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This is atimeline of Spanish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Spain and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, seeHistory of Spain.[1][2]
| Year | Date | Event | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| 409 | Spring | Gerontius, Roman general (magister militum), who had been a partisan ofConstantine III, revolts inHispania. He elevatesMaximus, hisdomesticus, as emperor. | |
| 13 October | TheVandals, led by KingGunderic, cross thePyrenees into theIberian Peninsula. They receive land from theRomans, asfoederati, inBaetica (SouthernSpain). TheAlans occupy lands inLusitania and theSuebi control parts ofGallaecia. | ||
| 410 | Spring | Gerontius successfully defended himself againstConstans II. | |
| 411 | TheAlans establish their rule in theRoman province ofLusitania (Portugal south of theDuero River and Spain). | ||
| 416 | Wallia iscampaigning against the Vandals and Alans on behalf of EmperorHonorius. | ||
| 418 | EmperorHonorius bribesWallia, king of theVisigoths, into regainingHispania for theRoman Empire. His victory over theVandals forces them to retire toBaetica. | ||
| 420 | ComesAsterius conductscampaign in Gallaecia and ends the usurpation ofMaximus. ARoman army under command of vicarMaurocellus suffers a defeat atBraga inGallaecia. | .svg) | |
| 422 | Vandal war: The Roman commander-in-chiefCastinus leads a defeat against the Vandals atBaetica. | ||
| 429 | Spring | TheVandals includingAlans, led byGenseric ("Caesar King"), cross the narrowStrait of Gibraltar with their families from theIberian Peninsula. | |
| 439 | Rechila conquers the cityMérida. | ||
| 441 | Rechila invadesBaetica and conquers the capitalSeville | ||
| 456 | theGothic kingTheoderic II starts awar commissioned by theWest Roman emperorAvitus.[3] |  | |
| 460 | The fleet EmperorMajorian assembles inNova Carthago (Cartagena) in preparation for an invasion of theVandal Kingdom in Africa becomes destroyed by the Vandal kingGeiseric.[4] | ||
| 464 | TheSuevic nation inGalicia (NorthernSpain) is unified under KingRemismund. | ||
| 473 | TheGothic kingEuric orders his army to conquer the province ofTarragonenses. |  | |
| 475 | Spring | The comes HispaniarumVincentius capitulates agains theAquitanian Goths. TheGoths complets theirconquest of Spain. |
| Year | Date | Event | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| 507 | TheFranks attacked allied with theBurgundians to theVisigothic Kingdom of Toulouse.Alaric II was killed at theBattle of Vouillé, andToulouse was sacked. The Visigoths had lost most of their Gallic holdings and are retreated to Hispania andSeptimania, helped byOstrogoths. Kingdom of Toulouse ended and TheArian Kingdom of Hispania began.Barcelona was the new capital of the Visigoths.[5] From this moment, little by little, Visigothic Hispania will be the first effective realisation of an independent Kingdom or State of wholly Hispanic territories and scope.[6] | ||
| 552 | Byzantine Empire conquered part of thesouth of the Visigothic kingdom. |  | |
| 567 | Toledo. Capital of the Visigothic kingdom by the end of the reign ofAthanagild.[7] | ||
| 568 | Liuvigild began his reign. He is among the greatest Visigothic kings of the Arian period because he consolidated Visigothic power in Spain. He is known for hisCode of Leovigild, a law that allowed equal rights between the Visigothic and Hispano-Roman populations, and for expanding the territory of the Visigothic Kingdom. Since Leovigild, the Visigoth kings minted their ownTremissis coin. | ||
| 585 | Liuvigild conquered theSuebic Kingdom. |  | |
| 589 | 8 May | TheThird Council of Toledo marks the entry of Visigothic Spain into theCatholic Church, afterReccared I converted in 587. TheCatholic Kingdom of Toledo began. |
| Year | Date | Event | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| 624 | Swinthila reconquered thesouth of Byzantine Hispania. | ||
| "History of the Kings of the Goths" is written byIsidore of Seville. In the prologue, "Laus Spaniae" (Praises toSpain), introduces the phrase mater Spania (mother Spain) and defends the Gothic identity of a unified Spain. | |||
| 625 | The entireHispania andSeptimania is under the Visigothic Kingdom.Swinthila defeated theBasques.[8] |  | |
| 654 | Recceswinth was responsible for the promulgation of a law code,Liber Iudiciorum. The new laws applied to both Gothic and Hispano-Roman populations. |
| Year | Date | Event | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| 711 | July | TheBattle of Guadalete was the first major battle of theUmayyad conquest of Hispania.Roderic, the last Visigoth king in Hispania under the rule from Toledo, died in the battle. |  |
| 718 | TheVisigothicnoblemanPelagius of Asturias rebelled against theUmayyad Caliphate. | ||
| 722 | Summer | Battle of Covadonga: Forces loyal toPelagius decimated anUmayyad army sent to reconquer them in a valley in thePicos de Europa. | |
| Pelagius was electedprinceps of the independentKingdom of Asturias with his capital atCangas de Onís. |  | ||
| 737 | Pelagius died. He was succeeded asprinceps by his sonFavila of Asturias. | ||
| 739 | Favila was killed by abear while hunting. He was succeeded by his brother-in-lawAlfonso I the Catholic of Asturias, the son ofPeter of Cantabria, theduke ofCantabria. | ||
| 740 | Asturias conquered and annexedGalicia. | ||
| 757 | Alfonso the Catholic died. He was succeeded as king by his sonFruela I the Cruel of Asturias. | ||
| 768 | 14 January | Fruela was assassinated. | |
| Fruela's cousinAurelius of Asturias was crowned king ofAsturias. | |||
| 774 | Aurelius died. He was succeeded by his cousin-in-law,Silo of Asturias, husband ofAlfonso the Catholic's daughterAdosinda. Silo established his capital atPravia. | ||
| 783 | Silo died. | ||
| Adosinda engineered the election of her nephewAlfonso II the Chaste of Asturias, son ofFruela, as king ofAsturias. | |||
| A coalition of nobles electedAlfonso the Catholic's illegitimate sonMauregatus of Asturias king ofAsturias.Alfonso the Chaste fled toÁlava. | |||
| 789 | Mauregatus died. | ||
| Aurelius's brotherBermudo I the Deacon, the Monk of Asturias was elected king ofAsturias. | |||
| 791 | Battle of the Burbia River: AnAsturian force attacked aCordoban army nearVillafranca del Bierzo on its return to Córdoba and was defeated. | ||
| Bermudo abdicated the throne. | |||
| 14 September | Alfonso the Chaste was crowned king ofAsturias inOviedo, Spain. | ||
| Alfonso the Chaste established his capital atOviedo. | |||
| 794 | Battle of Lutos: ACordoban army returning from a scorched earth campaign in modernÁlava was wiped out by anAsturian force. | ||
| 795 | 18 September | Battle of Las Babias:Córdoba attacked and routed anAsturian force nearAstorga, Spain. |
| Year | Date | Event | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| 816 | Battle of Pancorbo (816):Córdoba slaughtered aBasque-Asturian force defending the Basque homeland in thePyrenees atPancorbo. |  | |
| 824 | Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824): A combined force ofBasques and theBanu Qasi, bothvassals of theemirate of Córdoba, defeated aCarolingian military expedition in theRoncevaux Pass. The BasquechieftainÍñigo Arista of Pamplona was crowned king ofNavarre atPamplona. | ||
| 842 | Alfonso the Chaste died. | ||
| TheAsturiannobility electedNepotian of Asturias, a relative ofAlfonso the Chaste, king. | |||
| Battle of the Bridge of Cornellana: Forces loyal toBermudo's sonRamiro I of Asturias defeatedNepotian in modernSalas, Asturias. | |||
