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This is a list of notable events in the development ofJewish history. All dates are given according to theCommon Era, not theHebrew calendar.

Year	History	Image
2000-1800	The start of the Age of Patriarchs withAbraham, and the origin for theAbrahamic Religions, mentioned in theHebrew Bible,Christian Bible and theQuran respectively
1900	The Second patriarchIsaac, the long-awaited son of Abraham and Sarah, was nearly sacrificed by his father in a test of faith
1800-1700	The Third PatriarchJacob, after deceiving his brother Esau for the birthright, fled, married Leah and Rachel, fathered thetwelve tribes of Israel, and was renamed Israel by G-d
1700-1600	In theBook of Genesis.Joseph, the eleventh son ofJacob, was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers, rose to power in Egypt through his wisdom and G-d's favor, and ultimately forgave and saved his family during a severe famine.
Between 15th Century and 13th Century BCE	The enslavement of the Jews in Egypt when anew Pharaoh feared their growing population, leading to their oppression and forced labor
1446-1312-1290?	Moses led theIsraelites out of slavery in Egypt, leading them on a journey that followed 40 years of wandering in the desert. they crossed through theRed Sea, Received the Torah, including the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai and ultimately made their way toward thePromised Land during theExodus.
1380-1045?	Biblical judges lead the jewish people.Othniel,Ehud,Shamgar,Deborah,Gideon,Tola,Jair,Jephthah,Ibzan,Elon,Abdon, andSamson.
1021-1000	The reign ofKing Saul, the first monarch of the ancient Kingdom of Israel.
1000-970	Reign ofKing David over ancient Kingdom of Israel, he establishedJerusalem as the political and spiritual capital
970-931	Reign ofKing Solomon over the ancient Kingdom of Israel. After his death, the kingdom was divided into theNorthern Kingdom of Israel and theSouthern Kingdom of Judah
960	Solomon's Temple inJerusalem completed
931	Split betweenNorthern Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) and theSouthern Kingdom of Judah
931-913	Reign ofKing Rehoboam of Judah, the first monarch of theKingdom of Judah
931-910	Reign ofKing Jeroboam of Israel, the first monarch of theKingdom of Israel after the split
840	The Mesha Inscription, also known as the Moabite Stone, tells the victory ofKing Mesha of Moab over the son ofKing Omri of Israel
740-700	The Prophecy ofIsaiah, which was recorded in theBook of Isaiah in theHebrew Bible and theOld Testament Bible.
740-698	The Prophecy ofMicah, which was recorded in theBook of Micah in theHebrew Bible and theOld Testament Bible.
740-722	The Kingdom of Israel falls to theNeo-Assyrian Empire, The fall of Israel resulted in the deportation of many Israelites, often referred to as the "Lost Ten Tribes", This marked the end of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, leaving only the Southern Kingdom of Judah.
715-687	King Hezekiah of Judah, Thirtheenth King of Judah
649-609	King Josiah of Judah instituted major reforms, destroyedpagan altars and shrines, and renewed the covenant between G-d and the people of Judah reinforcingmonotheism and the exclusive worship ofYahweh.
629-587	Prophecy of Jeremiah, He prophesied during a tumultuous time that preceded thefall of Jerusalem and theBabylonian exile.
600	TheKetef Hinnom scrolls or Amulets, are recognized as the oldest known surviving texts from the Hebrew Bible.
597	The first deportation of theJudean Israelites to Babylon, whenKing Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem and exiledKing Jehoiachin, along with a significant portion of the population.
597–586	TheNeo-Babylonian Empire under the rule ofNebuchadnezzar II occupied theKingdom of Judah
586	Jerusalem falls to KingNebuchadnezzar II leading to the destruction ofSolomon's Temple.

