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Mosaic ofChrist Pantocrator,Hagia Sophia
Overview
Structure Theology (History of theology) Liturgy Church history Holy Mysteries View of Salvation View of Mary View of icons
Background Crucifixion / Resurrection / Ascension of Jesus Christianity Christian Church Apostolic succession Four Marks of the Church Orthodoxy
Organization Autonomy Autocephaly Patriarchate Ecumenical Patriarch Episcopal polity Canon law Clergy Bishops Priests Deacons Monasticism Degrees Bratstvo
Autocephalous jurisdictions Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: Constantinople Alexandria Antioch Jerusalem Russia Serbia Romania Bulgaria Georgia Cyprus Greece Poland Albania Czech Lands and Slovakia Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churchesde jure: America North Macedonia Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Ukraine (OCU) Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Ukraine (UOC)
Autonomous jurisdictions Sinai (JP) Finland (EP) Estonia (EP) Japan (MP) China (MP) Americas (RP) Bessarabia (RP) Moldova (MP) Semi-Autonomous: Crete (EP) Estonia (MP) ROCOR (MP)
Episcopal assemblies Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania Austria Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg Canada France Germany Great Britain and Ireland Italy and Malta Latin America Scandinavia Spain and Portugal Switzerland and Liechtenstein United States of America
Noncanonical jurisdictions Old Believers Spiritual Christianity True Orthodoxy Catacomb Church Old Calendarists American Orthodox Catholic Church American World Patriarchs National churches: Abkhazia Belarus Italy Latvia Montenegro Turkey UOC–KP Evangelical Orthodox
Ecumenical councils First Seven Ecumenical Councils: Nicaea I Constantinople I Ephesus Chalcedon Constantinople II Constantinople III Nicaea II Other possible ecumenical councils: Constantinople IV Constantinople V Other important councils: Quinisext Council Jassy Moscow Jerusalem Constantinople (1872)
History Church Fathers Pentarchy Byzantine Empire Christianization of Georgia Christianization of Bulgaria Christianization of Kievan Rus' Great Schism Russia Ottoman Empire North America Moscow–Constantinople schism 15th–16th c. 1996 2018
Theology History of Eastern Orthodox theology (20th century (Neo-Palamism)) Apophaticism Chrismation Contemplative prayer Essence vs. Energies Hesychasm Holy Trinity Hypostatic union Icons Metousiosis Mystical theology Nicene Creed Nepsis Oikonomia vsAkribeia Ousia Palamism Philokalia Phronema Sin Theosis Theotokos Differences from the Catholic Church Opposition to the Filioque Opposition to papal supremacy
Liturgy and worship Divine Liturgy Divine Services Akathist Apolytikion Artos Ectenia Euchologion Holy Water Iconostasis Jesus Prayer Aprakos Kontakion Liturgical entrances Liturgical fans Lity Memorial service Memory Eternal Omophorion Eastern Orthodox bowing Eastern Orthodox marriage Praxis Paraklesis Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal troparion Prayer rope Prosphora Russian bell ringing Semantron Sign of the cross Sticheron Troparion Vestments Use of incense
Liturgical calendar Paschal cycle 12 Great Feasts Other feasts: Feast of Orthodoxy Intercession of the Theotokos The four fasting periods: Nativity Fast Great Lent Apostles' Fast Dormition Fast
Major figures Saints (Russian (until 15th century),Russian (post-15th century),Serbian,American) Justin Martyr Athanasius of Alexandria Ephraim the Syrian Basil of Caesarea Cyril of Jerusalem Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa John Chrysostom Cyril of Alexandria John Climacus Maximus the Confessor John of Damascus Theodore the Studite Kassia Cyril and Methodius Photius I of Constantinople Vladimir the Great Sava I of Serbia Gregory Palamas Innocent of Alaska
Other topics Architecture Folk Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs Cross Saint titles Statistics by country
v t e

This is atimeline of the presence ofEastern Orthodoxy in Greece. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state ofGreece.

