This timeline tries to show dates of important historical events that happened in or that led to the rise of theMiddle East / South West Asia .The Middle East is the territory that comprises today'sEgypt , thePersian Gulf states ,Iran ,Iraq ,Israel andPalestine ,Cyprus ,Jordan ,Lebanon ,Oman ,Saudi Arabia ,Syria ,Turkey ,United Arab Emirates , andYemen . The Middle East, with its particular characteristics, was not to emerge until the latesecond millennium AD. To refer to a concept similar to that of today's Middle East but earlier in time, the termancient Near East is used.
This list is intended as atimeline of thehistory of the Middle East . For more detailed information, seearticles on the histories of individual countries . Seeancient Near East for ancient history of the Middle East.
16000 BC –Kebaran period 13050 to 7050 BC –Natufian culture 14400 BC – the world's oldest evidence of bread-making has been found at Shubayqa 1, in Jordan.[ 1] 11000 BC – The oldest known evidence of beer found inMount Carmel 9th millennium B.C. [ edit ] 7000 to 6500 BC – early undecorated, unglazed and low-fired pottery inHassuna 7000 BC — settlements inByblos 7000 BC — Neolithic farmers start to move in to Europe, stimulating the European neolithic for over 3 thousand years 6000 to 4000 BC – invention of thepotter's wheel inMesopotamia 4500 BC – civilization ofSusa andKish inMesopotamia 4570 to 4250 BC –Merimde culture on theNile 4400 to 4000 BC –Badari culture on the Nile 4000 BC – first use of light woodenploughs in Mesopotamia 4000 BC – Egyptians discover how to make bread usingyeast Overview map of theAncient Near East 1900 BC –Hittites Old Kingdom inAnatolia 1894 to 1595 BC —Old Babylonian Empire 1800 BC – civilization inCanaan 1800 to 1200 BC – the emergence of the city ofUgarit when it ruled a coastal kingdom, trading with Egypt, Cyprus, the Aegean, Syria, the Hittites, and others 1792 to 1750 BC – the reign ofHammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty, extended control throughout Mesopotamia, known for theCode of Hammurabi , one of the earliest codes of law 1775 to 1761 BC – the reign ofZimri-Lim ofMari , extended control throughoutSyria andUpper Mesopotamia , he was allied toHammurabi 1725 to 1550 BC –Hyksos (Canaanite) domination of Egypt 1600 to 1360 BC – Egyptian domination over Canaan andSyria 1594 BCE –Kassites takeBabylon 1595 to 1155 BC –Kassite dynasty 1550 to 1077 BC –New Kingdom of Egypt 1500 to 1300 BC – KingdomMitanni , aHurrian -speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia 1500 to 539 BC –Phoenicia and the spread of theiralphabet from which almost all modern phonetic alphabets derived 1457 BC –Battle of Megiddo 1380 to 1336 BC –Shuppiluliuma , king of the Hittites who challengedEgypt for control of the lands between the Mediterranean and theEuphrates 1370 to 1200 BC –Hittite Empire 1350 to 1050 BC –Middle Assyrian Empire The Oriental Empires about 600 BC 1300 BC – discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques inAnatolia or theCaucasus : start of theIron Age 1300 to 125 BC –Kingdom of Edom 1274 BC –Battle of Kadesh between theEgyptian Empire underRamesses II and theHittite Empire underMuwatalli II ,[ 9] chariot battle ever fought[ 10] 1259 BC –Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty , the first peace treaty ever recorded in history 1245 to 1208 BC –Tukulti-Ninurta I , king of Assyria, first native Mesopotamian ruler inBabylon , took on the ancient title "King of Sumer and Akkad" 1237 BC –Battle of Nihriya , resulting inAssyrian victory over theHittites for control over remnants of the formerempire of Mitanni inAsia Minor andthe Levant 1225 BC –Babylon taken by the Assyrians .[ 11] 1200 to 1050 BC –Bronze Age collapse 1200 BC – oldest Phoenician alphabet inscription engraved on thesarcophagus of King Ahiram 1200 to 884 BC –Sea Peoples , conjectured groups of seafaring raiders, invadedAnatolia ,Syria ,Canaan ,Cyprus , andEgypt 1200 to 546 BC –Lydian Empire 1200 to 732 BC – Aramaean Kingdom ofAram-Damascus 1190 BC –Hattusha , capital of the Hittites, taken by theSea Peoples 1184 BC –Fall of Troy according to Eratosthenes’ calculations.[ 12] 1180 to 700 BC –Neo-Hittite kingdoms also known asSyro-Hittite states 1155 BC –Babylon taken byElamites 1100 to 539 BC –Neo-Elamite period 1087 BC –Babylon destroyed byAssyrians 1070 BC to 350 AD –Cushites , an ancientAfrican Nubian kingdom inSudan 1102 to 850 BC – estimated period in whichHomer lived 1069 to 664 BC –Third Intermediate Period of Egypt 1050 to 930 BC –Kingdom of Israel 1041 BC – KingDavid capturesJerusalem , designates it the capital of the unitedKingdom of Israel 1004 BC – KingSolomon lays the foundation for theFirst Temple 927 BC –Jerusalem becomes the capital of the (southern)Kingdom of Judah after the split of theUnited Monarchy 884 to 858 BC –Ashurnasirpal II , king of Assyria, embarked on a vast program of expansion, known for his harshness, moved his capital to the city ofKalhu (Nimrod ) 884 to 612 BC –Neo-Assyrian Empire 800 to 480 BC –Archaic period in Greece with the rise of thecity-states ,Greek colonies , andEpic Greek poetry: onset ofClassical Antiquity 776 BC – firstOlympic Games 745 to 727 BC –Tiglath-Pileser III , king of Assyria who introduced advanced civil, military, and political systems into the empire 711 BC –Sargon II conquers the kingdom of Israel and exiles the inhabitants of Samaria 710 BC –Sargon II captures Babylonia 689 BCE –Babylon destroyed bySennacherib , king of theAssyria 677 BC –Esarhaddon , king of Assyria, defeats the rebellion of Abdi-Milkutti, the king of the Phoenician state of Sidon 678 to 549 BC –Median Empire 672 to 525 BC –Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt 667 BC –Ashurbanipal , king of Assyria, defeated the 25th Dynasty king Taharqa near Memphis 626 to 539 BC –Chaldean Empire (Neo-Babylonian Empire ) 624 to 545 BC –Thales of Miletus , first philosopher inAncient Greek philosophy , founder of theMilesian school 612 BC –Fall of Nineveh by a coalitionBabylonians ,Medes ,Persians ,Chaldeans ,Scythians , andCimmerians , leading to the destruction of theNeo-Assyrian Empire 605 BC –Battle of Carchemish between the Babylonians and the Egyptians allied with the remnants of the Assyrian army 609 BC –Battle of Megiddo (609 BC) betweenNecho II andJosiah of Judea 597 BC – KingNebuchadnezzar II of Babylon capturing Jerusalem 587 BC – KingNebuchadnezzar II of Babylon destroys Jerusalem andSolomon's Temple 570 to 495 BC –Pythagoras , founder ofPythagoreanism 600 or 576 – 530 BC –Cyrus the Great conqueredBabylon and created the PersianAchaemenid Empire 550 to 330 BC –Achaemenid Empire 547 BC –Battle of Pteria between the Lydian Empire and the Achaemenid empire 539 BC –Fall of Babylon 537 BC – Cyrus allows theIsraelites to return from theBabylonian captivity and rebuild the Temple 522 to 486 BC – reign ofDarius the Great , third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire 516 BC – completion of theSecond Temple 510 to 323 BC –Classical Greek period with large annexations by the Persian Empire and a powerful influence on theRoman Empire andwestern civilization 500 BC –Ionian Revolt 499 to 449 BC –Greco-Persian Wars , finally won by theGreek city-states 480 to 479 BC –Xerxes invades Greece, start ofSecond Persian invasion of Greece 477 BC – founding of theDelian League , an association of Greek city-states under Athenian hegemony 431 to 404 BC –Peloponnesian War betweenSparta andAthens leading to the end of Athens' hegemony and weakening of Greece 353 to 350 BC –Mausoleum at Halicarnassus is built inLydia , one of the seven wonders of the ancient world 334 to 262 BC –Zeno of Citium , Founder of the Stoic school of philosophy 330 BC –Alexander the Great conqueredPersia 323 to 31 BC –Hellenistic period with Greek influence inEurope ,Africa , andAsia , in thearts ,exploration ,literature ,theatre ,architecture ,music ,mathematics ,philosophy , andscience 316 to 240 AD –Arcesilaus , founder ofAcademic skepticism 300 BC – Foundation of the city ofAntioch bySeleucus I Nicator 279 to 206 BC –Chrysippus ofSoli , creator of the first system ofPropositional logic 247 BC to 224 AD –Parthian Empire 230 to 140 BC –Diogenes of Babylon ,scholarch of the Stoic school inAthens in 2nd century BC 190 to 120 BC –Hipparchus ,mathematician ,astronomer andgeographer fromBithynia who studied atAlexandria andBabylon . He discoveredAxial precession , and gave the first tables of chords, analogous to modern tables ofsine values, and used them to solve problems in trigonometry andspherical trigonometry . 163 BC to 72 AD – Kingdom ofCommagene 150 to 75 BC –Zeno of Sidon , Epicurean philosopher known through his pupil, Philodemus 132 BC to 214 AD – Kingdom ofOsroene 125 to 68 BC –Antiochus of Ascalon , the pioneer of Middle Platonism 110 to 40/35 BC –Philodemus Epicurean philosopher and poet, author ofethics ,theology ,rhetoric ,music ,poetry and history ofphilosophical schools 100 to 44 BC –Julius Caesar 64 BC to 24 AD –Strabo ,Greek geographer ,philosopher , andhistorian fromPontus ,Asia Minor 63 BC –Romans annex all ofAsia Minor ,Syria andJudea underPompey 54 BC to 629 AD –Roman–Persian Wars 48 BC to 642 AD –Destruction of the Library of Alexandria , one of the largest and most significantlibraries of the ancient world 31 BC – Emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by theBattle of Actium 30 BC –Romans annexEgypt 20 BC to 50 AD –Philo of Alexandria, prominent Hellenistic Jewish philosopher 4 BC – Birth ofJesus of Nazareth 27/30 AD – The ministry ofJesus of Nazareth starts 30 to 100 AD –Apostolic Age , onset ofChristianity 37 to 100 AD –Josephus , Famous first century Roman-Jewish philosopher-historian 50 AD –Apollodorus of Damascus ,Syrian architect andengineer who introduced several Eastern innovations to the Roman Imperial style, such as making thedome a standard 60 to 120 AD –Nicomachus , aNeopythagorean who wrote about the mystical properties of numbers, and author ofIntroduction to Arithmetic andManual of Harmonics inGreek 66 to 136 AD –Jewish–Roman wars andJewish diaspora 135 AD – Roman EmperorHadrian renamedIudaea Province intoSyria Palaestina 150 AD –Albinus ,Platonist philosopher, teacher ofGalen 157 to 216 AD –Galen , aphysician ,surgeon andphilosopher in theRoman Empire fromPergamon ,Asia Minor 160 to 210 AD –Sextus Empiricus , Pyrrhonist philosopher and physician most likely fromAlexandria , author of most preserved accounts ofPyrrhonism 175 242 AD –Ammonius Saccas , one of the founders ofNeoplatonism 184 to 253 –Origen , early Christian scholar and Church Father 200 AD –Alexander of Aphrodisias , Peripatetic philosopher, author of Prior Analytics, Topics, Meteorology, Sense and Sensibilia, and Metaphysics 2nd century AD to 241 AD –Kingdom of Hatra 204/5 to 270 –Plotinus , the author of the Enneads, one of the founders ofNeoplatonism 224 AD — End of theParthian Empire and creation of theSassanian Empire . 240 AD –Diogenes Laërtius , biographer of ancientGreek philosophers, author ofLives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers , a principal source for the history of ancient Greek philosophy. 300 to 602 AD – Kingdom of theLakhmids 330 to 1453 AD –Byzantine Empire , continuation of theRoman Empire in the east, until it fell to theOttoman Empire 376 AD –large-scale irruption ofGoths and others, and the subsequent onset of theFall of the Western Roman Empire 394 AD –Theodosius I suppressed theOlympic Games as part of the campaign to imposeChristianity as the state religion 412 to 485 AD –Proclus a GreekNeoplatonist philosopher who set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems ofNeoplatonism 5th century to 437 AD –Syrianus , Neoplatonist philosopher, author of a commentary on theMetaphysics of Aristotle and Plato'sTimaeus 450 to 520 –Isidore of Alexandria one of the lastNeoplatonist philosophers 458 to 538 AD –Damascius , the last of Neoplatonist philosophers 490 to 560 AD –Simplicius of Cilicia , Neoplatonist philosopher and commentator on Aristotle's de Caelo, Physica Auscultatio, and Categories, as well as a commentary upon the Enchiridion of Epictetus. 490 to 570 AD –John Philoponus , an Alexandrian philologist,Aristotelian commentator andChristian theologian, one of the first to propose a "theory of impetus " similar to the modern concept ofinertia over Aristotelian dynamics 502 to 628 AD –Byzantine–Sasanian wars 512 to 602 AD –Justinian dynasty ofEastern Roman Empire Islamic Middle East [ edit ] Ottoman Empire , 1481–1683In blue, theArab Empire in its greatest extent and in yellow the four Christian empires. 570 – Birth ofMuhammad 573 - Birth ofAbu Bakr 585 - Birth ofUmar 573/576 - Birth ofUthman 601 – Birth ofAli 614 – Persecution of the Muslims by theQuraish (Migration to Abyssinia ) 616 –Second migration to Abyssinia 620 –Ascension to the heavens 622 –Constitution of Medina , establishment of the first Islamic state 624:Battle of Badr , expulsion of theBani Qainuqa Jews fromMedina 626 –Siege of Constantinople 629 to 1050 –Arab–Byzantine wars 630 –Conquest of Mecca 632 – Death of Muhammad, Designation of thesuccessor of Muhammad 632 to 661 –Rashidun Caliphate 633 to 651 –Muslim conquest of Persia 634 to 641 –Muslim conquest of the Levant (Syria) 639 to 642 –Muslim conquest of Egypt 642 to 799 –Khazar-Arab Wars weaken the Umayyad army and contribute to the eventualfall of the dynasty 642 to 870 –Islamic conquest of Afghanistan 656 to 661 –First Fitna (First Islamic Civil War) 660 – Construction of theGreat Mosque of Kufa 661 to 750 –Umayyad Caliphate 670 to 742 –Muslim conquest of North Africa 674 –Siege of Constantinople (674–678) by the Umayyads against the Byzantines 680 – TheBattle of Karbala takes place, martyrdom ofHusayn ibn Ali , the grandson of the ProphetMuhammad 680 to 692 –Second Fitna (Second Islamic Civil War) 711 to 718 –Umayyad conquest of Hispania 711 to 714 –Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent 717 to 718 –Siege of Constantinople (717-718) 719 to 759 –Umayyad invasion of Gaul 738 –Caliphate campaigns in India 746 to 750 –Abbasid Revolution 750 to 1258 –Abbasid Caliphate 750 to 950 –Jabir ibn Hayyan , or anonymous authors writing under this name, pioneeredorganic chemistry 766 to 869 –Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi , the first mathematician to describe the trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent 770 to 840 –Khwarizmi , developedalgebra 800 to 870 –Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani , One of the prominent scientists involved in the calculation of the diameter of the Earth by the measurement of the meridian arc length along others 801 to 873 –Al-Kindi , promoter of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, introduced Indian numerals 810 –House of Wisdom set up inBaghdad , whereGreek andIndian mathematical and astronomy works were translated intoArabic 821 to 979 –Iranian Intermezzo 821 to 873 –Tahirid dynasty in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan 827 to 902 –Muslim conquest of Sicily 836 to 901 –Thabit Ibn Qurra , discovered a theorem which enables pairs ofamicable numbers to be found 847 to 871 –Emirate of Bari 850 to 934 –Abu Zayd al-Balkhi , pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine 858 to 929 –Al-Battani ,Syrian Arab mathematician and astronomer who introduced a number oftrigonometric relations such as tan θ 861 to 1003 –Saffarid dynasty , an Iranian Persian empire 864 to 930 –Al-Razi , advocate of hygiene and patients' psychology, wrote onalkali ,caustic soda , soap,glycerine andnaphtha in "Book of the Secret of Secrets " 872 to 950/951 –Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneered social psychology and consciousness studies 874 to 941 –Minor Occultation of theMahdi 875/819 to 999 –Samanid dynasty , an Iranian empire 895 to 1004 –Hamdanid dynasty ofAleppo andMosul 899 to 976 –Qarmatian revolution 909 –Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah , founded the Fatimid Caliphate 909 to 1171 –Fatimid Caliphate , originally based in Tunisia, spanned a vast area of the Arab lands, ultimately made Egypt its centre 928 – Construction ofAl-Hakim Mosque 929 to 1031 –Caliphate of Córdoba , with the Iberian peninsula as an integral province, ruled fromDamascus 934 –Imad al-Dawla rise to power and establishment of theBuyid dynasty 934 to 1062 –Buyid dynasty in Iran 936 to 1013 –Al-Zahrawi , pioneer of surgery 941 – TheMajor Occultation of theMahdi starts 942 to 979 –Sallarid dynasty in Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia 945 –Sayf al-Dawla rise to power 965 to 1091 –Emirate of Sicily 965 to 1040 –Ibn al-Haytham , Founded experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception as well as optics and experimental physics. 970 – foundation ofAl-Azhar University , oldestIslamic institution for higher studies 980 to 1037 –Avicenna , pioneer ofneuropsychiatry , thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness 990 to 1081 –Numayrid dynasty ofHarran andRaqqa 990 to 1096 –Uqaylid dynasty ofMosul 1004 –House of Knowledge built by the Fatimid caliphAl-Hakim bi-Amr Allah , said to have contained more than 1,600,000 books 1024 to 1080 –Mirdasid dynasty ofAleppo 1037 to 1194 – arrival of the TurkishSeljuq Empire , and the subsequent end of Arab dominance 1044 or 1048 to 1123 –Al-Khayyam gave a classification ofcubic equations with geometric solutions usingconic sections , extractedroots using the Indiandecimal system 1096 to 1487 –Crusades ; four crusader states are established in the region for more than two centuries: TheCounty of Edessa (1097–1150); thePrincipality of Antioch (1098–1287), theCounty of Tripoli (1102–1289), and theKingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291). 1100 to 1166 –Muhammad al-Idrisi , known for having drawn some of the most advanced ancient world maps 1105 to 1185 –Ibn Tufail , pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture, author of the firstPhilosophical novel 1126 to 1198 –Averroes pioneer of Parkinson disease, philosophical commentator 1136 to 1206 –Ismail al-Jazari , Muslimpolymath : ascholar ,inventor ,mechanical engineer ,artisan andartist fromJazira . He described the crankshaft that transforms continuousrotary motion into a linearreciprocating motion . 1147 to 1269 –Almohad Caliphate , a Moroccan Berber Muslim movement, started byIbn Tumart among theMasmuda 1171 to 1260 –Ayyubid dynasty 1192 to 1489 –Kingdom of Cyprus 1201 to 1274 –Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ,Persian polymath who created very accurate tables of planetary motion, an updated planetary model, and critiques ofPtolemaic astronomy . He is often considered the creator oftrigonometry as amathematical discipline in its own right, and he is believed to have influencedCopernican heliocentrism 1204 –Sack of Constantinople by the crusaders 1213 to 1288 –Ibn Al-Nafis , discovered the lessercirculatory system of theheart and thelungs , and described the mechanism ofbreathing and its relation to the blood 1218 to 1221 –Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia marked the beginning of the Mongol conquest of the Islamic states 1241 to 1244 –Mongol invasions of Anatolia 1250 to 1517 –Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 1258 – Forces of theMongol Empire sack Baghdad and destroy theHouse of Wisdom , marking the end of theIslamic Golden Age 1260 to 1323 –Mongol invasions of the Levant 1260 – First major defeat the Mongols suffer atBattle of Ain Jalut ,Mongol invasion of theLevant is halted 1261 to 1517 –Abbasid Caliphate inCairo , symbolic title 1275 –Hasan al-Rammah , Arab chemist and engineer who studiedgunpowders andexplosives , and sketched prototype instruments of warfare, including the firsttorpedo . He also invented new types ofgunpowder , and he invented a new type of fuse and two types of lighters 1299 to 1923 –rise of the Ottoman Empire 1300 – deportation of the last Muslims fromLucera , Italy 1303 –Battle of Marj al-Saffar , defeat for the Mongols, which put an end toGhazan Khan 's invasions of Syria 1332 to 1406 –Ibn Khaldun , set the basis of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology and economics 1347 – a fleet of Genoese trading ships fleeing Caffa (Theodosia ) reached the port ofMessina and spreads theBlack Death 1380 –al-Kashi , contributed to development ofdecimal fractions for approximatingalgebraic numbers andreal numbers such aspi 1393 to 1449 –Ulugh Beg commissions an observatory atSamarqand inUzbekistan 1394 to 1465 – Appearance of theArquebus , ancestor of modern firearms, in theOttoman Empire andEurope 1453 –Fall of Constantinople 1453 to 1550 –Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire 1501 to 1736 –Safavid Iran 1516 to 1517 –Ottoman-Mamluk War , Ottomans seize Cairo in 1517 1526 to 1585 –Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf , aSyrian polymath who built theConstantinople observatory , the largest observatory of the medieval world. He described asteam turbine with the practical application of rotating aspit in 1551. He also had his own method of findingcoordinates of stars that was most precise at the time, and he proved thelaw of reflection observationally. He authored more than ninety books on a variety of different subjects 1550 to 1700 –Transformation of the Ottoman Empire 1700 to 1789 –Ottoman ancien régime 1709 to 1738 –Hotak dynasty ofIran andAfghanistan 1751 to 1794 –Zand dynasty ofIran Contemporary Middle East [ edit ] 1789 to 1925 –Qajar Iran 1798 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads acampaign in Egypt and Syria 1828 to 1914 –Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire 1828 –Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya , oldest newspaper ever established inEgypt 1830 to 1950 –Nahda or "Arab cultural renaissance" 1831 to 1833 –First Egyptian-Ottoman War , Egypt underMuhammad Ali seizes theLevantine provinces 1834 to 1835 –Syrian Peasant Revolt takes place in theLevant , but is suppressed 1837 – The first newspaper inIran , Kaghaz-i Akhbar (The Newspaper), was created for the government byMirza Saleh Shirazi 1838 –1838 Druze revolt 1839 to 1841 –Egypt loses control over the Levantine provinces after theSecond Egyptian-Ottoman War 1840 –Oriental Crisis of 1840 1840 –Convention of London 1851 –Darul Funun , one of the oldest modern universities in the Middle East, is established byAmir Kabir 1860 –Al-Jinan , an Arabic-language political and literary bi-weeklymagazine established inBeirut byButrus al-Bustani , continues until 1886 1860 –1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 1861 –Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate is established 1862 to 1892 – development of theinternal combustion engine rivals thesteam engine , and ultimately makespetroleum an important political factor in the following century 1869 – Construction of theSuez Canal is completed 1875 –Al-Ahram , second oldest and widest newspaper in circulation inEgypt is established 1882 – British troops occupy Cairo,Egypt becomes British protectorate 1888 –Ibrahim al-Yaziji , aLebanese Christian writer, philologist, poet and journalist published a rich modernArabic translation of theBible . His works were also crucial to the establishment of theArabic typewriter Ottoman Empire on a 1912 map of Western Asia 1909 to 1921 – Arab nationalist organizationsAl-Fatat andAl-'Ahd are established to liberate and unifyArab territories that were underOttoman rule 1914 to 1918 –Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 1917 –Arthur Balfour , Foreign Minister of Great Britain, in aletter to Lord Rothschild, gives British government approval to Zionist's goal of building a "national home" in Palestine 1918 to 1922 –Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1918 – Britain and Franceoccupy former Ottoman Empire lands 1919 to 1921 –Franco-Syrian War 1919 to 1923 –Asia Minor Catastrophe reshapes Anatolia, as continuous fighting incorporates the newly founded Republic of Turkey, Armenia, France, Greece 1920 –Iraqi revolt against the British 1922 – Egypt isgranted nominal independence from the United Kingdom. 1922 to 1923 –Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon andBritish Mandate of Palestine and theEmirate of Transjordan come into effect. 1924 – Abolition of the Caliphate as part ofAtatürk's Reforms 1925 to 1927 –Great Syrian Revolt against theFrench Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 1925 –Sheikh Said rebellion of Kurds against Turkey 1925 – Deposition of theQajar dynasty ofIran 1927 to 1930 –Ararat rebellion of Kurds, asRepublic of Ararat is declared, but dissolved upon defeat 1932 – Kingdom ofSaudi Arabia declared in unification ofNajd andHejaz 1933 to 1936 – Tribal revolts in Iraq ofAssyrians in Simele ,Shia in the south and Kurds in the north 1934 –Saudi–Yemeni War 1935 – Persia becomesIran 1936 to 1939 –Arab revolt in Palestine 1937 –Dersim rebellion , is the largest uprising of the Kurds against Turkey, massive casualties 1939 to 1945 –Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre of World War II 1946 –Emirate of Transjordan becomesKingdom of Jordan (named Transjordan until 1948) 1946 – KurdishRepublic of Mahabad declared along withAzerbaijan People's Government , butdefeated by Iranian military forces and dissolved 1947 – UN General Assemblyproposes to divide Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state 1948 –Israel declares independence andArab–Israeli war erupts 1952 – After arevolution in Egypt the monarchy is overthrown 1953 – Thecoup d'état in Iran 1954 –Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes president of Egypt 1954 –Central Treaty Organization 1956 –Suez Crisis 1961 –First Iraqi–Kurdish War erupts in north Iraq. 1963 –Ba'ath Party comes to power inIraq under the leadership of GeneralAhmad Hasan al-Bakr and ColonelAbdul Salam Arif 1964 –Abdul Rahman Arif stages military coup in Iraq against the Ba'th Party and brings his brother,Abdul Salam Arif , to power 1967 –Six-Day War , Israel occupies the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, West Bank and Gaza Strip 1967 – Kurdsrevolt in Western Iran, the revolt is crushed 1968 – Ba'athists stage second military coup under GeneralAhmed Hassan al-Bakr ,Saddam Hussein is made vice president of Iraq 1970 – Gamal Abdel Nasser dies;Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt 1971 – TheAswan High Dam is completed withSoviet help in finance and construction; independence ofKuwait ,Qatar ,Bahrain and theUAE 1973 –Yom Kippur War 1974 – ThePLO is allowed to represent the people ofPalestine in theUN 1974 to 1975 –Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 1975 to 1990 –Lebanese Civil War 1976 –Syria invades Lebanon 1978 –Camp David Accords 1979 – Saddam Hussein becomes president of Iraq;Iranian Revolution ;Egypt–Israel peace treaty 1981 to 1989 –Iran–Iraq War results in 1–1.25 million casualties, Iraq uses chemical weapons against Iran and rebel Kurds; large scale economic devastation and surge in oil prices affect the global world economy 1981 –Assassination of Anwar Sadat 1982 – Israel invades Lebanon 1987 to 1990 –First Intifada 1990 –Iraq invades Kuwait 1991 – TheGulf War 1993 –Oslo Accords 1994 –1994 civil war in Yemen 1995 –Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin ^ Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; Carretero, Lara Gonzalez; Ramsey, Monica N.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Richter, Tobias (31 July 2018). Piperno, Dolores R. (ed.)."Archaeobotanical Evidence Reveals the Origins of Bread 14,400 years ago in Northeastern Jordan" .Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .115 (31):7925– 7930.Bibcode :2018PNAS..115.7925A .doi :10.1073/pnas.1801071115 PMC 6077754 PMID 30012614 . ^ "Which Society Cultivated Wheat First?" .About.com Education .^ McTavish, E.J., Decker, J.E., Schnabel, R.D., Taylor, J.F. and Hillis, D.M.year=2013 (2013)."New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events" .Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A .110 (15): E1398–406.Bibcode :2013PNAS..110E1398M .doi :10.1073/pnas.1303367110 PMC 3625352 PMID 23530234 . {{cite journal }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link )^ Carter, Robert (2012). "19". In Potts, D.T. (ed.).A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East. Ch 19 Watercraft 347– 354.ISBN 978-1-4051-8988-0 . Retrieved8 February 2014 .^ King, Leonid W. (2015) "A History of Sumer and Akkad" (ISBN 1522847308 ^ Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981).The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review . International Livestock Centre for Africa Monograph. Vol. 5. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp. 1, 3,20– 21, 65,67– 68. ^ Scarre, Chris (15 September 1993).Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World . London: D. Kindersley. p. 176.ISBN 978-1-56458-305-5 Both the dromedary (the seven-humped camel of Arabia) and the Bactrian camel (the two-humped camel of Central Asia) had been domesticated since before 2000 BC. ^ Bulliet, Richard (20 May 1990) [1975].The Camel and the Wheel . Morningside Book Series. Columbia University Press. p. 183.ISBN 978-0-231-07235-9 As has already been mentioned, this type of utilization [camels pulling wagons] goes back to the earliest known period of two-humped camel domestication in the third millennium B.C. ^ near the modern village ofAl-Houz in Syria'sAl-Qusayr District . see Kitchen, K. A., "Ramesside Inscriptions", volume 2, Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1996, pp. 16–17. ^ Eggenberger, David (1985).An Encyclopedia of Battles 214 .ISBN 9780486249131 ^ Chen, Fei (2020).Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur . Cuneiform Monographs. Vol. 51. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 199– 203.ISBN 978-90-04-43091-4 ISSN 0929-0052 .LCCN 2020014360 . ^ Möller, Astrid (May 2005)."Epoch-making Eratosthenes" . p. 249.