| 850 | 1 February | Ramiro died. He was buried in thePantheon of Asturian Kings inOviedo. His sonOrdoño I of Asturias succeeded him as king. | |
| 851 | Battle of Albelda (851):Ordoño suppressed aBasque revolt in northeasternAsturias and expelled an opportunisticCordoban invasion nearAlbelda. | ||
| Íñigo died. He was succeeded as king ofNavarre by his sonGarcía Íñiguez of Pamplona. | |||
| 852 | Battle of Guadalacete:Asturian andPamplonan forces arriving in support of a revolt of the people ofToledo, Spain were routed by aCordoban army. | ||
| 859 | Vikings capturedGarcía and extorted a ransom of some seventy thousandgold dinars fromNavarre for his return. | ||
| 860 | Cordoban forces capturedGarcía's son and heirFortún Garcés the One-Eyed, the Monk of Pamplona inMilagro, Navarre. | ||
| 862 | An easternmarch ofAsturias was created the county of Castile undercountRodrigo of Castile. | ||
| 865 | 9 August | Battle of the Morcuera:Córdoba attackedAsturias, forcing the retreat of Asturian forces and their Castilian allies along the valley of theEbro. | |
| 866 | 27 May | Ordoño died. He was succeeded by his eldest sonAlfonso III the Great of Asturias. | |
| Fruela seized the throne ofAsturias and forcedAlfonso the Great to flee to Castile. | |||
| Fruela was assassinated inOviedo. | |||
| 868 | Asturias conqueredPorto.Vímara Peres was createdcount ofPortugal. | ||
| 870 | García died.García Jiménez of Pamplona took power asregent, García's son and heirFortún Garcés remaining in captivity inCórdoba. | ||
| 873 | 5 November | Rodrigo died. He was succeeded ascount of Castile by his sonDiego Rodríguez Porcelos. | |
| 878 | Asturias conqueredCoimbra. | ||
| 882 | First Battle of Cellorigo:Vela Jiménez,count of theAsturiancounty of Álava, repelled an attempted conquest by theEmirate of Córdoba of an important mountain pass atCellorigo. | ||
| Fortún Garcés was returned to rule inNavarre. | |||
| 883 | Second Battle of Cellorigo:Vela Jiménez repelled an attempted conquest by theEmirate of Córdoba of an important mountain pass atCellorigo. | ||
| 885 | 31 January | Rodríguez died. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 901 | July | Day of Zamora: TheAsturian defenders ofZamora, Spain dealt heavy casualties to aCordoban force attempting to conquer it. The heads of the besiegers were displayed on the city walls. |
| 905 | TheNavarresenobility removedFortún Garcés from the throne, placingSancho I of Pamplona there in his stead. | |
| 910 | 20 December | Alfonso the Great died and was buried atOviedo Cathedral. His kingdom was divided among his three sons, with his eldest,García I of León, receivingLeón,Ordoño II of León receivingGalicia, andFruela II of Asturias receiving a rumpAsturias including Castile. |
| 914 | 19 January | García I died. His lands passed toOrdoño II. |
| 917 | Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (917):Leonese forces broke aCordoban siege ofSan Esteban de Gormaz. | |
| 920 | 26 July | Battle of Valdejunquera: ACordoban army invading Castile routed a jointLeonese-Navarrese force at Valdejunquera, probably between modernEstella-Lizarra andPamplona, forcing the abandonment by León ofClunia. |
| 922 | Navarre defeatedGalindo Aznárez II,count of theCounty of Aragon, in battle and forced him intovassalage. | |
| 924 | June | Ordoño II died. |
| TheLeonese nobility electedFruela II king of León. | ||
| 925 | July | Fruela II died, possibly from leprosy. His will named his sonAlfonso Fróilaz his successor.Ordoño II's sonsSancho Ordóñez,Alfonso IV the Monk of León andRamiro II of León did not recognize Fróilaz's succession, however, leaving him inde facto authority only inGalicia. |
| Fruela II's younger brother, a Ramiro, married his widow Urraca bint Abd Allah and claimed the royal title. | ||
| Ordóñez,Alfonso the Monk andRamiro II forcedFróilaz into exile in the easternmarches ofAsturias. | ||
| Ordóñez seizedLeón, Spain. | ||
| Alfonso the Monk, with the support ofNavarre and theLeonese nobility, expelledOrdóñez fromLeón, Spain. | ||
| 10 December | Sancho I died. He was succeeded by his young sonGarcía Sánchez I of Pamplona with his brotherJimeno Garcés of Pamplona acting as regent. | |
| 926 | Ordóñez was crownedprinceps ofGalicia. | |
| 929 | 16 August | Ordóñez died. His territory passed toAlfonso the Monk. |
| 931 | Fernán González of Castile becamecount of Castile. | |
| Álvaro Herraméliz,count of Lantarón andÁlava, died.Fernán González inherited his territories and united them with Castile. | ||
| 29 May | Jimeno Garcés died. | |
| Alfonso the Monk was forced to abdicate the rule ofLeón andGalicia to his brotherRamiro II. | ||
| 939 | 19 July | Battle of Simancas: A battle began nearSimancas which would see a jointLeonese-Navarrese force repel an attemptedCordoban conquest of the lands around theDouro. |
| 5 August | Battle of Alhandic:Cordoban forces conquered theLeonese city ofZamora, Spain with great cost in lives to both sides. | |
| 951 | 1 January | Ramiro II died and was buried in theBasílica de San Isidoro, León. He was succeeded by his sonOrdoño III of León. |
| 956 | Ordoño III died inZamora, Spain. He was succeeded by his half-brotherSancho I the Fat of León. | |
| 958 | TheLeonesenobility, led byFernán González, deposedSancho the Fat in favor ofAlfonso the Monk's sonOrdoño IV the Wicked, the Bad of León. | |
| 960 | Sancho the Fat was restored to the throne ofLeón with the support ofNavarre andCórdoba. | |
| 966 | Sancho the Fat was poisoned bycountGonzalo Menéndez ofPortugal and buried in theBasílica de San Isidoro, León. He was succeeded by his young sonRamiro III of León, with the latter's auntElvira Ramírez and motherTeresa Ansúrez ruling as regents. | |
| 970 | 22 February | García Sánchez I died. He was succeeded by his eldest sonSancho II of Pamplona. A small territory aroundViguera he willed to another son as theKingdom of Viguera. |
| Fernán González died. He was succeeded ascount of Castile by his sonGarcía Fernández of the White Hands of Castile. | ||
| 981 | 9 July | Battle of Torrevicente: ACordoban force dealt a bloody defeat to a rebel Cordobangeneral and hisVigueran and Castilian allies, probably nearAtienza. |
| Battle of Rueda: ACordoban force dealt a decisive defeat to a jointLeonese-Navarrese army inRueda, Valladolid. | ||
| 982 | 15 October | TheGaliciannobility acclaimedOrdoño III's sonBermudo II the Gouty of León king of Galicia with the support of theCaliphate of Córdoba. |
| 984 | Bermudo deposedRamiro III and replaced him as king ofLeón. | |
| 987 | León expelledCordoban forces fromZamora, Spain. | |
| 991 | November | TheLeonesenobility expelledBermudo from the kingdom. |
| 992 | September | Bermudo was allowed to return toLeón. |
| 994 | Sancho II died and was buried atSan Juan de la Peña. He was succeeded as king ofNavarre andcount ofAragon by his sonGarcía Sánchez II of Pamplona. | |
| 995 | May | Fernández was captured by aCordoban raiding party. |
| June | Fernández died of his wounds atMedinaceli. He was succeeded by his sonSancho García of the Good Laws of Castile. | |
| 996 | Córdoba conquered theLeonese city ofAstorga, Spain. | |
| 999 | Castile declined to pay its annual tribute toCórdoba. | |
| September | Bermudo died. He was succeeded by his young sonAlfonso V the Noble of León, with the latter's motherElvira of Castile, Queen of León and thecountMenendo González, count ofPortugal andduke inGalicia, acting asregents. | |
| 1000 | 29 July | Battle of Cervera:Córdoba defeated the combined forces ofGarcía of the Good Laws andGarcía Gómez, count of Saldaña, Carrión and Liébana on a punitive expedition near modernEspinosa de Cervera. |
