| History of theMongols |
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This is atimeline ofMongolian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Mongolia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, seeHistory of Mongolia. See also thelist of presidents of Mongolia.
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 215 | Qin armies evictXiongnu nomadic tribes from their pastures on theYellow River in theOrdos Loop. Xiongnu leaderTouman forced to flee far into the Mongolian Plateau. | |
| 209 | Modu Chanyu found theXiongnu Empire. Thesenomadic peoples would inhabit the easternAsian Steppe from the 3rd century BCE to the late 1st century CE. | |
| 203 | Xiongnu launch second war against theYuezhi, seizing a large swath ofYuezhi territory (modern dayXinjiang). | |
| 200 | At theBattle of Baideng,Emperor Gaozu of Han was ambushed reputedly by 300,000 elite Xiongnu cavalry, only narrowly escaping capture. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 198 | Modu Chanyu and theemperor Gaozu of China'sHan dynasty sign a peace treaty, recognizing equality of the Xiongnu. | |
| 176 | Modu Chanyu leads a Xiongnu invasion of theGansu region and soundly defeats last remnants of the Yuezhi, killing the Yuezhi king in the process and asserting their presence in the Western Regions. | |
| 174 | Death of Xiongnu leaderModu Chanyu. | |
| 133 | TheBattle of Mayi, an abortive ambush operation byEmperor Wu of Han (Han Wudi) against the invading Xiongnu forces, begins a decades-longHan dynasty offensive against the nomads. | |
| 119 | TheBattle of Mobei, Han forces invade the northern regions of theGobi Desert forcing theXiongnu to flee intoSiberia. After a series of further defeats, the Xiongnu are expelled from theOrdos Desert andQilian Mountains. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 71 | Various tribes invade the Xiongnu territory from all fronts;Wusun from the west,Dingling from the north,Wuhuan from the east, and Han forces from the south. | |
| 60 | Xiongnu civil war as factions fight for power following the death of Xulüquanqu, the 12th Chanyu | |
| 53 | The southern Xiongnu surrender and become tributaries to the Han after splitting into northern and southern dynasties. | |
| 36 | At theBattle of Zhizhi GeneralChen Tang and Protector General Gan Yanshou, acting without explicit permission from the Han court, kill Northern Xiongnu leaderZhizhi Chanyu at his capital city (present-day Taraz, Kazakhstan) |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 49 | Tsi Yung, allied with theWuhuan andXianbei, attacked the northern Xiongnu kingdom. Xianbei move into Xiongnu territory. | |
| 93 | The northern Xiongnu are dispersed by theXianbei and the Chinese during theBattle of Ikh Bayan. The last Northern Chanyu is defeated and flees over to the north west with his subjects. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 147 | TheXianbei, who gain strength beginning from the 1st century CE, are consolidated into a state under Tanshihuai. | |
| 167 | The Xianbei successfully repel an invasion of the Han dynasty. | |
| 180 | The Xianbei conquer areas of northern China. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 235 | The last khagan of theXianbei,Kebineng, is assassinated byCao Wei, successor state of theEastern Han (25–220). The Xianbei state disintegrates into a number of smaller independent domains (Murong,Tuoba,Khitan people,Shiwei, andRouran Khaganate). |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 330 | A branch of theXianbei, theRouran (also known as Nirun) establish a powerful nomadic empire over modern dayMongolia, easternKazakhstan, part ofGansu, northernXinjiang,Inner Mongolia, parts ofNortheast China andsouthern Siberia. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 402 | Yujiulü Shelun assumes the title ofKhagan, landmarking the establishment of the state of theRouran Khaganate. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 555 | TheGöktürks join theWestern Wei, successor state of theNorthern Wei, to defeat the Rouran. | |
| 570 | The ChineseNorthern Qi andNorthern Zhou dynasties begin paying tribute to theGöktürks. | |
| 584 | TheGöktürks Empire, which stretches west toCrimea, is partitioned intoEastern andWestern Turkic Khaganates. Eastern TurkGöktürks recognizeSui dynasty Suzerainty. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 615 | Turkic Khaganate revolts against Emperor ofSui and besiege the command seats at present-dayDaixian inShanxi | |