"The fifteenth-century Ottoman Empirereunited theRoman Orthodox as subjects of their patriarch in Constantinople. Yet it was not the Byzantine Empire in disguise. Even thoughMehmed the Conqueror resettled Constantinople as the centre of the Roman Orthodox world, he was even more effective in making it the capital of an Islamic empire."^[1] The privileges given to theGreek Church by Mehmed, in 1453, were able to save only a part of Byzantine Christendom fromIslamization andTurkification, and most of those who remained Christians (and Greeks) accepted the unenviable fate of therayas.^[2] Pressure to convert and the insecurity of Christian life produced widespreadCrypto-Christianity in various regions, and there were alsoforced conversions andneo-martyrs.^{[3][note 1]} In practice, Greeks were forbidden to build or furnish churches, to carry arms or to dress like Moslems.^[4] However following the example of Byzantine emperors, the Sultans hastened to ratify the ownership of land by the Church and by monasteries and renewed their privileges.^[5] British historian SirSteven Runciman has written also that although it wasOrthodoxy that preservedHellenism throughout the dark centuries, without the moral force of Hellenism Orthodoxy itself might have withered.^[6]

• 1454 Dismantling of aplanned rebellion against Venetian rule inCrete. This became known as theconspiracy of Sifis Vlastos and was an opposition to the religious reforms for the unification of Churches agreed at theCouncil of Florence.^[7]
• 1454 Accession ofGennadius Scholarius asEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1454–56 and 1464–65), confirmed byMehmed the Conqueror, who invested him with the signs of his office – thecrosier (dikanikion) and mantle, and confirmed the Patriarch's ancient privileges;^{[8][note 2]} in following the Islamic doctrine which enjoined tolerance towards Christians and Jews as"People of the Book," the religious Head of the Greek Church became alsoEthnarch (Greek:ἐθνάρχης), thus establishing theRūm millet (millet-i Rûm), or "Roman nation," the name of the Orthodox Christian community within theOttoman Empire;^{[8][note 3][note 4]} theGreat School of the Nation is established in Constantinople under the direction of Greek Renaissance scholarMathaeos Kamariotis, as a continuation of theUniversity of Constantinople after theFall of Constantinople.^[12]
• 1456–1458 Fall ofAthens to the Ottoman Turks underTurahanoğlu Ömer Bey.^[13]
• 1456–1587 ByzantineChurch of Theotokos Pammakaristos became the seat of theEcumenical Patriarchate.^{[note 5]}
• 1460 Parthenon Cathedral dedicated to theMother of God, is turned into a mosque on the sultan's order.^[15][16]
• 1461 In July, theByzantine generalGraitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenderedSalmeniko Castle, the last garrison of theDespotate of the Morea, to the invading forces of theOttoman Empire after a year-long siege;^[17] on 15 August, theEmpire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost, fell to theOttoman Empire underMehmed II, after a21-day siege, bringing to a final end theByzantine–Ottoman Wars.^[18]
• 1462 Death ofMatrona of Chios.^[19][20]
• 1463 Demolition of the ByzantineChurch of the Holy Apostles (which had served as a site of Byzantine imperial ceremony), then under Venetian rule, to make way for construction of theFatih Mosque;^{[21][note 6]} Greek scholar and pro-unionistBasilios Bessarion, formerly an Orthodox Metropolitan, later becoming a Roman Catholic Cardinal, is given the purely ceremonial title ofLatin Patriarch of Constantinople byPope Pius II.^[22]
• 1472 Decrees of theCouncil of Ferrara-Florence are repudiated by aCouncil of Contantinople;^[23] marriage ofIvan III of Russia to PrincessZoe-Sophia Palaiologina, a niece ofConstantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor, leading to the doctrine of Moscow as theThird Rome.^{[24][note 7]}
• 1480 PatriarchMaximus III wrote to theDoge of Venice asking for an end to the persecution of Orthodox clergy and for permission to collect a special levy for the patriarch.^{[25][note 8]}
• 1489–1571Church of Cyprus is subordinated to the Venetian rule, which ends with the siege and capture of Nicosia and Famagusta by the Ottomans.^[26]
• 1494 TheAldine Press is set up in Venice by the Italian humanist, printer and publisherAldo Manuzio, becoming the greatest international force in spreading the Venetian study of Greek, including the great masterpieces of Antiquity, as well as the works of later Greek writers, theological, educational, ethical and secular.^[27]
• 1498 TheTypikon ofManuel II Palaeologus of 1394 is issued on Mt. Athos.^[28]
• 16th–17th centuries.Pax Ottomanica, orOttoman Peace, characterized by the prosperity of the early Ottoman centuries, especially during the reign ofSuleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), and by the relativereligious tolerance of this multi-religious and multi-ethnic empire, in an age when most European monarchs by contrast tried to impose religious homogeneity upon their subjects (i.e. ProtestantReformation and Roman CatholicCounter-Reformation in the West).^{[29][note 9][note 10]}
• 1511 Death ofJoseph the Sanctified of Crete.^[31]
• 1517Recognition of thePatriarchate of Alexandria bySelim I, on the Sultan's conquest of Egypt.^[32]
• 1518Church of Saints Peter and Paul of the Greeks in Naples, Italy is founded to serve the needs of Greek Orthodox faithful who became refugees after theFall of Constantinople.^{[33][34][note 11]}