| García Sánchez II died. He was succeeded as king ofNavarre andcount ofAragon by his young sonSancho III the Great of Pamplona, with the latter's mother Jimena Fernández and grandmotherUrraca Fernandez ruling with thebishops of Navarre asregents. |
| Year | Date | Event | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1005 | ACordoban army under the caliphHisham II invadedLeón with the intent of conqueringZamora, Spain. | ||
| García Ramírez of Viguera, king ofViguera, died without male heirs. His territory was absorbed byNavarre. | |||
| 1008 | 6 October | Menendo González died.Alfonso the Noble entered his majority. | |
| 1009 | Hisham was overthrown and imprisoned by his cousinMuhammad II of Córdoba. | ||
| 1 November | Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, at the head of an army of disaffectedBerbers and with the help ofGarcía of the Good Laws, defeatedMuhammad, forcing the latter to flee toToledo, Spain, and freedHisham. | ||
| 1011 | Sancho the Great marriedGarcía of the Good Laws's daughterMuniadona of Castile. | ||
| 1015 | Sancho the Great conquered the county of Sobrarbe. | ||
| 1017 | 5 February | García of the Good Laws died. He was succeeded ascount of Castile andÁlava by his young sonGarcía Sánchez of Castile, withUrraca of Covarrubias, the latter's aunt andFernández's daughter, acting as regent with the Castiliannobility. | |
| 1018 | Sancho the Great annexed half of the county of Ribagorza. | ||
| 1025 | Raymond III of Pallars Jussà,count ofPallars Jussà and the rump Ribagorza, pledged submission toSancho the Great as hisvassal. | ||
| 1028 | 7 August | Alfonso the Noble died. He was succeeded as king ofLeón by his sonBermudo III of León. | |
| 1029 | García Sánchez was assassinated inLeón, Spain by the sons of anoble he had expelled from the lands between theCea and thePisuerga. | ||
| Sancho the Great appointedFerdinand I the Great of León, his son and grandson ofGarcía of the Good Laws on his mother's side,count ofCastile. | |||
| 1031 | Hisham III of Córdoba, the caliph ofCórdoba in exile, was overthrown and his title abolished by the localnobility, resulting in the immediatede jure independence of thetaifas ofAl-Andalus. | ||
| 1032 | Alfonso the Noble's daughterSancha of León was married toFerdinand the Great. | ||
| 1034 | Navarre conqueredLeón, Spain.Bermudo III fled to modernGalicia. | ||
| 1035 | 18 October | Sancho the Great died. His kingdom was divided among his sons.Gonzalo of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza received Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. The illegitimateRamiro I of Aragon was granted the title of bailiff and some property inAragon.García Sánchez III of Pamplona succeeded his father as king ofNavarre and held suzerainty over his brothers. | |
| Battle of Tafalla:García Sánchez III repelled an invasion of his kingdom byRamiro I. | |||
| 1037 | 4 September | Battle of Tamarón:Bermudo III of León fell from his horse and was slain by forces loyal toFerdinand the Great. |  |
| 1038 | 22 June | Ferdinand the Great was crowned king ofLeón andCastile inLeón, Spain. | |
| 1043 | 26 June | Gonzalo of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza was assassinated by one of hisknights. | |
| Ramiro I annexed Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. | |||
| 1054 | 1 September | Battle of Atapuerca:Navarrese andLeonese forces met near modernAtapuerca, Province of Burgos.García Sánchez III and his tutorFortún Sánchez were killed. García Sánchez III's sonSancho IV of Peñalén of Pamplona succeeded him as king under the regency ofStephanie, Queen of Navarre. León annexed Navarrese territories south of theEbro. | |
| 1056 | Ferdinand the Great crowned himselfImperator totius Hispaniae. | ||
| 1058 | 25 May | Stephanie died. | |
| 1062 | 29 December | Sancho of Peñalén andFerdinand the Great signed a treaty defining their border. | |
| 1063 | Synod of Jaca (1063):Ramiro I presided over asynod inJaca which reestablished theRoman Catholic Diocese of Huesca. | ||
| 8 May | Battle of Graus:Ramiro I died in a failed attempt to takeGraus from thetaifa of Zaragoza. He was succeeded by his sonSancho Ramírez. | ||
| 1064 | August | Crusade of Barbastro: At the urging of the popePope Alexander II, a coalition ofAragon,Urgell,Aquitaine and thePapal States conqueredBarbastro from thetaifa of Lérida. | |
| 1065 | Battle of Paterna:Valencian forces pursuing the army ofFerdinand the Great, then in retreat from a failed siege ofValencia, were ambushed and wiped out atPaterna. | ||
| 24 December | Ferdinand the Great died. His kingdom was divided among his three children. The eldest,Sancho II the Strong of Castile and León, receivedCastile.León was divided;Galicia went toGarcía II of Galicia, and the remainder went toAlfonso VI the Brave, the Valiant of León and Castile. | ||
| War of the Three Sanchos:Sancho the Strong began ordering border raids onNavarre. | |||
| 1067 | War of the Three Sanchos: The war reached a stalemate.Castile remained in possession of theNavarrese territories in modernÁlava,Montes de Oca,Pancorbo,Burgos andLa Rioja. | ||
| 1068 | Spring | Alfonso the Brave invaded thetaifa of Badajoz. | |
| 19 July | Battle of Llantada:Sancho the Strong defeatedAlfonso the Brave at Llantadilla, in thetaifa of Badajoz near modernMelgar de Fernamental. | ||
| 1071 | June | Sancho the Strong andAlfonso the Brave invadedGalicia from the north and south, respectively, partitioning the kingdom and forcingGarcía II into exile inSeville. | |
| 1072 | January | Battle of Golpejera:Sancho the Strong defeated and capturedAlfonso the Brave nearCarrión de los Condes. The latter was released and sent into exile inToledo. | |
| 12 January | Sancho the Strong was crowned king ofLeón. | ||
| 7 October | Sancho the Strong was betrayed and murdered by a Zamorannoble during his assault onZamora, Spain. | ||
| Alfonso the Brave succeeded his brotherSancho the Strong as king ofLeón andCastile. | |||
| 1074 | Thetaifas ofToledo andGranada were forced to pay theparias toAlfonso the Brave. | ||
| 1076 | 4 June | Sancho of Peñalén was thrown from a cliff inPeñalén by his brother and sister.Alfonso the Brave recognized his young son García Sánchez as his successor. | |
| TheNavarresenobility electedSancho Ramírez king. The latter ceded some territory in Navarre's west toAlfonso the Brave. | |||
| TheEmir ofZaragoza began to pay theparias toAlfonso the Brave. | |||
| 1077 | Alfonso the Brave took the titleImperator totius Hispaniae. | ||
| 1079 | Battle of Cabra:Seville defeated the invading forces ofGranada. Both sides were aided byCastilianknights. | ||
| Alfonso the Brave conqueredCoria, Cáceres. | |||
| 1083 | 28 April | Sancho Ramírez conqueredGraus. | |
| Under the pretense of surrender, the occupants of the castle ofRueda de Jalón, a Zaragozan stronghold, invited importantnobles ofLeón to the castle and murdered them. | |||
| 1084 | 14 August | Battle of Morella: AZaragozan army led by the generalEl Cid decisively defeated the forces ofSancho Ramírez nearTortosa. | |
| 25 December | Battle of Piedra Pisada: AZaragozan army skirmished with the forces ofAlfonso the Brave, then following the valley of theCinca fromNaval, Huesca toEl Grado. | ||
| 1085 | 25 May | Alfonso the Brave conqueredToledo, Spain. | |
| Alfonso the Brave conquered modernMadrid. | |||
| 1086 | March | Alfonso the Brave installed hisvassal, an al-Qádir, as king ofValencia. | |
| 23 October | Battle of Sagrajas:Yusuf ibn Tashfin, thesultan of theAlmoravid dynasty, at the head of a coalition of Andalusiantaifas, defeatedLeón andCastile andAragon in a bloody battle nearBadajoz. Thetaifas renounced payment of theparias. | ||
| 1087 | Siege of Tudela:Alfonso the Brave,Sancho Ramírez,Odo I, Duke of Burgundy, theduke ofBurgundy, andWilliam the Carpenter,viscount ofMelun, laid siege to theZaragozan fortress atTudela, Navarre. | ||
| Sancho Ramírez conqueredEstada. | |||
| 1088 | Sancho Ramírez took theCastle of Montearagón. | ||
| 1089 | 24 June | Sancho Ramírez conqueredMonzón. | |
| 1090 | Yusuf overthrew the king ofValencia and sent him into exile. | ||
| 1094 | 4 June | Sancho Ramírez died during a siege ofHuesca. He was succeeded as king ofAragon andNavarre by his eldest sonPeter I of Aragon and Pamplona. | |
| June | El Cid reconqueredValencia, Spain forCastile. | ||
| November | Alfonso the Brave lostLisbon,Sintra andSantarém, Portugal toAlmoravid conquests. | ||
| 1095 | 16 March | The popePope Urban II issued abull forbidding theexcommunication ofPeter I or hisqueenAgnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon and Navarre without his express authorization. | |
| 1096 | Battle of Alcoraz:Peter I defeated theZaragozan forces sent to relieve his siege ofHuesca. | ||
| 27 November | Peter I conqueredHuesca. | ||
| 1097 | Battle of Bairén: AnAragonese army pinned betweenAlmoravid forces and theMediterranean Sea routed their enemies near modernGandia. | ||
| 15 August | Battle of Consuegra: AnAlmoravid force defeated one ofAlfonso the Brave's armies nearConsuegra. | ||
| 16 August | Peter I marriedBertha of Aragon inHuesca, marking the transfer of theAragonese capital fromJaca. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1102 | Alfonso the Brave orderedValencia evacuated and burned in the face of anAlmoravid threat. | |
| 1104 | Alfonso the Brave conquered theAlmoravid city ofMedinaceli. | |
| Peter I died. He was succeeded as king ofAragon andNavarre by his brotherAlfonso I the Battler of Aragon. | ||
| 1105 | Alfonso the Battler conquered theAlmoravid cities ofEjea de los Caballeros andTauste. | |
| 1107 | Alfonso the Battler conqueredTamarite de Litera andSan Esteban de Litera from theAlmoravid dynasty. | |
| 1108 | 29 May | Battle of Uclés (1108): TheAlmoravids dealt a decisive defeat to the forces ofAlfonso the Brave atUclés, reconquering the city as well asCuenca, Spain,Huete andOcaña, Spain. Alfonso the Brave's son and heirSancho Alfónsez was killed in flight by localMuslims. |
| 1109 | 1 July | Alfonso the Brave died inToledo, Spain. His daughterUrraca the Restless of León succeeded him asqueen regnant ofLeón andCastile. |
| October | Urraca the Restless marriedAlfonso the Battler. | |
| 1111 | 26 October | Battle of Candespina:Alfonso the Battler, joined byHenry, Count of Portugal, thecount ofPortugal, defeated forces loyal to the former's wifeUrraca the Restless atFresno de Cantespino. |
| Autumn | Battle of Viadangos: ThenoblePedro Fróilaz de Traba andDiego Gelmírez,archbishop of theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela, marching in support ofUrraca the Restless, were routed atVilladangos del Páramo by a superior force led byAlfonso the Battler. | |
| 1112 | The popePope Paschal II annulled the marriage ofUrraca the Restless toAlfonso the Battler. The two agreed to a truce. | |
| 1117 | Alfonso the Battler conquered theAlmoravid cities ofFitero,Belchite,Corella, Spain,Cintruénigo,Murchante,Monteagudo, Navarre, andCascante. | |
| 1118 | Alfonso the Battler, joined byFrench soldiers following the declaration of acrusade, conquered theAlmoravid cities ofAlmudévar,Gurrea de Gállego andZuera and laid siege toZaragoza. | |
| 18 December | Alfonso the Battler conqueredZaragoza. | |
| 1119 | Alfonso the Battler conqueredCervera, Tudejen, Castellón,Tarazona,Ágreda,Magallón,Borja, Zaragoza,Alagón, Zaragoza,Novillas,Mallén,Rueda, Valladolid andÉpila from theAlmoravid dynasty. | |
| 1120 | Battle of Cutanda:Alfonso the Battler defeated forces of theAlmoravid dynasty at Cutanda nearCalamocha, conquering that townas well as Calatayud andDaroca forAragon. | |
| Alfonso the Battler conquered theAlmoravid cities ofCalatayud,Bubierca,Alhama de Aragón,Ariza, Zaragoza andDaroca. | ||
| 1122 | Alfonso the Battler established theConfraternity of Belchite, amilitary order atBelchite devoted to war withMuslims. | |
| 1123 | Alfonso the Battler conquered theBarcelonan city ofLleida. | |
| 1126 | 8 March | Urraca the Restless died in childbirth atSaldaña de Burgos.Alfonso VII the Emperor of León and Castile, her son by her first husbandRaymond of Burgundy, succeeded her as king ofCastile andLeón, thoughAlfonso the Battler remained in control of the former kingdom. |
| 1127 | Alfonso the Battler conquered theAlmoravid city ofLongares. | |
| June | Alfonso the Emperor andAlfonso the Battler signed thePeace of Támara atTámara de Campos. The treaty recognized Alfonso the Emperor's sovereignty overCastile and reestablished the 1054 border between Castile andAragon. Alfonso the Battler renounced the title of emperor. | |
| 1129 | 6 April | Afonso I the Conqueror of Portugal, thecount ofPortugal, took the title prince. |
| 1130 | October | Siege of Bayonne:Alfonso the Battler laid siege to theAquitainian city ofBayonne, probably with the intent of impressingAlfonso the Emperor'svassalAlfonso Jordan, thecount ofToulouse. |
| 1131 | October | Alfonso the Battler drafted a will leaving his kingdom to theKnights Templar, theKnights Hospitaller, and theOrder of the Holy Sepulchre. |
| October | Siege of Bayonne:Alfonso the Battler withdrew after failing to conquerBayonne. | |
| 1133 | Alfonso the Battler conquered theAlmoravid city ofMequinenza. | |
| 1134 | 17 July | Battle of Fraga: TheAlmoravids broke anAragonese siege ofFraga.Alfonso the Battler was wounded. |
| 7 September | Alfonso the Battler died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Fraga. | |
| TheNavarresenobility electedGarcía Ramírez of Navarre, a grandson ofGarcía Sánchez III's illegitimate son, king of Navarre. | ||
| TheAragonesenobility electedRamiro II the Monk of Aragon king of Aragon. | ||
| 1135 | 26 May | Alfonso the Emperor took the titleImperator totius Hispaniae. |
| 1137 | 11 August | Ramiro the Monk's daughterPetronilla of Aragon was betrothed toRamon Berenguer IV the Saint, Count of Barcelona, thecount ofBarcelona. Under the terms of the contract, Petronilla was appointed Ramiro the Monk's heir, and in the event of her childless death, Ramon Berenguer the Saint was to inherit all her territories. |
| 13 November | Ramiro the Monk retired to the monastery, retaining the royal title but grantingRamon Berenguer the Saint royal authority under the title prince of theAragonese people. | |
| 1138 | July | Siege of Coria (1138):Alfonso the Emperor failed to take theAlmoravid city ofCoria, Caceres. His commanding generalRodrigo Martínez was killed in the assault. |
| 1139 | April | Siege of Oreja:Alfonso the Emperor laid siege to theAlmoravid castle atColmenar de Oreja. |
| 25 July | Battle of Ourique:Afonso defeated anAlmoravid force deep inside Almoravid territory atOurique. His soldiers proclaimed him king ofPortugal. | |
| October | Siege of Oreja: TheAlmoravid garrison surrendered. | |
| 1141 | Summer | Battle of Valdevez:Afonso invadedGalicia.Alfonso the Emperor met him atArcos de Valdevez and was defeated. |
| 1142 | May | Siege of Coria (1142):Alfonso the Emperor laid siege to theAlmoravid city ofCoria, Caceres. |
| June | Siege of Coria (1142): TheAlmoravid garrison surrendered. | |
| 1143 | 5 October | Afonso andAlfonso the Emperor signed theTreaty of Zamora inZamora, Spain, under which the latter recognized the independence ofPortugal and pledged peace between Portugal andLeón. |
