. 563.
  79. ^Boemeke 1998, p. 85.
  80. ^Boemeke 1998, p. 84.
  81. ^Boemeke 1998, p. 478.
  82. ^Boemeke 1998, p. 246.
  83. ^Boemeke 1998, p. 414.
  84. ^Boemeke 1998, p. 566.
  85. ^Tucker 2005, p. 1223.
  86. ^Tucker 2005, p. 349.
  87. ^Tucker 2005, p. 126.
  88. ^Tucker 2005, p. 674.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

External links

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