| 630 | 27 March | ATang army under the command ofLi Jing defeats theEastern Turkic Khaganate under the command ofIllig Qaghan at theBattle of Yinshan |
| 648 | A reunited China—under theTang dynasty (618–906) destroys the Eastern Türk north of the Gobi and establishes theAnbei Protectorate in the Mongolian Steppes.Uyghurs khagan are installed as Anbei protector. | |
| 682 | Ilterish Qaghan (682–91) founds theSecond Turkic Khaganate by uniting the tribes and subjugating the nine Turkic tribes of theToquz Oghuz (which included the Uyghurs) and joining with the Sir tribes,Basmyls andKarluks to the west. He would later defeat Chinese armies and raid China. | |
| 691 | Ilterish Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate dies and is succeeded by his brotherQapaghan Qaghan. | |
| 696 | Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats theKhitans to the east and raids theTang dynasty. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 711 | Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats theTurgesh | |
| 742 | The Basmyl, Uyghurs, and Karluks revolt against the Second Turkic Khaganate | |
| 745 | The Uyghurs kill the last khagan of theGöktürks, Kulunbeg, and sent his head to the Tang. | |
| 756 | UyghurBayanchur Khan aidsEmperor Suzong of theTang dynasty against theAn Lushan rebellion. Approximately 4,000 Uyghur horsemen assisted Tang armies in retakingChang'an andLuoyang in 757. | |
| 758 | Uyghurs destroy several northernYenisei Kyrgyz trading outposts before slaughtering a Kyrgyz army and executing their Khan |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 840 | The Tang dynasty surreptitiously encouraged theYenisei Kirghiz and theKarluks to attack the Uyghurs and theUyghur Khaganate fell under an invasion of the Yenisei Kirghiz |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 907 | Ambagyan founds the Khitan Liao dynasty which covered a significant portion of what is now Mongolia including the basins of the three rivers Kherlen, Tuul and Orkhon. | |
| 925 | The Khitan ruled eastern Mongolia, most of Manchuria, and much of China north of the Yellow River. | |
| 944 | Emperor Taizong launches an invasion of the Jin. | |
| 947 | Khitan chieftains had established themselves as emperors of northern China. The Khitan state is renamed the Liao dynasty | |
| 951 | 7 October | Emperor Shizong of Liao is murdered by a relative and is succeeded by Yelü Jing, son ofEmperor Taizong of Liao, who becomesEmperor Muzong of Liao[1] |
| 960 | February | Zhao Kuangyin declares himselfEmperor Taizu of Song, replacingLater Zhou[2] |
| 964 | Liao dynasty assistsNorthern Han in repellingSong dynasty[3] | |
| 969 | 12 March | Emperor Muzong of Liao is murdered by his attendants and is succeeded by Yelü Xian, son ofEmperor Shizong of Liao, who becomesEmperor Jingzong of Liao[3] |
| 979 | Liao dynasty attempts to assistNorthern Han in repellingSong dynasty but is defeated at theBattle of Gaoliang River | |
| 980 | 13 October | Emperor Jingzong of Liao dies and his son Yelü Longxu succeeds him asEmperor Shengzong of Liao;Empress Xiao Yanyan becomes regent[4] |
| 983 | TheLiao dynasty reverts to calling itself theKhitans[5] | |
| 993 | First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War:Khitans invadeGoryeo and acquire nominal tributary status over Goryeo[6] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1004 | Emperor Shengzong of Liao conducts a full-scale invasion of theSong dynasty which ends in stalemate and theChanyuan Treaty, an agreement to an annual payment of silk and silver from the Song to the Khitans[7] | |
| 1009 | Empress Xiao Yanyan dies[8] | |
| 1010 | Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War:Mokjong of Goryeo is murdered byKang Cho and the Khitans send an expedition to punish him; Kang Cho is killed[8] | |
| 1018 | Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans invadeGoryeo but are defeated[9] | |
| 1019 | Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans prepares another army to attackGoryeo[9] | |
| 1031 | 25 June | Emperor Shengzong of Liao dies and his son Yelü Zongzhen succeeds him asEmperor Xingzong of Liao; Empress DowagerXiao Noujin becomes regent[10] |
| 1055 | 28 August | Emperor Xingzong of Liao dies and is succeeded by his son Yelü Hongji, who becomesEmperor Daozong of Liao[11]All officials are required to wear Chinese court dress[12] |
| 1066 | Khitans revert to calling their state theLiao dynasty[5] | |
| 1082 | Unusually heavy snowfall kills 70 percent of livestock and horses[13] | |
| 1093 | Mogusi of theZubu and the Dilie tribes of westernHeilongjiang raid theLiao dynasty |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1101 | 12 February | Emperor Daozong of Liao dies and his grandson Yelü Yanxi succeeds him asEmperor Tianzuo of Liao[14] |
| 1117 | Emperor Taizu of Jin defeats theKhitan army of theLiao dynasty[15] | |
| 1122 | Emperor Tianzuo of Liao flees theSouthern Capital and his uncle Yelü Chun is declared emperor ofNorthern Liao, however he dies three months later and the title is passed down to Yelü Ding, the son in hiding with his father the emperor also in hiding; real power goes to Empress Dowager Xiao Puxiannu[16] | |
| 1129 | Yelü Dashi annexes twoJin tribes[17] | |
| 1130 | Yelü Dashi leaves theOrkhon River with 20,000 followers and travels to theKingdom of Qocho where the ruler welcomes him[18] | |
| 1131 | summer | Yelü Dashi attacks theKarakhanids atKashgar but is repelled[19] |
| 1141 | 9 September | Battle of Qatwan:Yelü Dashi annihilates the army ofAhmad Sanjar of theSeljuk Empire and vassalizes theKhwarazmian dynasty[20] |
| 1143 | Yelü Dashi dies and his wifeXiao Tabuyan succeeds him as regent[21] | |
| 1151 | Yelü Yilie, son ofYelü Dashi, becomes gurkhan of theQara Khitai[22] | |
| c. 1162 | Temüjin (the futureGenghis Khan) is born in theKhentii mountains of today's Mongolia. | |
| 1186 | 7 November | Ögedei Khan, third son of Temüjin (Genghis Khan) is born. |
| 1189 | Temüjin becomes Khan of theKhamag Mongol. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1205 | Temüjin unites all nomadic tribes who settled around atBaikal Lake to China's Great Wall. | |
| 1206 | Temüjin given the titleGenghis Khan (Chinggis Khaan), firstKhagan (Great Khan) of theMongol Empire. | |
| 1215 | 23 September | Kublai Khan, son ofTolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, is born. |
| 1227 | 18 August | Genghis Khan, 1st Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies inWestern Xia during the fall ofYinchuan aged c. 65. |
| 1229 | 13 September | Ögedei Khan, third son of Genghis Khan, becomes second Khagan of the Mongol Empire. |
| 1241 | 11 December | Ögedei Khan, second Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 55. |
| 1243 | Zhenjin, second son of Kublai Khan and later founder of theYuan dynasty, is born. | |
| 1246 | 24 August | Güyük Khan, eldest son of Ögedei Khan and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes third Khagan of the Mongol Empire. |
| 1248 | 20 April | Güyük Khan, third Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 42. |
| 1251 | 1 July | Möngke Khan, eldest son ofTolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes fourth Khagan of the Mongol Empire. |
| 1259 | 11 August | Möngke Khan, fourth Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 50. |
| 1260 | 5 May | Kublai Khan, son ofTolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire. However, theToluid Civil War begins as various members of theTolui family line fight for the title of Khagan resulting in thedivision of the Mongol Empire. |
| 1268 | TheKaidu–Kublai war breaks out, which lasts until 1301 and deepens the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. All later Khagans of the Mongol Empire were nominal due to the empire's division. | |
| 1269 | Birth of the'Phags-pa script, designed byDrogön Chögyal Phagpa for Kublai Khan. | |
| 1271 | Kublai Khan officially proclaims the founding of theYuan dynasty with himself as first emperor.Khanbaliq (modernBeijing) named the dynasty's capital. | |
| 1273 | Zhenjin designated Crown Prince by Kublai Khan. | |
| 1294 | 18 February | Death of Kublai Khan (aged 78). By this time the Mongol Empire had already fractured into four khanates: the Yuan dynasty based in China, theGolden Horde based in Russia, theChagatai Khanate based in Central Asia, and theIlkhanate based in Iran, although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Khagan. |
| 1294 | 10 May | Temür Khan, son of Crown PrinceZhenjin and grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes sixth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and second emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. |
| 1295 | Enthronement of IlkhanGhazan.Islamization of the Ilkhanate. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1304 | A peace among the Mongol khanates establishes the nominal supremacy of theYuan dynasty over the three western khanates (theGolden Horde, theChagatai Khanate and theIlkhanate). However, the peace itself was short-lived and the war soon resumed. | |
| 1307 | 21 June | With the death ofTemür Khan (aged 41),Külüg Khan, first son of Darmabala and Dagi of theKhunggirad clan, and a great-grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes seventh Khagan of the Mongol Empire and third Emperor of theYuan dynasty. |
| 1311 | 7 April | Külüg Khan dies (aged 29).Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, second son of Darmabala and Dagi of theKhunggirat, and a great-grandson ofKublai Khan, becomes eighth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and fourth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. |
| 1313 | Enthronement ofÖz Beg Khan.Islamization of theGolden Horde. | |
| 1315 | Revival of theimperial examination system within the Yuan dynasty underAyurbarwada Buyantu Khan. | |
| 1320 | 19 April | Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan dies (aged 34),Gegeen Khan, eldest son ofAyurbarwada Buyantu Khan andRadnashiri, becomes ninth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and fifth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. |
| 1323 | 4 October | Death ofGegeen Khan (aged 20).Yesün Temür, son of Gammala, grandson ofZhenjin and great-grandson ofKublai Khan, becomes tenth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and sixth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. |
| 1328 | October | With the death of Yesün Temür (aged 34),Ragibagh Khan, eldest son of Yesün Temür, becomes 11th Khagan of the Mongol Empire at the age of 7-8 and designated seventh Emperor of the Yuan dynasty before being deposed in a coup before his succession. |
| 1328 | 16 October | Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, second son ofKhayishan, becomes 12th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and eighth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. TheWar of the Two Capitals begins. His forces defeated, Ragibagh Khan disappears or dies at the age of 7–8, possibly murdered. |
| 1329 | 27 February | Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür abdicates and his elder brotherKhutughtu Khan Kusala becomes 13th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and ninth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. However, he dies on August 30 at age 28, four days after a banquet with brother Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, presumed to have been poisoned. Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür regaines the throne on September 8. |
| 1332 | 23 October | With the death of Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür (aged 28),Rinchinbal Khan, second son of Khutughtu Khan Kusala, becomes 14th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and tenth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty at the age of six. |
| 1333 | 19 July | Rinchinbal Khan dies nine months later (aged 6),Toghon Temür, (1320–1370) eldest son of Khutughtu Khan Kusala and older brother of Rinchinbal, becomes 15th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and eleventh Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. |
| 1335 | Disintegration of theIlkhanate after the death of IlkhanAbu Sa'id. | |
| 1368 | 14 September | Toghon Temür flees Beijing forShangdu in advance of approachingMing dynasty forces.Yuan dynasty falls. The remnants of the Yuan known as theNorthern Yuan dynasty continue in Mongolia. |
| 1370 | Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (1340–1378), son ofToghon Temür, is declared Khan of Mongolia atKarakorum. Timur (Tamerlane) gains control of the westernChagatai Khanate. | |
| 1378 | Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür (1342–1388) succeeds his brother Ayuushridar as Khan of Mongolia. | |
| 1380 | TheGolden Horde is defeated at theBattle of Kulikovo.Karakorum is destroyed by Chinese troops. | |
| 1388 | Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür is murdered by an ally of theOirats, thus launching the Oirat-Mongol wars in Northern Yuan dynasty.Jorightu Khan Yesüder (1358–1391) becomes Khan of a fractured and diminished Mongol Khanate. | |
| 1394 | Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1361–1399) overthrewEngke Khan from the House ofAriq Böke succeeds as Khan of the Mongols. | |
| 1395 | Timur invades theGolden Horde and sacksSaray andAstrakhan. | |
| 1399 | Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khagan is defeated by theFour Oirats and killed by their leaders, Ugetchi Khashikha and Batula. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1405 | Timur dies of illness atFarab (present dayKazakhstan) while preparing for war against Ming China. | |
| 1408 | Öljei Temür Khan (1379–1412) succeeds his fatherElbeg Nigülesügchi Khan and older brotherGün Temür Khan as Khan of the Yuan dynasty. | |
| 1415 | Oirat nobles placeOyiradai (died 1425) on the throne ofKhagan of theMongolKhan of theNorthern Yuan dynasty following the death ofDelbeg Khan | |
| 1425 | Adai Khan (1390–1438) assumes throne of Northern Yuan dynasty, unifies both the central and eastern Mongol territories but then suffers major defeats by Oirats in 1430 and 1434. | |
| 1433 | Oirats crown Toghtoa Bukha (Taisun Khan) as Khagan of the Northern Yuan. He later proclaims himself of Khagan of the Great Yuan enraging the Ming dynasty. | |
| 1449 | Esen Taishi (Taisun Khan's military commander and later successor as Khan) captures theZhentong Emperor of theMing dynasty at theBattle of Tumu Fortress and lays siege toBeijing, but is pushed back. | |
| 1473 | TheMing begin construction ofthe Great Wall at the southern edge of theOrdos Desert to contain resurgent Mongol tribes. | |
| 1480 | Madukhai Khatun, widow of the previousChinggisid khan, marriesBatu-Möngke Dayan Khan who defeats the Oirats, beginning a Chinggisid revival in Mongolia. TheGreat Horde's attempt toinvade Muscovy failed. Their leaderAkhmat Khan dies. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1510 | Dayan Khan defeats the Ordos andTümed Mongols at the Battle of Dalan Terigün (Inner Mongolia), reunifying the Six Tümens of the Mongols. | |
| 1513 | Dayan Khan launches successive invasions of China that continue through 1526 and include an unsuccessful assault onBeijing in 1517 | |
| 1542 | Following his brother's death in 1542,Altan Khan (grandson ofDayan Khan) becomes the de facto leader of the whole of the "Right Wing" (western Inner Mongolia and Ordos) and is given the title, "Tüsheet Sechen Khan." | |
| 1550 | Altan Khan launches large scale incursions into Ming territory, surroundsBeijing. | |
| 1551 | Altan Khan and the Ming strike accords on peace and border trade. | |
| 1571 | Altan Khan founds the city of Guihua or Köke Khota (Hohhot, meaning "The Blue City"), now the capital of theInner Mongolia Autonomous Region of thePeople's Republic of China. | |
| 1577 | Altan Khan meets Sodnam Gyatso in northeastTibet and bestows on him the Mongolian title "Dalai Lama". The Mongols’ “Second Conversion” to Buddhism begins | |
| 1585 | Abtai Sain Khan of the Tüsheet Khanate and nephew of Altan Khan foundsErdene Zuu Monastery, the first Buddhist monastery in Mongolia, adjacent to the ancient Mongol capital ofKarakorum |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1601 | Yonten Gyatso, great-grandson ofAltan Khan, becomes the4th Dalai Lama inLhasa, Tibet. | |
| 1604 | Ligdan Khan becomes ruler of the northern Yuan. | |
| 1619 | SeveralMongol tribes defect to theQing due toLigdan Khan's oppressive rule. | |
| 1632 | Ligdan Khan flees toTibet to evade theManchus and conquer theGelug. | |
| 1634 | Ligdan Khan dies atQinghai Lake. | |
| 1640 | Zanabazar, four-year-old son of the Tüsheet Khan of theKhalkha, is recognized as the firstJebtsundamba Khutughtu. | |
| 1642 | Establishment of theKhoshut Khanate in theTibetan Plateau byGüshi Khan. | |
| 1661 | Irkutsk fort founded. | |
| 1671 | Galdan Boshigt becomes leader of the westernDzungar Khanate. | |
| 1685 | Galdan Khan founds the town ofKhovd. | |
| 1687 | Outbreak of the decades-longDzungar–Qing War between theDzungar Khanate and Khalkha-Mongols / Qing dynasty. | |
| 1688 | TheDzungars invadeKhalkha and force Khalkha nobility to flee toInner Mongolia. | |
| 1691 | Khalkha nobles pledge fealty to theKangxi Emperor of theQing dynasty. | |
| 1696 | TheQing dynasty seizesde facto control ofKhalkha by defeating theDzungars in theBattle of Jao Modo. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1705 | TheKhoshutLha-bzang Khan deposes theSixth Dalai Lama inTibet and kills the regent Sangs-rgyas rGya-mtsho. | |
| 1709 | Khalkha jirum (Khalkha regulations) replaces the Mongol-Oirat Code among the Khalkha Mongols. | |
| 1717 | Acting on an appeal by theTibetan monasteries, theDzungar army occupiesLhasa and kills TheKhoshutLha-bzang Khan. | |
| 1718 | TheQing armies establish a garrison and military farm near modernKhovd city in western Mongolia. | |
| 1720 | Qing dynasty'sKangxi Emperor drivesDzungar forces fromTibet. | |
| 1723 | Death ofZanabazar.Upper Mongols under rule of the prince Lubsan Danzan revolt against theQing but are defeated. | |
| 1727 | Kyakhta Treaty defines Russo-Qing frontier and divides the Buriats under Russia from the Khalkha Mongols under the Qing. | |
| 1752 | Dawaachi andAmursanaa overthrow theDzungar ruler inXinjiang; Dawaachi becomes newKhong Tayiji (ruler). | |
| 1755 | TheQing armies occupyDzungaria inXinjiang. | |
| 1756 | Chingünjav andAmursana lead failed rebellions which ended in the destruction of theDzungars by the Qing dynasty. | |
| 1758 | Third Jebtsundamba Khutuktu identified in Tibet (first outside of Mongolia) | |
| 1779 | Nom-un Yekhe Khüriye, the great monastery of theJebtsundamba Khutuktus, finally settles at the present location ofUlaanbaatar in Mongolia. | |
| 1789 | Qing law replaces the native code,Khalkha jirum. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1809 | The 5thJebtsundamba Khutuktu orders construction ofGandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery inIkh Khuree. | |
| 1811 | Firsttsam religious dances performed in Ikh Khuree | |
| 1822 | Russian statesmanMikhail Speransky reforms administration of theBuriats and otherIndigenous peoples of Siberia. | |
| 1833 | Opening of the Russian-Mongol school inKyakhta | |
| 1836 | TheJebtsundamba Khutuktu relocates from east Khüriye (now centralUlaanbaatar) toGandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery to avoid Chinese merchants. | |
| 1838 | Completion ofGandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery in Ikh Khuree | |
| 1846 | TheBuriatCossackDorzhi Banzarov becomes first person of Mongol ancestry to earn a European Ph.D. atUniversity of Kazan inRussia. | |
| 1861 | Russian Consul takes up residence in Ikh Khuree | |
| 1869 | Agvaanl Uvsanchoijinyam Danzan Vanchüg is born in Lithang, Kham. He will later be formally installed as the Bogd Khan of the new Mongolian state | |
| 1880 | Anti-Manchu mutiny byUliastai garrison | |
| 1891 | Chineserebels of the Jindandao (Way of the Golden Pill) sect launch massive pogroms against Mongols in southeasternInner Mongolia. | |
| 1892 | Agreement to build a telegraph line from Russia to China via Ikh Khuree. Construction ofTrans-Siberian Railway begins. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1907 | TheQing government implemented sinification policies. | |
| 1911 | 1 December | Outer Mongolia declared independence from theQing dynasty under theBogd Khan. |
| 29 December | The BogdoKhanate of Mongolia was proclaimed andBogd Khan enthroned. | |
| 1912 | 3 November | TheRussian Empire recognized Mongolian independence and the rule ofBogd Khan. |
| 1913 | 11 November | Mongolia andTibet concluded treaty on mutual recognition and mutual assistance. |
| 1915 | Russia,China and Mongolia signed a treaty atKyakhta under which China was recognized as sovereign over an autonomous Mongolia. | |
| 1919 | Outer Mongolia was occupied by theRepublic of China. | |
| 1921 | TheRussianRed Army, with the support ofDamdin Sükhbaatar, defeated the forces ofRoman Ungern von Sternberg. | |
| February | Ungern droveChinese troops out ofNiislel Khuree. | |
| March | All remainingChinese troops were defeated byUngern and driven from Mongolia, allowing the reassertion of Mongolian independence underBogd Khan. | |
| 18 March | Communist guerrillas headed byDamdin Sükhbaatar, with the assistance ofRed Army troops, defeated theChinese garrison in the Mongolian settlement Maimachen nearKyakhta. | |
| 1924 | 26 November | After the death of theBogd Khan, theMongolian People's Republic was declared in Outer Mongolia. |
| 1928 | Collectivization began. | |
| 1932 | The failure of collectivization led to widespread uprisings and a temporary thaw. | |
| 1936 | PrinceDemchugdongrub formed theMongol Military Government, a non-Communist state independent fromChina, in Inner Mongolia. | |
| 1937 | TheMongol Military Government was renamed the Mongol United Autonomous Government. | |
| Stalinist purges in Mongolia: AStalinist terror began which would lead to the deaths of more than thirty thousand people in the Mongolian People's Republic. | ||
| 1939 | Stalinist purges in Mongolia: The terror ended. | |
| May | Battle of Khalkhyn Gol: Large scale fighting took place betweenJapanese and jointSoviet-Mongolian forces alongKhalkhyn Gol on the border between Mongolia andManchuria. | |
| 16 September | Battle of Khalkhyn Gol: The battle ended in aJapanese defeat. A truce was negotiated between Japan and theSoviet Union. | |