| 1147 | October | Second Crusade:Alfonso the Emperor,Ramon Berenguer the Saint andGarcía Ramírez, with the support of theGenoese andPisan navies, conquered theAlmoravid port city ofAlmería. One-third of the city was granted to Genoa, the rest toCastile. |
| 1151 | Alfonso the Emperor andRamon Berenguer the Saint signed theTreaty of Tudilén, recognizing recentAragonese conquests as well as any further conquests in theTaifa of Murcia. | |
| 1157 | TheAlmohad Caliphate conqueredAlmería. | |
| 16 August | Ramiro the Monk died.Petronilla succeeded him asqueen regnant ofAragon. | |
| 21 August | Alfonso the Emperor died. His kingdom was divided between his two sons. The elder,Sancho III the Desired of Castile, receivedCastile; the younger,Ferdinand II of León, receivedLeón. | |
| 1158 | 31 August | Sancho the Desired died. He was succeeded as king ofCastile by his young sonAlfonso VIII the Noble of Castile. A number of Castilian nobles began to vie for theregency. |
| 1162 | 6 August | Ramon Berenguer the Saint died. He was succeeded ascount ofBarcelona by his young sonAlfonso II the Chaste, the Troubadour of Aragon. |
| 1164 | 18 July | Petronilla abdicated the throne ofAragon in favor of her young sonAlfonso the Chaste. |
| 1166 | Alfonso the Chaste conquered the county of Provence. | |
| 1168 | Alfonso the Chaste conqueredCerdanya. | |
| 19 December | Alfonso the Chaste andSancho VI the Wise of Navarre, king ofNavarre, signed theTreaty of Sangüesa providing for a twenty-year truce between their countries and agreeing to a division of theTaifa of Murcia. | |
| 1171 | Alfonso the Chaste conqueredTeruel andCaspe. | |
| 1172 | Girard II of Roussillon,count ofRoussillon, died without heirs. Thenobles of his county electedAlfonso the Chaste to succeed him. | |
| 1173 | Alfonso the Chaste gifted Provence to his brotherRamon Berenguer III, Count of Provence. | |
| 1174 | Alfonso the Noble cededUclés to theOrder of Santiago. | |
| 1177 | 21 September | Castile conqueredCuenca, Spain. |
| 1179 | Alfonso the Noble andAlfonso the Chaste signed theTreaty of Cazola, setting out their respective zones of conquest in Andalusia.Aragon ceded the right toMurcia. | |
| 1188 | Alfonso the Noble recognizedAlfonso IX of León as king ofLeón. In exchange, Alfonso IX recognized the supremacy ofCastile over León. | |
| 1195 | 18 July | Battle of Alarcos: TheAlmohad Caliphate decisively defeated aCastilian force in what is now theprovince of Ciudad Real, forcing the latter's retreat toToledo, Spain and cession ofTrujillo, Cáceres,Montánchez andTalavera de la Reina. |
| 1196 | 25 April | Alfonso the Chaste died. He was succeeded as king by his sonPeter II the Catholic of Aragon. |
| Year | Date | Event | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1209 | Albigensian Crusade: The popePope Innocent III called for acrusade to exterminateCatharism in Languedoc. | ||
| 1212 | Alfonso the Noble,Peter the Catholic,Sancho VII the Strong, the Prudent of Navarre, king ofNavarre, and thepapal legateArnaud Amalric, at the head of an army ofFranks, conquered theAlmohad cities ofCalatrava la Vieja, Alarcos andBenavente, Zamora. |  | |
| 16 July | Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: A coalition ofCastilian,Aragonese, Portuguese andNavarrese forces, joined by theOrder of Santiago, theOrder of Calatrava, theKnights Templar andFrench andLeonese volunteers, decisively defeated anAlmohad army in what is now theProvince of Jaén. The caliphMuhammad al-Nasir was forced into flight. | ||
| 1213 | 12 September | Battle of Muret:Peter the Catholic was killed in battle atMuret in an attempt to reinstall hisvassalRaymond VI, Count of Toulouse,count ofCounty of Toulouse. His army was routed. Peter the Catholic was succeeded by his young sonJames I the Conqueror of Aragon. | |
| 1214 | 5 October | Alfonso the Noble died. He was succeeded by his young sonHenry I of Castile, whose elder sisterBerengaria of Castile ruled asregent. | |
| 1217 | 6 June | Henry I was killed by a tile falling off a roof.Berengaria succeeded him asqueen regnant ofCastile. | |
| 31 August | Berengaria resigned in favor of her sonFerdinand III the Saint of Castile. | ||
| 1224 | TheAlmohad caliphYusuf II, Almohad caliph was gored to death while playing with his pet cows, leaving no heir. |  | |
| TheAlmohad governor of Andalusia took the majority of his forces across theStrait of Gibraltar to contest the succession to the caliphate. | |||
| An Abdallah al-Bayyasi established theTaifa of Baeza with himself at its head and appealed toFerdinand the Saint to help him conquer Andalusia. | |||
| 1225 | Siege of Jaén (1225):Castile andBaeza failed to take the city ofJaén, Spain. | ||
| Ferdinand the Saint established al-Bayyasi atCórdoba, Spain in exchange forBaños de la Encina,Capilla, Badajoz andSalvatierra Castle. | |||
| 1226 | November | Al-Bayyasi was killed inCórdoba, Spain in a popular uprising.Castile annexed some of his territory includingBaeza. | |
| 1229 | 5 September | Conquest of Majorca:James the Conqueror led a fleet of some two hundred vessels and twenty thousand men fromSalou,Cambrils andTarragona toMajorca. | |
| 12 September | Battle of Portopí:Aragonese forces defeated anAlmohad force in theSerra de Na Burguesa, forcing the latter to retreat toPalma, Majorca. | ||
| 31 December | Conquest of Majorca:James the Conqueror took the last redoubt of theAlmohad forces atPalma, Majorca and captured thevaliAbu Yahya. | ||
| 1230 | James the Conqueror issued theLlibre del Repartiment (Majorca), granting territory inMajorca according to participation in its conquest. Half becamecrown lands; the rest was divided primarily betweenCatalan andMarseillaisknights and theKnights Templar. | ||
| 24 June | Siege of Jaén (1230):Ferdinand the Saint laid siege toJaén, Spain. | ||
| 24 September | Alfonso IX died. He was succeeded as king ofLeón by his sonFerdinand the Saint. | ||
| September | Siege of Jaén (1230): On hearing of the death ofAlfonso IX,Ferdinand the Saint abandoned his siege ofJaén, Spain to be crowned king ofLeón inLeón, Spain. | ||
| 1231 | Ferdinand the Saint conqueredCazorla. | ||
| Battle of Jerez: ACastilian army defeated an army of theemirIbn Hud near modernJerez de la Frontera, deep in the latter's territory. | |||
| 1232 | James the Conqueror conqueredMenorca. | ||
| 1233 | Ferdinand the Saint conqueredÚbeda. | ||
| May | Siege of Burriana:James the Conqueror laid siege toBorriana, Castellón. | ||
| July | Siege of Burriana: The city fell. | ||
| 1235 | James the Conqueror conqueredIbiza. | ||
| 1236 | 7 February | Siege of Córdoba (1236):Ferdinand the Saint arrived inCórdoba, Spain following its fall at the hands of localknights and internal fifth columnists. | |
| 1237 | 15 August | Battle of the Puig: TheValencian kingZayyan ibn Mardanish met anAragonese invasion force atEl Puig, where he was decisively defeated. | |
| 1238 | Ferdinand the Saint conqueredHuelva and obtained thevassalage ofNiebla, Andalusia. | ||
| 28 September | James the Conqueror capturedValencia and created himself king of theKingdom of Valencia. | ||
| 1240 | Ferdinand the Saint conqueredÉcija andLucena, Córdoba. | ||
| 1243 | Ferdinand the Saint capturedOrihuela and obtained thevassalage ofMurcia. | ||
| 1244 | 26 March | James the Conqueror signed theTreaty of Almizra, establishingValencia's border withCastile. | |
| Ferdinand the Saint conqueredArjona, Spain,Mula, Spain andLorca, Spain. | |||
| 1245 | Ferdinand the Saint conqueredCartagena, Spain. | ||
| Siege of Jaén (1245–46):Ferdinand the Saint, joined by theOrder of Santiago, laid siege toJaén, Spain. | |||
| 1246 | 28 February | Siege of Jaén (1245–46):Muhammad I of Granada, king ofGranada, surrendered the city toCastile and agreed totributary relationship. He was created king of theKingdom of Jaén. | |