• c. 1520 SultanSelim I, who disliked Christianity, suggested to his vizier that all Christians should be forcibly converted to Islam.^{[36][note 12]}
• 1522 Thefirstprinted copy of theSeptuagint (earliest extantGreek translation of theOld Testament from the originalHebrew) was issued in theComplutensian Polyglot Bible (1514–22).^[37]
• 1526New Martyr John of Ioannina.^[38]
• 1530Mother of God restores sight to blind youth through the Cassiope icon ofCorfu.^[39]
• 1537 SultanSuleiman the Magnificent implemented a tolerant and judicious religious policy over his multinational empire, and granted to Christians 'the great privilege of ours, to practise our religion freely and without any impediment.'^{[25][note 13]}
• 1541 Patr.Jeremiah I foundsStavronikita monastery.^[28]
• 1554 New Martyr Nicholas of Psari in Corinth.^[40]
• 1556 Death ofMaximos the Greek, Greek monk, publicist, writer, scholar, humanist, and translator active in Russia.^[41][42]

• 1556–65 The Patriarchal School ofJoasaph II is initially established in Constantinople as a Greek school under the direction of Ioannes Zygomalas, being the forerunner of the laterGreat School of the Nation.^[43]
• 1559 Death of Icon painterTheophanes the Cretan (Theophanes Strelitzas).^[44]
• 1561 Compilation of theNomocanon of Manuel Malaxos, a notary of the Metropolitan Diocese of Thebes, having a wide circulation, with a version in classical Greek and another in modern Greek.^{[45][note 14]}

• 1565 The inhabitants of Epirus and Albania rose and slaughtered the officers charged with carrying out thechild levy, but the Sultan sent to the localSanjak-bey a reinforcement of 500Janissaries and the revolt was put down.^[46]
• 1569 All the landed property of the monasteries in the Ottoman Empire are confiscated by SultanSelim II.^[28]
• 1571–1878Restoration ofChurch of Cyprus to Orthodox rule, under the Ottomans.^{[note 15]}

• c. 1571–80 The city of Athens contained 17,616 inhabitants, up from 12,633 in the years 1520–30.^[48]
• 1573 The Church ofSan Giorgio dei Greci is completed by the Greek community of Venice, historically the most important church of theGreek Orthodox Diaspora, becoming the ethnic and religious center of Hellenism in the city and broader region of Venice which at its peak numbered 15,000 members.^[49][50]
• 1574–82Michael Damaskinos, the greatestCretan icon painter of the day, paints theiconostasis of the Church ofSan Giorgio dei Greci in Venice.^[49]
• 1575 ThePatriarchate of Constantinople grantedMount Sinai autonomous status.^[51]
• 1576–1581 Correspondence between Patr.Jeremias II and the Lutheran professors at Tübingen.^[52]
• 1576Pope Gregory XIII establishesPontifical Greek College of St. Athanasius (popularly known as the'Greek College') in Rome, which he charged with educatingItalo-Byzantine clerics.^{[53][54][note 16]}
• 1577 Metr.Gabriel Severus of Philadelphia was appointed to the new Orthodox Archbishopric (1578) centered in Venice at the Church ofSan Giorgio dei Greci, remaining as shepherd there for forty years (1577–1616).^{[50][note 17]}
• 1579 Death ofGerasimos of Cephalonia, the new ascetic.^[57][58]
• 1580 It was believed that onGreat and Holy Saturday, theHoly Fire miraculously shot out of one of three stone columns at the entrance of theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, splitting and charring the column, and lighting the candles held by theGreek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Sophronius IV who was standing nearby, having not descended for the heterodox Armenian Patriarch who had attempted to obtain it inside the church;^{[59][note 18]} there were 15,000 Greeks living in Venice.^[50]