| 1941 | TheMongol United Autonomous Government was renamed the Mongolian Autonomous Federation, or Mengjiang. | |
| 1945 | August | TheRepublic of China requestedSoviet help in the war againstJapan, and offered recognition of the independence of Outer Mongolia in exchange according to theSino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. |
| August | The Mongolian People's Republic declared war onJapan, one day after theSoviet Union, and began to liberateSouthern Mongolia from the China and the Japan. | |
| October | A plebiscite yielded a 100% pro-independence vote. | |
| 1946 | January | TheChinese government recognized the independence of Mongolian People's Republic. |
| 1949 | 6 October | The newly establishedPeople's Republic of China recognized Mongolia and agreed to establish diplomatic relations. |
| 1950 | Herds were successfully collectivized. | |
| 1952 | TheRepublic of China (ROC) onTaiwan renounced theSino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. | |
| 1955 | TheROC blocked the accession of the Mongolian People's Republic's entry to theUnited Nations. | |
| 1961 | The Mongolian People's Republic entered theUnited Nations. | |
| TheTrans-Mongolian Railway was finished. | ||
| 1962 | Mongolia became a member of theComecon. | |
| Sino-Soviet split: TheCommunist Party leadership sided with theSoviet Union in a falling-out withChina. | ||
| 1965 | Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal purged the intelligentsia. | |
| 1969 | Sino-Soviet split: TheSoviet Union stationed a large army on Mongolian territory in response to threats ofChinese aggression. | |
| 1981 | March | Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa became the first Mongolian in space. |
| 1984 | August | Tsedenbal resigned. |
| 1987 | 27 January | Mongolia established diplomatic relations with theUnited States. |
| 1989 | July | The first Mongolian member of theBaháʼí Faith entered the country. |
| December | The first popular reform demonstrations took place; the Mongolian Democratic Association was organized. | |
| 1990 | January | Large-scale pro-democracy demonstrations were held in sub-zero weather. |
| 2 March | Mongolia and theSoviet Union announced that all Soviet troops would be withdrawn from Mongolia by 1992. | |
| May | The constitution was amended to provide for a multi-party system and new elections. | |
| 29 July | The first democratic elections were held. TheCommunist Party, now the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), won. | |
| 3 September | The first democratically elected People's Great Hural took office. | |
| 1992 | 13 January | A new constitution went into effect. |
| 8 April | A new election law was passed. | |
| 28 June | An election was held for the first unicameral legislature, the State Great Hural. TheMPRP won. | |
| 1993 | 6 June | The first direct presidential election took place. Opposition candidatePunsalmaagiin Ochirbat, a formerMPRP member, won. |
| 1996 | 30 June | The first non-Communist government was elected. |
| 1998 | Sanjaasürengiin Zorig, Minister of Infrastructure and one of the leaders of the 1990 protests, was murdered. | |
| 2000 | 2 July | TheMPRP was elected; a new government was formed by Prime MinisterNambaryn Enkhbayar. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Mongolian troops begin taking part in peace keeping operations inAfghanistan,Iraq andSudan. | |
| 2004 | An election resulted in a draw. A coalition was formed between theMPRP and other parties which was headed byTsakhiagiin Elbegdorj. | |
| 2006 | January | The governing coalition was dissolved by theMPRP. |
| 25 January | A new coalition between theMPRP and smaller parties and defectors was formed underMiyeegombyn Enkhbold. | |
| 2007 | October | The governing coalition was led by theMPRP and replaced by a coalition headed bySanjaagiin Bayar. |
| 2009 | June | Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj fromDemocratic Party was selected President of Mongolia. |
| 2009 | October | Sanjaagiin Bayar resigned from Primer Ministership due to declining health conditions and was replaced withSükhbaataryn Batbold. |
| 2012 | August | After the2012 Mongolian legislative election, a coalition headed byNorovyn Altankhuyag from Democratic party was formed. |
| 2013 | June | Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj fromDemocratic Party, was re-elected in the2013 Mongolian presidential election. |