| 1247 | July | Siege of Seville:Ferdinand the Saint laid siege toSeville. | |
| 1248 | Ferdinand the Saint obtained thevassalage ofAlicante. | ||
| 23 November | Siege of Seville:Seville, the lastMuslim polity on theIberian Peninsula apart from theEmirate of Granada, surrendered toCastile, promising that the city would be turned over no later than the following month.Ferdinand the Saint created himself king of theKingdom of Seville. | ||
| 1252 | 30 May | Ferdinand the Saint died. He was succeeded by his sonAlfonso X the Wise of Castile. | |
| 1253 | Alfonso the Wise captured theAlgarve fromPortugal. | ||
| Alfonso the Wise gave his daughterBeatrice of Castile to thePortuguese kingAfonso III of Portugal, and promised to cede theAlgarve to their firstborn son on his seventh birthday. | |||
| 1256 | 28 January | King of the RomansWilliam II of Holland was killed in battle with theFrisians nearHoogwoud. | |
| 1257 | 15 January | Imperial election, January 1257:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall,count ofPoitou andearl of Cornwall, was electedKing of the Romans. | |
| 1 April | Imperial election, April 1257:Alfonso the Wise, who claimed the title through descent from his grandfatherPhilip of Swabia, was electedKing of the Romans. | ||
| Alfonso the Wise debased theCastilian coinage and introduced a tariff to raise money for a campaign in support of his claim to the rule of theHoly Roman Empire, against that ofRichard. | |||
| 1261 | Siege of Jerez (1261):Castile andGranada laid siege toJerez de la Frontera. | ||
| Siege of Jerez (1261): The citizens ofJerez de la Frontera agreed to resume tribute payments toCastile. | |||
| 1262 | James the Conqueror created theKingdom of Majorca in his will. | ||
| Niebla, Andalusia was incorporated intoCastile. |  | ||
| 1264 | Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266: TheMuslim subjects ofCastile, encouraged byMuhammad I, rebelled in Andalusia andMurcia. | ||
| 8 August | Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266:Nuño González de Lara, head of theCastilian garrison atJerez de la Frontera, fled his post. TheAlcázar of Jerez de la Frontera was taken. | ||
| 9 October | Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266:Castilian forces retookJerez de la Frontera. | ||
| 1265 | 28 August | TheSiete Partidas, a code of law, was completed inCastile. | |
| October | Conquest of Murcia (1265–66):James the Conqueror enteredMuslim-held territory in support of theCastilian suppression of the Mudéjar revolt. | ||
| 1266 | 2 January | Conquest of Murcia (1265–66):James the Conqueror laid siege toMurcia. | |
| 31 January | Conquest of Murcia (1265–66):Murcia surrendered. | ||
| 26 February | Battle of Benevento:Manfred, King of Sicily, the king ofSicily, was killed during the conquest of the kingdom byCharles I of Anjou,count of Anjou. | ||
| Alicante was incorporated intoCastile. | |||
| 1267 | 16 February | Alfonso the Wise andAfonso III signed theTreaty of Badajoz, a pact of friendship and mutual assistance. The treaty established the border betweenCastile andPortugal to the latter's disadvantage. | |
| 1272 | TheCastiliannobility rebelled againstAlfonso the Wise following his mismanagement of the economy. | ||
| 1275 | Battle of Écija (1275):Granadan forces routed aCastilian army moving through their territory to meet aMarinid advance. | ||
| 1276 | 27 July | James the Conqueror died. He was succeeded as king ofAragon andValencia andcount ofBarcelona by one son,Peter III the Great of Aragon, and as king ofMajorca by another,James II of Majorca. | |
| 1278 | July | Siege of Algeciras (1278–79):Castile laid siege to theMarinid port city ofAlgeciras. | |
| 25 July | Battle of Algeciras (1278): A combinedMarinid-Granadan fleet destroyed theCastilian navy in theStrait of Gibraltar. | ||
| 1279 | James II agreed by treaty to become a vassal ofAragon. | ||
| 5 August | Siege of Algeciras (1278–79): AMarinid force destroyed theCastilian navy in port in theBay of Gibraltar and captured and executed the soldiers besieging the city. | ||
| 1280 | 23 June | Battle of Moclín (1280): A force consisting ofCastilian soldiers and most of theOrder of Santiago was wiped out by aGranadan army atMoclín while returning from a raid. | |
| 1282 | Alfonso the Wise, facing military pressure from hisnobility, was forced to accept his sonSancho IV the Brave of Castile as his heir. | ||
| 30 March | Sicilian Vespers: A number of French officers were killed by locals in rioting nearPalermo. | ||
| War of the Sicilian Vespers:Sicilian rebels appealed toPeter the Great to overthrowCharles of Anjou's administration and rule by right of his wifeConstance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon,Manfred's daughter. | |||
| 1283 | 8 July | Battle of Malta: AnAragonese fleet surprised and sank aNeapolitan fleet in theGrand Harbour, delaying the latter's planned invasion ofSicily. | |
| 1284 | 2 February | Aragonese Crusade: The popePope Martin IV called for acrusade againstPeter the Great, and declared him deposed inAragon in favor ofCharles, Count of Valois, thecount of Valois. | |
| 4 April | Alfonso the Wise died. He was succeeded bySancho the Brave, though his will appointed his grandsonAlfonso de la Cerda his successor inLeón. | ||
| 5 June | Battle of the Gulf of Naples: TheAragonese andSicilian navies drew out aNeapolitan fleet in theGulf of Naples and capturedCharles of Anjou as well as some ten galleys. | ||
| 1285 | 4 September | Battle of Les Formigues: ASicilian-Aragonese fleet decisively defeated theFrench andGenoans, probably near theFormigues Islands. | |
| 30 September | Battle of the Col de Panissars: AnAragonese force massacred theFrench army during its retreat over thePyrenees. | ||
| 11 November | Peter the Great died atVilafranca del Penedès. He was succeeded as king ofAragon by his eldest sonAlfonso III the Liberal, the Free of Aragon and as king ofSicily by his second sonJames II the Just of Aragon. | ||
| Alfonso the Liberal conqueredMallorca. | |||
| 1286 | Alfonso the Liberal conqueredIbiza. | ||
| 1287 | 17 January | Alfonso the Liberal conqueredMenorca and annexed it to theKingdom of Majorca, dissolving its autonomous government. | |
| 23 June | Battle of the Counts: ASicilian-Aragonese fleet defeated a superiorAngevin force atNaples, breaking the latter's attempted invasion of Sicily. | ||
| 20 December | TheUnion of Aragon, a political organization ofnobles and townspeople inAragon, won the Privilege of the Union, a devolution of many royal powers to the Aragonese nobility, fromAlfonso the Liberal. | ||
| 1288 | Alfonso the Liberal releasedAlfonso de la Cerda from captivity in the fortress atXàtiva and declared him king ofCastile andLeón. | ||
| 1291 | 19 February | Aragonese Crusade: The popePope Nicholas IV,Philip IV the Fair, the Iron King of France, king ofFrance,Charles II the Lame of Naples, king ofNaples, andAlfonso the Liberal signed theTreaty of Tarascon, ending thecrusade. Alfonso the Liberal agreed to remove allAragonese troops fromSicily. In return, the pope recognized him as king of Aragon and lifted hisexcommunication. | |
| 18 June | Alfonso the Liberal died. He was succeeded byJames the Just. | ||
| 1295 | Battle of Iznalloz: TheEmirate of Granada expelled aCastillian garrison and theOrder of Calatrava from their fortress overlooking the border atIznalloz. | ||
| 25 April | Sancho the Brave died of tuberculosis inToledo, Spain. He was succeeded by his young sonFerdinand IV the Summoned of Castile as king ofCastile andLeón, with his wifeMaría de Molina acting as regent. | ||
| 20 June | The popePope Boniface VIII,James the Just,Philip the Fair,Charles the Lame andJames II of Majorca signed theTreaty of Anagni. Under the treaty, James the Just grantedSicily to the pope, who in turn gifted it to Charles the Lame, and agreed to aid the latter in its reconquest. | ||
| War of the Sicilian Vespers: The people ofSicily rejected theTreaty of Anagni and acclaimedJames the Just's younger brotherFrederick III of Sicily their king. | |||
| 1296 | April | Aragonese troops invadedCastile in support ofAlfonso de la Cerda's claim to the throne. | |
| John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos, a son ofAlfonso the Wise, was crowned king ofLeón,Seville andGalicia inLeón, Spain. | |||
| Alfonso de la Cerda was crowned king ofCastile,Toledo,Córdoba,Murcia andJaén atSahagún. | |||
| 1297 | 13 September | María de Molina andDenis of Portugal, king ofPortugal signed theTreaty of Alcañices. Denis agreed to supportFerdinand the Summoned against the rebelsAlfonso de la Cerda andJohn of Castile and to give him the hand of his daughterConstance of Portugal in marriage. In exchange, he received someCastilian territory along the Portuguese border. | |
| 1299 | 4 July | Battle of Cape Orlando: AnAragonese-Angevin fleet defeated theSicilian navy nearSicily. | |
| 1 December | Battle of Falconaria: ASicilian fleet decisively defeated theNeapolitan navy off the shore betweenMarsala andTrapani and captured its commander,Charles the Lame's sonPhilip I, Prince of Taranto. | ||
| 1300 | 14 June | Battle of Ponza (1300): AnAragonese-Angevin fleet defeated aSicilian one nearPonza. | |
| 26 June | John of Castile renounced his royal titles and declared his fealty toFerdinand the Summoned. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1331 | In the city of Alicante, Moorish forces attempted a siege. | |
| 1339 | The Treaty of Madrid was signed in Madrid. | |
| 1366 | A civil war was started againstEnrique de Trastamara, son ofAlfonso XI. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1469 | 19 October | Isabella I of Castile andFerdinand II of Aragon were married, laying the foundation for the unification of the kingdoms ofCastile andAragon intoSpain. |
| 1474 | 10 December | The reign ofIsabella began. |
| 1475 | TheWar of the Castilian Succession began.Vasco Nunez de Balboa was born. | |
| 1478 | TheSpanish Inquisition was founded. | |
| 1479 | War of the Castilian Succession: The war ended. | |
| 20 January | The reign ofFerdinand began, marking the foundation of the Kingdom of Spain. | |
| 4 September | By theTreaty of Alcáçovas,Portugal recognized Spanish control of theCanary Islands. | |
| 1492 | 12 October | Spanish conquerors discover (encounter) America |
| TheReconquista ended. | ||
| Jews were expelled from Spain by theAlhambra Decree. | ||
| 3 August | Columbus sets sail. | |
| 1493 | Spanish colonization of the Americas began. | |
| 1494 | TheTreaty of Tordesillas was signed. | |
| 1499 | Italian War of 1499–1504:Ferdinand allied with theFrench KingLouis XII of France. |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1501 | April | TheRebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501), a series of uprisings by the Muslim population of the Kingdom of Granada against their Catholic rulers was defeated. | |
| 1504 | Isabella I of Castile died. Her daughter,Joanna of Castile succeeded her with her father, Ferdinand as regent | ||
| 1506 | Christopher Columbus died at the age of 51 from an illness. | ||
| 1512 | Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre began. | ||
| 1516 | Ferdinand died. | ||
| Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, became King ofCastile andAragon. | |||
| 1519 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa died. | ||
| 1535 | 8 March | New Spain began till 1821. | |
| 1554 | 25 July | English QueenMary I of England married Spanish PrincePhilip.[9] | |
| 1556 | Charles abdicated in favor ofPhilip, who became King Philip II of Spain. | ||
| 1557 | Battle of St. Quentin (1557): Spain won the battle. | ||
| 1561 | Philip moved his court toMadrid. | ||
| 1568 | Dutch Revolt: A revolt began againstHabsburg control of theNetherlands. This started theEighty Years' War | ||
| 1571 | 7 October | Battle of Lepanto (1571): TheHoly League was victorious. | |
| 1578 | Dutch Revolt: The revolt ended. | ||
| 1580 | 25 August | TheIberian Union of the crowns ofAragon,Castile andPortugal was established. |  Territories administered by theCouncil of Castile Territories administered by theCouncil of Aragon Territories administered by theCouncil of Portugal Territories administered by theCouncil of Italy Territories administered by theCouncil of the Indies Territories appointed to theCouncil of Flanders  |
| 1581 | 26 July | Dutch Republic, the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, declared their independence against Spanish rule. | |
| 1585 | Anglo–Spanish War (1585): The war began. It was an intermittent conflict | ||
| 1588 | 8 August | TheSpanish Armada was defeated in theEnglish Channel. | |
| 1589 | TheEnglish Armada (known as the Counter Armada) was defeated. | ||
| 1598 | 13 September | Philip II died inEl Escorial, near Madrid, of cancer.[10] He was succeeded by his 20-year-old son,Philip III. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1604 | Anglo-Spanish War (1585): The war ends with the treaty of London, which is beneficial to both the Spanish and the English side. | |
| 1605 | TheTreaty of London (1604) was signed concluding the nineteen-year Anglo-Spanish War on peace terms. | |
| 1609 | April 9 | TheExpulsion of the Moriscos was decreed. The Moriscos were descendants of Spain's Muslim population that had converted to Christianity in the early 16th century. |
| 1618 | Thirty Years' War: The war, one of the most destructive conflicts in human history,[11] began. | |
| 1621 | Philip IV of Spain was crowned.[12] | |
| 1640 | Portuguese Restoration War: The war began. | |
| TheIberian Union was dissolved. | ||
| 1648 | TheTreaty of Westphalia was signed. Habsburg supremacy was curtailed. Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic by the Spanish Empire. Recognition of Spanish sovereignty of Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg by the Dutch Republic. | |
| 1659 | ThePeace of the Pyrenees was signed to end the 1635–1659 war between France and Spain. Spain lostFrench Flanders and northern part of thePrincipality of Catalonia. | |
| 1665 | Philip IV died.[12] The Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometers (4.7 million square miles) in area | |
| 1668 | TheTreaty of Lisbon was signed. Spain recognized the sovereignty of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza. | |
| 1675 | Charles II of Spain, the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire, was crowned. | |
| 1700 | 1 November | Charles II died childless . |
| House of Bourbon began withPhilip V. |
| Year | Date | Event | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1701 | War of the Spanish Succession: The war began. |  | |
| 1707 | 29 June | Nueva Planta decrees:Kingdom of Spain as anabsolute monarchy and a centralized state, abolishing the political differences of the two crowns (Crown of Castile,Crown of Aragon). | |
| 1713 | Peace of Utrecht till 1715. The Kingdom of Spain lostSpanish Netherlands,Spanish viceroyalty of Naples andSicily,Duchy of Milan,Menorca andGibraltar. | ||
| 1717 | 27 May | Viceroyalty of New Granada began. | |
| 1761 | Seven Years' War: Spain declared war onGreat Britain. | ||
| 1763 | 10 February | Treaty of Paris. Spain recoversFlorida and obtainsLouisiana till 1801. | |
| 1778 | American Revolutionary War: Spain supported the United States. | ||
| 1789 | Spain during this time opened up the slave trade toHavana. | ||
| 1790 | Spanish base in Nootka Sound. Maximum extension of theSpanish Empire. |  |
| Year | Date | Event | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1801 | Louisiana given to France | ||
| 1806 | British invasions of the Río de la Plata: The invasions began. | ||
| 1807 | British invasions of the Río de la Plata: The invasions ended. | ||
| 1808 | Peninsular War: The war began. |  | |
| 2 May | Dos de Mayo Uprising: An uprising took place inMadrid against theFrench occupation of the city. | ||
| 1809 | Bolivian Independence War: The war began. | ||
| 1811 | Venezuelan War of Independence: The war began. | ||
| 1812 | TheSpanish Constitution of 1812 was issued. | ||
| 1814 | Peninsular War: The war ended. | ||
| 1815 | Spanish reconquest of New Granada: The reconquest began. | ||
| 1816 | Spanish reconquest of New Granada: The reconquest ended. | ||
| 1820 | Trienio Liberal: The period began. | ||
| 1823 | Trienio Liberal: The period ended. | ||
| 1824 | Bolivian Independence War: The war ended. | ||
| 1833 | First Carlist War: The war began. | ||
| 1839 | First Carlist War: The war ended. | ||
| 1846 | Second Carlist War: The war began. | ||
| 1849 | Second Carlist War: The war ended. | ||
| 1864 | Chincha Islands War: The war began. | ||
| 1866 | Chincha Islands War: The war ended. | ||
| 1868 | Ten Years' War: A war withCuba began. | ||
| 1872 | Third Carlist War: The war began. | ||
| 1873 | The First Spanish Republic was established. | ||
| 1874 | Spain under the Restoration: The period began. | ||
| The First Spanish Republic was disestablished. | |||
| 1876 | Third Carlist War: The war ended. | ||
| 1878 | Ten Years' War: The war ended. | ||
| 1879 | Pablo Iglesias founds thePartido Socialista Obrero Español or PSOE inCasa Labra, a bar fromMadrid | ||
| 1898 | 25 April | Spanish–American War: The war began. |  |
| 12 August | Spanish–American War: The war ended. |
| Year | Date | Event | Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1912 | 27 November | Spanish protectorate in Morocco till 1956.[13] |  |
| 1914 | 28 July | Spain remained neutral throughout World War I. | |
| 1920 | Rif War: The war began.[14] | ||
| 1923 | 13 September | Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera till 1930. | |
| 1927 | 10 July | Rif War: The war ended.[14] | |
| 1931 | 9 December | TheSecond Spanish Republic was established.[15] | |
| Spain under the Restoration: The period ended. | |||
| 1936 | Spanish Civil War (to 1939) | .svg) | |
| 1939 | Francoist Spain: The period began. Spain stays neutral through World War II | ||
| 1953 | Spain and the United States signs thePact of Madrid. | ||
| 1955 | Spain joins theUnited Nations. | ||
| 1959 | Spanish miracle: A period of economic growth began. | ||
| 1973 | Spanish miracle: The period ended. | ||
| 1975 | History of Spain (1975–present) | ||
| 6 November | TheGreen March forced Spain to hand over its last remaining colonial possession,Spanish Sahara, toMorocco. | ||
| 20 November | Francisco Franco died; the monarchy was restored toJuan Carlos I. | ||
| 1976 | 18 November | Spanish transition to democracy: The transition began. | |
| 1977 | 15 June | Firstdemocratic election since 1934. | |
| 1978 | 27 December | TheSpanish Constitution of 1978 was signed by the King. |  |
| 1981 | Spanish society after the democratic transition: A democratic society was established. | ||
| 23 February | 1981 Spanish coup attempt: An attempted coup took place. | ||
| 1982 | Spain joinsNATO. | ||
| 1986 | Spain joined theEuropean Union.[16] | ||
| 1992 | July – August | 1992 Summer Olympics: The Summer Olympics were held inBarcelona.[17] | |
| 1997 | July | Spain hosts the1997 Madrid summit.[18] | |
| 1998 | JudgeBaltasar Garzón issued an international arrest warrant for former Chilean dictatorAugusto Pinochet. | ||
| 1999 | 1 January | Spain joinsEconomic and Monetary Union of the European Union. Euro is a real currency, and a single monetary policy is introduced under the authority of the ECB. |  |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 22 August | Fernando Alonso wins theHungarian Grand Prix, marking him F1's youngest winner. |
| 2004 | 11 March | 2004 Madrid train bombings:Madrid train bombings killed one hundred and ninety-one and injured over two thousand. Prime MinisterJosé María Aznar blamed theBasque terroristsETA. |
| 14 March | Aznar'sPeople's Party lost an election after thePartido Social-Obrero Español ofJosé Luis Rodríguez Zapatero promised to withdraw Spanish troops fromIraq. | |
| 2005 | PADICAT (archive) established. | |
| 25 September | Fernando Alonso wins theChampionship againstKimi Räikkönen inBrazil, marking him F1's youngest world champion. | |
| 2006 | 30 December | 2006 Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing: A bombing byETA ended an active ceasefire and peace negotiations. |
| 2008 | Moroccan nationalJamal Zougam was found guilty of the 2004 train bombings inMadrid. | |
| Garzón was charged with criminal conduct in three cases, causing an international scandal and protests. | ||
| Spain won theUEFA European Championship Final, establishing the team as an international soccer power house. | ||
| 2010 | July | Spain won theFIFA World Cup.[19] |
| Garzón was granted leave to work as a consultant to theInternational Criminal Court atThe Hague. | ||
| 2015 | Artur Mas defies Spain by calling early elections on independence of the region of Catalonia. | |
| 2017 | 17–18 August | 2017 Barcelona attacks:Barcelona,Cambrils,Alcanar andSubirats were attacked by terrorists fromIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). |
| 1 October | 2017 Catalan independence referendum: An unconstitutional referendum of independence were called by Generalitat de Catalunya, as Parliament of Catalonia approved the Law on the Referendum of Self-determination of Catalonia. In early September the High Court of Justice of Catalonia had issued orders to the police to try to prevent it, including the detention of various persons responsible for its preparation. | |
| 27 October | Catalan declaration of independence: Catalan unilateral declaration of independence was ratified by Parliament of Catalonia as the results of the referendum were in favor. Spain considers this action illegal and article 155 of the constitution was applied. | |
| 29 October | Carles Puigdemont flee from Spain to avoid being arrested after his dismissal by Spain, after proclaiming the independence of Catalonia. | |
| 2018 | June | Pedro Sánchez is sworn in as Prime Minister after winning a motion of censure. |
| 2019 | Trial of Catalonia independence leaders: Takes place over several months, following the 2017 declaration of independence of Catalonia. Nine defendants sentenced to 9 to 13 years in prison on sedition and misuse of public funds charges; three other defendants fined for disobedience. This sparkedsubsequent protests by independence citizens. | |
| 2020 | 13 January | Sánchez II Government: It become the first nationwide coalition government to be formed in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic. The parties wereSpanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) andUnidas Podemos. |
| 31 January | COVID-19 pandemic starts in Spain with the first confirmated case inLa Gomera (Canary Islands). You can view the confirmed cases, recovered and deaths in this link:COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. | |
| 2022 | 28 June | Spain hosts the2022 Madrid Summit. |
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