• 1583Sigillion of 1583 issued againstGregorian Calendar by council convened in Constantinople;^{[60][note 19]} arrival of thefirstJesuits in Constantinople.^[25]
• 1587 The Greek Orthodox Patriarchal Church (Patrik Kilisesi) in Constantinople – theChurch of Theotokos Pammakaristos, was seized by the Ottoman authorities and converted into a mosque.^{[61][note 20]}
• 1589 Patr.Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr.Job of Moscow to the rank ofPatriarch of Moscow and of All Russia, recognizing the autocephaly and canonical territory ofChurch of Russia;^{[note 21]} death ofPhilothei of Athens.^[63][64]
• c. 1589 Death of VenerableDavid of Euboea,Wonderworker and founder in 1540 of theMonastery of Venerable Father David, dedicated to the Transfiguration of the Savior.^[65]
• 1590 Death of Timothy ofOropos, founder of the monastery of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary on thePenteliko Mountain (Athens).^[66]
• 1591 TheChurch of the Rotonda in Thessaloniki (Church ofAgios Georgios), founded in 306 AD, is converted into an Ottoman mosque.^[67]
• 1593 Thetermination of the authority of theProtos, as the supreme administrative and spiritual leader of the Athonite monks, and theestablishment of the "Megali Synaxis" (The Great Council) atKariai, as the supreme authority in charge of all affairs concerning the monastic community of Mount Athos.^[28]
• 1595Pope Clement VIII declared in his ConstitutionMagnus Dominus (23 December 1595), which announced theUnion of Brest, thatOrthodox Chrism was not valid and had to be repeated by a Roman Catholic bishop and that all Orthodox clergy had to accept the union;^{[note 22]} in Italy, the Greek language was forbidden in the liturgy and theCollege of St Athanasius (formally established in Rome in 1581) became one of the main centres ofanti-Eastern Orthodox propaganda; this Pope also replaced all Orthodox bishops with his own people, a policy that alienated local populations, who yearned for the religious tolerance enjoyed by Ottoman subjects.^[69]
• 1601 New Hieromartyr Seraphim, Bishop ofPhanarion and Neokhorion.^[70][71]
• From 1601. The relatively modestChurch of St George in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of theEcumenical Patriarchate.^[14]
• 1602 Death ofSeraphim of Lebadeia.^[72]
• 1622 The Patriarchal School (Great School of the Nation) was entrusted to the Athenian Neo-Aristotelian scholar and gifted teacherTheophilos Korydalleus, who directed it with absences until 1640, becoming the leader of the philosophical school which was to predominate for the next two hundred years.^{[note 23]}

• 1624 Death ofDionysius of Zakynthos.^[75][76]

• 1625Confession of Faith byMetrophanes Kritopoulos written, while he was a student at the University of Helmstedt in Germany.^{[79][note 25]}
• 1627 Hieromonk Nicodemos Metaxas (1585–1646) founded thefirst Greek printing press in Constantinople, becoming involved in printing refutations of Roman Catholic theology, since the Roman Catholic campaign for the conversion of the Greeks was then at a great activity.^{[80][81][note 26]}
• 1629Confession ofCyril Lucaris is published under his name in Geneva (Lucarian Confession), being Calvinistic in doctrine, composed by Calvinist theologians who submitted their draft to the Patriarch for his signature in order to promulgate their novel doctrines.^{[83][84][note 27]}
• 1638 Firsttranslation into Modern Greek of theNew Testament, by the Greek hieromonkMaximos Rodios of Gallipoli (Kallioupolitis);^[85]martyrdom of Patr.Cyril Loukaris, one of the most important personalities of the Turkish period,^{[note 28]} though controversial, martyred by the Ottoman Turks at the instigation of the Roman Catholic Church via the religious and political influence of the Jesuits and Capuchins of Constantinople, and the French and Austrian ambassadors.^{[87][note 29][note 30][note 31]}

• 1647 Conversion to Islam of the Metropolitan of Rhodes Meletios, who under the name of Aslan occupied a high post in the Ottoman Court hierarchy, but was executed by the Ottomans in 1661.^{[91][92][note 32]}
• 1650–1700 OttomanConstantinople islargest city in the world by population.^[93]

• 1651 Death of Nilus the Myrrh-gusher of Mt. Athos.^[94][95]
• 1657 New HieromartyrParthenius III, Patriarch of Constantinople.^[96][97]
• 1662 The Patriarchal School (Great School of the Nation) acquired permanent income, a building and remarkable teachers, among themAlexandros Mavrokordatos who bore the title Confidant.
• 1669 Greek island ofCrete taken by Ottoman Empire from Venetians;^{[note 33]} martyrdom ofJohn Naukliros ("the Navigator", "the Skipper"), burned alive onKos.^[99][100]

• 1672Synod of Jerusalem convened byGreek Orthodox Patriarch of JerusalemDositheos Notaras, refuting article by article theCalvinistic confession attributed to Hieromartyr Cyril Lucaris, defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining the Orthodox Biblical canon; the acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia).^[101][102]
• 1673 Death ofPanagiotis Nikousios, the first GreekGrand Dragoman, exercising great influence on the foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire, and being a great benefactor to the Greek nation and Church, including establishing the rights enjoyed by the Greeks over theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre.^{[103][note 34]}
• 1675 Large scale emigrations ofManiotes toCorsica, first toPaomia, and later toCargèse, the Greek inhabitants of which speak a special dialect;^[35] in an urgentfirman issued in late 1675 the Ottoman government made it unequivocally clear that theChurch of the Nativity in Bethlehem was an exclusively Christian shrine, and that true Muslims were to keep away from there, either for pilgrimage or for the purpose of disruption;^{[104][note 35]} death of Metr.Joseph (Nelyubovich-Tukalsky) ofKiev and all Rus', Exarch of Ukraine and thelast Ukrainian metropolitan to recognize the authority of theEcumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (thenceforth the see was administered by Moscow with the election in 1685 ofGedeon (Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky) as the first Metropolitan of Kiev of theRussian Orthodox Church).^[105]
• 1676 Abp. Joseph (Georgirenes) of Samos journeyed to London, England, becoming involved in efforts to erect a Greek church there.^[106]
• 1677 After appeals by the members of the Greek Community of London to the Privy Council for permission to erect a Greek church, Bp.Henry Compton assigned a site for building the church, which was ready for use by the end of 1677.^[106]
• 1680 Female mass suicide of 30-40 young girls from the village of Hazar in the region ofPafra in Western Pontus, who preferred to fall from a fortress (known as the 'fortress of Ali') into a 150-meter precipice, rather than to fall into the hands of the Turkish forces of Hassan Ali Bey, who were on a campaign to capture young girls in order to send them to theslave markets of Anatolia.^{[107][108][109][note 36]}

• 1682 Greek church inSoho (London) is closed and the building is leased to French Huguenots.^[110][111]
• 1684 New Hieromartyr Zacharias, Bishop of Corinth.^[112][113]
• 1685–87 Two Greek brothersIoannikios and Sophronios Likhud, monks fromCephalonia, founded and managed theSlavic Greek Latin Academy, organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, on the premises of theZaikonospassky Monastery, with over 70 students.^[114]
• 1688–1715Venetian Rule of the Peloponnese peninsula.^{[115][note 37]}
• 1687Parthenon devastated by Venetian shelling.^[117]
• 1691 On the recommendation of Grand VizierMustafa Köprül, ordinances were issued which bear the collective nameNizam Djedid (the 'New System'), which called upon provincial Governors to act justly towards Christians and not to increase their burden of taxation.^[4]
• 1695 New Hieromartyr Romanos of Dominitza (or Diminitsa),Lacedemonia.^[118]
• 1699–1705Greek College is established atGloucester Hall as a separatecollege forGreek Orthodox students atOxford University.^{[119][note 38]}
• c. 1700 By the eighteenth century there were some forty Greek churches in Constantinople, but only three of these had been built before the conquest, including: St. George of the Cypresses in Psamathia (which was destroyed by earthquake early in the century), St. Demetrius Kanavou (which was destroyed by fire a few years later), andSt. Mary of the Mongols (which still remains a church today, though it was badly damaged in the anti-Greek riots of 1955).^[120]