Year	History	Image
539	Jews were allowed toReturn to Zion, withCyrus II of theAchaemenid Empire's permission.
520	The Prophecy ofZechariah
520	Zerubbabel guides the initial group of Jews returning from captivity to Jerusalem
516	TheSecond Temple in Jerusalem is consecrated, symbolizing the restoration of Jewish worship after theBabylonian exile.
475	As recounted in the Book of Esther. Often associated withXerxes I of Persia,Queen Esther disclosed her identity to the king and began to advocate for her people, identifying Haman as the conspirator scheming to annihilate them.
460	Ezra's Mission, recounted in the Book of Ezra. With anarchy brewing in Judea, Xerxes' successor PersianKing Artaxerxes sentEzra to restore order.
332	Alexander the Great the King ofMacedonia, one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Macedonia to Egypt and Greece to northwestern India conquersPhoenicia and theLevant
332?	Alexander visited Judea to meet High Priest Jaddus, who showed him the prophecy of Alexander's life and conquests from theBook of Daniel. This account is regarded as apocryphal and likely created in the early Hasmonean period[1]
150-100	At some point during this period, theTanakh (Hebrew Bible) was finalized and canonized. Jewish religious texts written after Ezra's time were not included in the canon, though they gained popularity among various Jewish groups. Later works incorporated into the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) came to be known as the deuterocanonical books.
140-63	TheHasmonean dynasty rulesJudea. The Hasmonean kingdom expands outward to Idumea, Samaria, Perea, Galilee, and Gilead due to weakness and dissolution within theSeleucid Empire.
63	Pompey laid siege to and entered the Temple, and Judea became a client kingdom of theRoman Republic.
40	Herod the Great was appointed King of the Jews by theRoman Senate, replacing theHasmonean dynasty with theHerodian dynasty.
6-4	Jesus of Nazareth was born inBethlehem,Herodian Kingdom.

Year	History	Image
6	Province ofRoman Judea created by mergingJudea proper,Samaria andIdumea.
6	Hillel the Elder, considered the greatest Torah sage, dies, leading to the dominance of Shammai till 30 CE, see alsoHillel and Shammai.
26-36	Sanhedrin trial of Jesus took place beforePontius Pilate, the Governor of the Roman province of Judaea'sRoman trial of Jesus. Following this Roman trial,Jesus was crucified, marking a pivotal moment in history. This event laid the foundation forChristianity, as theApostles began to spread the Gospel message to various communities including the Jewish ones.
30	Helena of Adiabene, avassal of theParthian empire inMesopotamia, converts to Judaism. Significant numbers ofAdiabene population follow her, later also providing limited support for Jews duringJewish-Roman wars. In the following centuries the community mostly converts toChristianity.
30-70	Schism within Judaism during the Second Temple period. A sect withinHellenised Jewish society startsJewish Christianity, see alsoRejection of Jesus.
66-135	Start of theJewish–Roman wars which resulted in a Roman victory, and the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple, During the siege, approximately 1,100,000 people were killed, and 97,000 were captured and enslaved.[2] This conflict also contributed to the separation of Christianity from Judaism, following this defeat,Roman Judea remained under Roman control, renamed and merged into the province ofSyria Palaestina. TheSanhedrin was relocated toYavne byYochanan ben Zakai, see alsoCouncil of Jamnia.Fiscus Judaicus levied on allJews of the Roman Empire whether they aided the revolt or not. (War ended 135 CE)
70-200	Period of theTannaim, rabbis whoorganized andelucidated theOral Torah. The decisions of theTannaim are contained in theMishnah,Beraita,Tosefta, and variousMidrash compilations.[3]
73	Final events of theFirst Jewish–Roman War – the fall ofMasada.Christianity starts off as a Jewish sect and then develops its own texts and ideology and branches off fromJudaism to become a distinctreligion.

115–117

Kitos War (Revolt against Trajan) – a second Jewish-Roman War initiated in large Jewish communities of Cyprus, Cyrene (modern Libya), Aegipta (modern Egypt) and Mesopotamia (modern Syria and Iraq). It led to mutual killing of hundreds of thousands Jews, Greeks and Romans, ending with a total defeat of Jewish rebels and complete extermination of Jews in Cyprus and Cyrene by the newly installedEmperor Hadrian.

131–136

TheRoman emperorHadrian, among other provocations, renames Jerusalem "Aelia Capitolina" and prohibits circumcision.Simon bar Kokhba (Bar Kosiba) leads a largeJewish revolt againstRome in response to Hadrian's actions. In the aftermath, most Jewish population is annihilated (about 580,000 killed) and Hadrian renames the province of Judea toSyria Palaestina, and attempts to root out Judaism.

136

Rabbi Akiva is martyred.

138

With Emperor Hadrian's death, the persecution of Jews within the Roman Empire is eased and Jews are allowed to visit Jerusalem onTisha B'av. In the following centuries the Jewish center moves to Galilee.

200

TheMishnah, the standardization of the Jewish oral law as it stands today, is redacted byJudah haNasi in the land of Israel.

259

Nehardea in Babylonia destroyed by thePalmyrenes, which destruction caused the widespread dispersion of Jews in the region.^[4]

220–500

Period of theAmoraim, therabbis of theTalmud.

315–337

Roman EmperorConstantine I enacts new restrictive legislation. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed, congregations for religious services are curtailed, but Jews are also allowed to enter Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.

351–352

Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus is put down.Sepphoris is razed to the ground.

358

Because of the increasing danger of Roman persecution,Hillel II creates amathematical calendar for calculating the Jewish month. After adopting the calendar, theSanhedrin in Tiberias is dissolved.

361–363

The lastpagan Roman Emperor,Julian, allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Second Temple. Shortly after, the Emperor is assassinated, and the plan is dissolved.

363

Galilee earthquake of 363

379

InIndia, theHindu king Sira Primal, also known as Iru Brahman, issued what was engraved on a tablet of brass, his permission to Jews to live freely, buildsynagogue, own propertywithout conditions attached andas long as the world and moon exist.^[5][6]

438

The EmpressEudocia removes the ban on Jews' praying at theTemple site and the heads of the Community in Galilee issue a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews": "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come"!

450

Redaction of theJerusalem Talmud

500–523

Yosef Dhu Nuwas, King ofHimyarite Kingdom (Modern Yemen) converting to Judaism, upgrading existing Yemenese Jewish center. His kingdom falls in a war against Axum and the Christians.

550

The main redaction ofBabylonian Talmud is completed under RabbisRavina andAshi. To a lesser degree, the text continues to be modified for the next 200 years.

550–700

Period of theSavoraim, the sages inPersia who put the Talmud in its final form.

555–572

TheFourth Samaritan Revolt against Byzantium results in great reduction of theSamaritan community, their Israelite faith is outlawed. Neighbouring Jews, who mostly reside in Galilee, are also affected by the oppressive rule of theByzantines.

610–628

Jews of Galilee led byBenjamin of Tiberias gainautonomy in Jerusalem afterrevolting against Heraclius as a joint military campaign with allySassanid Empire underKhosrau II and Jewish militias from Persia, but are subsequently massacred.

612

Sisebut,king of the Visigoths, forces his Jewish subjects to convert toChristianity.^[7]

7th century

The rise and domination ofIslam among largely pagan Arabs in theArabian Peninsula results in the almost complete removal and conversion of theancient Jewish communities there, andsack of Levant from the hands of Byzantines.

700–1250

Period of theGaonim (the Gaonic era). Most Jews lived in theMuslim Arab realm (Andalusia, North Africa, Palestine, Iraq and Yemen), others living in Christian southern Europe and Asia Minor. Despite general discrimination and sporadic periods of persecution in this period, Jewish communal and cultural life flowered. The universally recognized centers of Jewish life were inJerusalem andTiberias (Syria),Sura andPumbeditha (Iraq). The heads of these law schools were theGaonim, who were consulted on matters of law by Jews throughout the world. During this time, theNiqqud is invented in Tiberias.

711

Ummayad armiesinvade and occupy most of Spain (at this time Jews made up about 8% ofSpain's population). UnderVisigothic rule, Jews had been subject to frequent and intense persecution, which was formalized under Muslim rule due to thedhimmi rules in Islam. Jews and Christians had to pay thejizya. Some sources mark this as the beginning of theGolden age of Jewish culture in Spain, although most mention 912.

740

TheKhazar (aTurkic semi-nomadic people fromCentral Asia) King and members of the upper class adoptJudaism. The Khazarate lasts until 10th century, being overrun by the Rus, and finally conquered by Rus and Byzantine forces in 1016.

760

TheKaraites reject the authority of the oral law, and split off from rabbinic Judaism.

807

AbbasidCaliphHarun al-Rashid orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear ayellow belt, with Christians to wear a blue one.

846

In Sura, Iraq, RavAmram Gaon compiles his siddur (Jewish prayer book.)

850

al-Mutawakkil made a decree orderingdhimmi Jews and Christians to wear garments distinguishing them from Muslims,^[8] their places of worship to be destroyed, and allowing them little involvement in government or official matters.

871

An incomplete marriage contract dated to October 6 of this year is the earliest dated document found in the papers of theCairo Geniza.

888

TheAghlabids requiredhimmis in the Maghreb and Sicily to wear a patch (ruq'a) of white fabric on the shoulder of their outer garment, with the patch for Jews being in the image of an ape.^[8][9]

912–1013

TheGolden age of Jewish culture in Spain.Abd-ar-Rahman III becomes Caliph ofSpain in 912, ushering in the height of tolerance. Muslims granted Jews and Christians exemptions from military service, the right to their own courts of law, and a guarantee of safety of their property. Jewish poets, scholars, scientists, statesmen and philosophers flourished in and were an integral part of the extensive Arab civilization. This period ended with theCordoba massacre in 1013.

940

InIraq,Saadia Gaon compiles hissiddur (Jewish prayer book).

945

In theSerenissima Repubblica di Venezia, the Senate forbids sea captains from accepting Jewish passengers.

1008–1013

CaliphAl-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ("the Mad") issues severe restrictions against Jews in theFatimid Caliphate. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden"golden calf" around their necks. Christians have to wear a large wooden cross and members of both groups had to wear black hats.^[8]

1013

During the fall of the city, Sulayman's troopslooted Córdoba and massacred citizens of the city, including many Jews. Prominent Jews in Córdoba, such asSamuel ibn Naghrela were forced to flee to the city in 1013.

1013–1073

Rabbi Yitchaki Alfassi (fromMorocco, later Spain) writes theRif, an important work ofJewish law.

1016

The Jewish community ofKairouan, Tunisia is forced to choose between conversion and expulsion.^[10]

1033

Following their conquest of the city from the Maghrawa tribe, the forces of Tamim, chief of the Zenata Berber Banu Ifran tribe, perpetrated amassacre of Jews in Fez.

1040–1105

Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki (Rashi) writes important commentaries on almost the entire Tanakh and Talmud.

1066 December 30

Granada massacre: Muslim mob stormed the royal palace inGranada,crucified JewishvizierJoseph ibn Naghrela and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day."^[11]

1090

Granada was captured byYusuf ibn Tashfin, King of theAlmoravides. The Jewish community, believed to have sided with the Christians, was destroyed. Many fled, penniless, to ChristianToledo.^[12]

1095–1291

ChristianCrusades begin, sparking warfare with Islam inPalestine. Crusaders temporarily capture Jerusalem in 1099. Tens of thousands of Jews are killed by European crusaders throughout Europe and in the Middle East.

1100–1275

Time of thetosafot, Talmudic commentators who carried onRashi's work. They include some of his descendants.

1107

MoroccanAlmoravid rulerYusuf ibn Tashfin expels Moroccan Jews who do not convert to Islam.

1135–1204

Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, akaMaimonides or theRambam is the leading rabbi ofSephardic Jewry. