This article presents the timeline of selected events concerning thehistory of the Jews in Lithuania and Belarus from the fourteenth century when the region was ruled by theGrand Duchy of Lithuania.
While the first mentions of Jews in writing dates back to 1388, it is accepted that Jewish settlement in the region dates back to a century, or possibly centuries, earlier (some claim there were already Jews living in modern-day Belarus by the eighth century). It has been theorized that Jews immigrated to the grand duchy in different waves, the first from the east (Babylonia, the Byzantine Empire, the Caucasus, and Judea and Samaria) and later from Germany in the west. Others say the region's first Jews were from theKingdom of Poland, as we know of Polish Jews living in the grand duchy (in what is present-day Belarus) as early as the twelfth century. There are several possible motives that the Jews had to emigrate. In 1323, Grand DukeGediminas of Lithuania wrote aletter sent to many cities throughout theHoly Roman Empire saying that despite his country's paganism, Lithuania was tolerant to Christianity, and that he in fact wanted to convert. He then went on to invite "knights, squires, merchants, doctors, smiths, wheelwrights, cobblers, skinners, millers," and others to come live in Lithuania where they could practice their crafts without compromising their religion. This letter likely led to a wave German Jewish immigration to Lithuania. However, it has been theorized that German Jews had already settled in Lithuania centuries earlier, escaping theCrusades in the eleventh-century which massacred communities of Jews.[1]
Russian Jewish historianAbraham Harkavy speculated that the Lithuania's first Jews had emigrated in the tenth century fromKhazaria.[2] This idea is based on the story of theKhazar Correspondence which states that the king of Khazaria and thousands of his subject converted to Judaism, transforming the nation into a Jewish kingdom which lasted for centuries, only to be destroyed in the tenth century at the hands of theByzantine andKievan Rus' forces in the tenth century.[3] This theory is also in line with themyth thatAshkenazi Jews descend from Khazars.
1384 – Vytautas and Jogaila reconcile, Jogaila remaining grand duke.
1385 –Union of Krewo united Poland and Lithuania under one monarch,Jogaila, who then became "Jagiello." It also declared theChristianization of Lithuania, i.e. the conversion of Jogaila, Vytautas and the nobility.
1323 – Grand Duke of LithuaniaGediminas writes aletter in which he invites German craftsmen to live in Lithuania without compromising their religion.[1]
1388–1389 – TheCharter of 1388 is enacted by Vytautus, at this point a duke. The charter, the earliest mention of Jews in Lithuania, granted privileges to Jews residing inTrakai, and laterBrest,Grodno,Lutsk, andVladimir.Vilnius however remains off-limits to Jewish settlers.[4]
1453 –Casimir IV of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ratifies theGeneral Charter of Jewish Liberties, the charter written in 1264 granting the Jews of Poland liberties.
Old Jewish Cemetery of Vilnius
1487 – AnOld Jewish Cemetery of Vilnius is said to open this year, likely for the few Jewish merchants and/or tax collectors who had permission to reside there.[5]
1503 – Expulsion edict is lifted. Returning Jews can reclaim their property as well as collect debts owed to them from before the expulsion.[4]
1520 – The establishment of theCouncil of the Four Lands (Vaad Arba' Aratzot), the a Jewish council governing and representing the Jews of Poland and Lithuania.[6]
1527 – Nobles convince Grand DukeSigismund II Augustus to ban Jews from living in Vilnius.
1551 – Sigismund II Augustus permits the Jews who work for him as well as two Jewish merchants to reside in Vilnius, despite the law he enacted in 1527.
1556 – Antisemitic nobles work to pass a law forbidding Jews from wearing expensive clothing while forcing the men to wear yellow hats and the women to wear yellow kerchiefs to "distinguish Jews from Christians."
1648 – During theKhmelnytsky Uprising, Cossacks slaughter thousands of Jews throughout the commonwealth in massacres known asTach VeTat.[4]
1652 – The village ofVilijampolė (Slabodka) if founded on the outskirts ofKaunas. Jews, who are forbidden to settle in Kaunas proper, establish a community in Vilijampolė.
c. 1740 – RabbiIsrael Baal Shem Tov founds theHasidic sect of Judaism. Established Lithuanian Jewry, led by RabbiEliyahu of Vilna (theVilna Gaon), fiercely opposes the new movement. The opposers become known asMisnagdim.[4]
1772–1793 – ThePartitions of Poland end the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. Most of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuania, Belarus, and part of Ukraine) are incorporated intoRussia.
1791–1835 – ThePale of Settlement is created, and over the ensuing years expanded to include much of the former Grand Duchy. It is an area within the Russian Empire where most Jews are forced to live.[11]
1798 – Misnagdim press charges against the Hasidim, claiming they were involved in counter-government activity. RabbiShneur Zalman of Liadi and twenty-two Karliner Hasidim are arrested and imprisoned for a short time.
1841 – The non-religious Jewish Enlightenment movement, called theHaskalah, spreads in Lithuania with the opening of a secular Jewish school byMordecai Aaron Günzburg and Shlomo Salkind.
1896 – Another student of Rabbi Salanter, RabbiYosef Yozel Horowitz (theAlter of Navordok) establishes his own musar yeshiva, theNovardok Yeshiva, inNavahrudak. It was the first of a network ofmusar yeshivas known as "Beis Yosef."
1897 – Controversy breaks out in the Slabodka Yeshiva over the emphasis onmussar. Many students leave and formYeshivas Knesses Beis Yitzchak (later be known as the "Kaminetz Yeshiva").[15]
1900 – The total number of Jews throughout the Russian Empire, including Lithuania and Belarus, is 3,907,102, or 3% of the Russian population.
1903 – TheChoral Synagogue is opened in Vilnius. The synagogue was largely influenced and led by the Haskalah.
1914 –World War I breaks out. Russia declares war on Germany and they clash in Poland.
1915 – Russia surrenders in Poland and German forces advance into Lithuania and Belarus, capturing Vilnius, Grodno, Lida, Brest, and other cities. Many Jews flee east into present-day Ukraine.
1918–1923 – TheBolsheviksrebel against the empire, eventually overthrowing it and establishing theRussian SFSR and killing the czar.
1918
After Germany's defeat in World War I, Poland, now calledSecond Polish Republic, declares independence. Their territory includes much of Belarus.
Lithuania as well declares independence.
1919
Belarus, now theSSRB, declares independence as a Soviet nation.
1933 – RabbiYisrael Meir Kagan (theChafetz Chaim), widely recognized asgadol hador (greatest rabbi of the generation) dies at the age of 94/95.
1939
Nazi Germanyinvades Poland startingWorld War II. The entire country is surrendered within weeks. Thousands of refugees including entire yeshivas escape to Vilnius. The Lithuanian prime minister orders the yeshivas to disperse to other towns throughout Lithuania.
TheMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact is signed between Germany and the Soviet Union. Germany agrees to give the Soviet Union eastern Poland (including much of present-day Belarus) on the condition of peace.
The Lithuanian city ofKlaipėda (Memel) is absorbed in Nazi Germany and its Jewish residents, numbering approximately 7,000, are expelled, with most moving to Lithuania proper.[16]
The Nazis come up with theFinal Solution, the decision to exterminate all Jews under their control. They were to carry this out by transporting Jews ontrains (often usingcattle cars) to camps dedicated to killing Jews: eitherextermination camps where Jews are gassed to death immediately; orconcentration camps, where the Nazis implemented the idea of "extermination through labor," forcing the Jews to work to death. The largest of these camps wasAuschwitz in Poland, the site of at least 1.1 million death.
The ghettos of Belarus are liquidated. Many of the Jews are murdered inBronna Góra.
1943 –Heinrich Himmler orders the liquidation of ghettos. The Kovno Ghetto is transformed into theKauen concentration camp with some of its residents being deported to other concentration or death camps. The Vilna Ghetto is liquidated with the remaining Jews sent to concentration or death camps, or to be killed in thePonary Forest.
1944 – The Soviet Union'sRed Armyoccupies the Baltics and liberates all the surviving Jews in Lithuania. Soon after, the Red Army captures Belarus, which declares independence.
1945 – The Soviet Union regains complete control of Belarus.
1945–1991 – The implementation of Soviet laws restricts religious practice. Jewish religious observance is quashed under theanti-religious legislation throughout the Soviet Union (including both Lithuania and Belarus).[19]
1968 – Thousands of Jews are arrested on accusations ofZionist activity.
1970–1988 – A large wave of Jews immigrate from Soviet Belarus to Israel during the1970s Soviet aliyah. Many immigrate to the United States.
1990 – Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union.
1991 – Belarus declares independence from the Soviet Union. Many more Jews immigrate to the United States and Israel (see1990s post-Soviet aliyah).
2003–2005 – 4,854 people makealiyah (immigrate to Israel).[20]
^ab"Part 2: Lithuanian Jewry from the Middle Ages until the end of the First World War".jewishgen.org.JewishGen. Retrieved19 July 2021.The first Jewish settlers, merchants from South-Eastern Europe, arrived, it is surmised, as early as the 12th century. After them, refugees came from Western Europe, escaping the slaughters and the oppression initiated by the Crusaders as they marched through Europe and from the Black Death plague. And of course, Jews were to be found amongst the merchants and artisans who were invited to Lithuania by the Grand Duke Gediminas in the first half of the 14th century. In his conquest of Wolyn and Galicia, the Duke found there a Jewish population. Some of them moved north and settled in areas close to Lithuania such as Brisk (Brisk in Lithuania) and Grodno (Horodna) in the Samogitia region.
^Greenbaum, Masha (1995).The Jews of Lithuania: A History of a Remarkable Community 1316–1945 (8th ed.). Israel: Gefen Books. pp. 2–5.ISBN965-229-132-3.
^Cohen, Dov (2017). "In the Shadow of Gedolim".To Rise Above – A Journey to Greatness Against All Odds. Jerusalem, Israel: Feldheim Publishers. p. 165.ISBN978-1-68025-270-5.
^"Klaipėda".yivoencyclopedia.org/.YIVO. Retrieved19 July 2021.
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