• 1705 A serious revolt against the officers of thechild levy took place atNaoussa, when the inhabitants led by anarmatolos namedZisis Karademos refused to give up their children and killed the Government officers, however their punishment was harsh, as the rebels were killed or strangled and part of the population was imprisoned.^{[121][note 39]}
• 1707 Death of Athanasius the New,Wonderworker of Christianopolis.^{[122][note 40]}
• 1711 Death of Bp.Sophianos of Dryinoupolis,Orthodox missionary inOttoman Epirus.^[124]
• 1713 Theological School of Patmos founded by St. Makarios Kalogeras.^[125][126]
• 1714 Death ofIlias Miniatis, Bishop ofKalavryta (since 1710), and an outstanding orator and eloquent preacher of the Greek Church, whose preachings are considered exemplars for modern ecclesiastical rhetoric and one of the earliest formative influences on cultivated modern Greek.^[80]
• 1716 ReportedMiracle of St.Spyridon, whosaves Corfu from Ottoman invasion.^[127]
• 1720Monastery of the Life-Giving Spring (Poros) founded.^[128]
• 1722Council in Constantinople, in whichAthanasios of Antioch (died 1724) and Chrysanthos of Jerusalem (1707–1731) participated, decided for the re-baptism of theLatins.^[129][130]

• 1728 TheEcumenical Patriarchate formally replaced theCreation Era (AM) calendar, in use for over 1000 years, with theChristian Era (AD).^[131]

• 1730 Death ofJohn the Russian.^[132][133]
• 1733Evangelical School of Smyrna founded.^{[134][note 41]}
• 1740Miracle said to have been performed byJohn the Baptist on the island of Chios;^[135] martyrdom ofTheocharis ofNeapolis, Cappadocia, for refusing to convert to Islam.^{[136][note 42]}
• 1741 Synodal reform initiated, when Metr. Gerasimos of Heraclia obtains aFirman (decree) from Ottoman officials, regulating and subordinating the election of thePatriarch of Constantinople to the five Metropolitans ofHeraclia (Heraclea Perinthus),Cyzicus (Kyzikos),Nicomedia,Nicaea, andChalcedon, creating the so-called"System of the Elders" (Gerontismos, Γεροντισμος), established gradually and in place until the second half of the 19th century.^{[137][138][note 43]}
• 1743 New Hieromartyr Anastasios of Ioannina.^[140]

• 1744 The firstmasonic lodge opened inGalata in Constantinople in 1744.^{[141][note 44]}
• 1749Athonite Ecclesiastical Academy ("Athonite School") is founded on Mount Athos by the brethren of theMonastery of Vatopedion.^[28]
• 1751 The monk Theoklitos Poliklidis published a pamphlet (Agathángelos) foretelling the liberation of Christians by a fair-haired people who, at the time, were generally identified as the Russians;^{[142][note 45]} New Virgin Martyr Kyranna of Thessalonica.^[143]
• 1752 Death of philosopher, theologian and lawyerVikentios Damodos (1700–1752), the first Orthodox to write a theologicalDogmatics.^{[144][note 46]}
• 1753–59 Eminent theologian and scholarEugenios Voulgaris heads theAthonite School, envisaging a revival and upgrading of learning within the Orthodox Church through substantial training in the classics combined with an exposure to modern European philosophy, includingLocke,Leibniz andWolff.^{[145][note 47]}
• 1754Hesychast Renaissance begins with theKollyvades Movement,^[28] whose leaders included St.Makarios of Corinth, Christophoros of Arta, Agapios of Cyprus,Athanasios of Paros, Neophytos Kausokalyvites, and St.Nicodemus the Hagiorite;^{[147][note 48]} discovery of the holyrelics of the "Four Martyrs ofMegara": Polyeuctos, George, Adrianos and Platon, the "Newly-Revealed".^[149][150]
• 1755–56Council of Constantinople, convened and presided over by Ec. Patr.Cyril V, and attended by PatriarchsMatthew (Psaltis) of Alexandria and Parthenius ofJerusalem, and several bishops representing the Orthodox patriarchates,^{[note 49]}, decrees that Western converts must be baptized upon their reception into the Orthodox Church;^[151][152] this council also condemns and anathematizes anyone that dares to change the calendar (Sigillion of 1756 issued against theGregorian Calendar by Patr.Cyril V of Constantinople).^[151]
• 1759 Conservative circles of Mount Athos came out openly against the progressive educational methods ofEugenios Voulgaris, who resigned from the directorship of theAthonite Academy in 1759, and was replaced by Nikolaos Zerzoulis, one of the first proponents ofNewtonian science in Greek education.^[153]
• 1760 OnPascha, 1760, the inhabitants of 36 villages in the Karamouratades district ofNorthern Epirus (east ofPremeti) apostasized to Islam.^{[91][note 50][note 51]}
• 1768 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself inNew Smyrna, Florida.^[155]

• 1770 Greek Rebellion of 1770 (Orlov Events), associated with the Turko-Russian war (1768–74), and considered a prelude to the Greek War of Independence in 1821, saw a failed Greek uprising in the Peloponnese at the instigation of CountAlexei Grigoryevich Orlov;^{[156][note 52]} Cretan insurrection against the Ottomans led byIoannis Daskalogiannis of theSfakia region is subjugated;^[158]
• 1778 On the orders ofCatherine II, 18,000Crimean Greeks, tired of living under Ottoman rule, successfully petitioned the empress for permission to move to Russia, and were allowed to settle on the shores of theSea of Azov, where they founded the city ofMariupol (Marianopolis);^[159][160] death ofPetros Peloponnesios, one of the leading representatives of Post-Byzantine musical tradition and theLampadarios (leader of the left choir) of theGreat Church in the 18th century.^{[161][note 53]}
• 1779 Death ofKosmas Aitolos,Equal to the Apostles.^[162][163]
• 1782 First publication ofPhilokalia on Mount Athos, the greatest achievement of theKollyvades fathers, being an anthology borrowing from thirty-sixChurch Fathers and ascetics from the 4th to 15th centuries;^{[164][note 54]} New Martyr Zacharias of Patra in Morea;^[165] thePatriarchate of Constantinople reaffirmed the autonomous status ofMount Sinai.^{[51][note 55]}
• 1783 TheTypikon of the PatriarchGabriel IV is issued.^[28]
• 1788–1808 The Patriarchal School of thePatriarchate of Jerusalem thrived under the pre-eminent scholar James of Patmos (Grk.: Ἰάκωβος ὁ Πάτμιος).^[166]
• 1793 Great New Martyr Polydorus of Cyprus.^[167]
• 1794 Glorification of Bp.Panaretos of Paphos (†1790) by the Patriarchate of Constantinople;^[168][169] New Martyr Alexander, the formerDervish ofSmyrna;^[170][171]Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain first published theExomologetarion (a guide for confessors), at the press of Nicholas Glykeus of Ioannina in Venice;^[172] the city ofOdesa is founded by a decree of the Empress Catherine the Great in compliance with theGreek Plan, having been namedOdessos (Oδησσός) after the ancient Greek city in the vicinity,^{[note 56]} and having a population of 3,150, of whom 2,500 were Greeks.^{[173][174][note 57]}
• 1795 New Martyr Theodore of Byzantium, atMytilene.^[175]

• 1796Nicodemus the Hagiorite publishesUnseen Warfare in Venice;^[176]Nikephoros Theotokis publishes theKyrīakōdromion, a series of commentaries on the Gospel and Epistle readings of the liturgical calendar, an inspired religious text that was also the first to use thekatharevousa form ofModern Greek.^[177]
• 1797 Hieromartyr George of Neapolis (Nevşehir or Neapolis ofCappadocia).^[178]
• 1798 Patriarch Anthimios of Jerusalem stated in thePaternal Teaching (Dhidhaskalia Patriki) that theOttoman Empire was part of theDivine Dispensation granted byGod to protectOrthodoxy from the taint ofRoman Catholicism and of Westernsecularism andirreligion.^{[179][180][note 58]}

• 1800The Rudder (Greek: Πηδάλιον) published and printed in Athens; death of HieromonkNikephoros Theotokis, "Teacher of the Nation".^[181]

• 1802 New Martyr Luke of Mytilene.^[182]
• 1803Female mass suicide at Zalongo^[183](see also 1680 – female mass suicide in the region ofPafra, Western Pontus).
• 1805 Death ofMakarios of Corinth, a central figure in theKollyvades Movement.^[184][185]
• 1806 Combinedpersecution of theKlephts of theMorea (Peloponnese), by 1) the Ecumenical Patriarch Kallinikos V who excommunicated them in January, and 2) the Ottoman SultanSelim III who issued a decree ordering the local population not to provide them shelter or food, to sever all links with them, and report them to the Turkish authorities.^{[186][187][note 59]}
• 1808 Smyrna Philological Gymnasium founded by Konstantinos Koumas (1777–1836), one of the most distinguished men of the Greek Enlightenment;^{[134][note 60]} New Hieromartyr Nicetas of Serres.^[188]
• 1809 Death ofNicodemus of the Holy Mountain the "Hagiorite";^[189][190] death of Hieromartyr Nicetas the Hagiorite.^[191]
• 1813 Death ofAthanasius Parios, the second leader of theKollyvades Movement, succeeding Neophytos Kausokalyvites (1713–1784).^[192][193]
• 1814 Martyrdom of Euthymius^[194] and Ignatius^[195] of Mount Athos.
• 1816 Martyrdom of Acacius of Athos.^[196][197]
• 1819Council at Constantinople endorses views ofKollyvades fathers.^{[198][note 61]}

• Social structure of the Ottoman Empire
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Church Fathers

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• Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos.The Greek Nation, 1453–1669: The Cultural and Economic Background of Modern Greek Society. Transl. from Greek. Rutgers University Press, 1975.

(One of the few scholarly studies in English of this period)

• Christos Yannaras.Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006.ISBN 1-885652-81-X
• Christopher Livanos.Greek Tradition and Latin Influence in the Work of George Scholarios: Alone Against All of Europe. Gorgias Press LLC, 2006. 152 pp.ISBN 9781593333447
• Fr. Nomikos Michael Vaporis.Witnesses for Christ: Orthodox Christian Neomartyrs of the Ottoman Period 1437–1860. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2000. 377pp.
• F. W. Hasluck.Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929. 877 pp.
• F. W. Hasluck.Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929. 877 pp.
• George P. Henderson.The Revival of Greek Thought, 1620–1830. State University of New York Press, 1970.

(Focuses on the intellectual revival preceding the War of Independence in 1821)

• George A. Maloney, (S.J.).A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976.
• Gerasimos Augustinos (Prof.).The Greeks of Asia Minor: Confession, Community, and Ethnicity in the Nineteenth Century. Kent State University Press, 1992. 270 pp.ISBN 9780873384599
• Ioannis N. Grigoriadis.Instilling Religion in Greek and Turkish Nationalism: A "Sacred Synthesis". Palgrave Pivot. Springer, 2012. 249 pp.ISBN 9781137301208
• John Christos Alexander.Brigandage and Public Order in the Morea, 1685–1806. Imago, 1985. 169 pp.
• Leften S. Stavrianos.The Balkans Since 1453. Rinehart & Company, New York, 1958.
• (in Latin)Martin Crusius (1526–1607).Turcograecia. 1584.
• Speros Vryonis, (Jr)."Byzantine Attitudes towards Islam during the Late Middle Ages."Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 12 (1971).
• Speros Vryonis, (Jr).The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1971.

(Very comprehensive, masterpiece of scholarship)

• Steven Runciman.The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence. Cambridge University Press,1986.
• Theodore H. Papadopoulos.Studies and Documents Relating to the History of the Greek Church and People Under Turkish Domination. 2nd ed. Variorum, Hampshire, Great Britain, 1990.

(Scholarly, includes source texts in Greek)

• Victor Roudometof.From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453–1821.Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 16, 1998. pp. 11–48.
• Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010).The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780195372045.

Articles

• Elizabeth A. Zachariadou.The Great Church in captivity 1453–1586.Eastern Christianity. Ed. Michael Angold. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Cambridge Histories Online.
• Elizabeth A. Zachariadou.Mount Athos and the Ottomans c. 1350–1550.Eastern Christianity. Ed. Michael Angold. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Cambridge Histories Online.
• I. K. Hassiotis.From the 'Refledging' to the 'Illumination of the Nation': Aspects of Political Ideology in the Greek Church Under Ottoman Domination.Balkan Studies 1999 40(1): 41–55.
• Socrates D. Petmezas.Christian Communities in Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Ottoman Greece: Their Fiscal Functions.Princeton Papers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 2005 12: 71–127.

• Cultural history of Greece
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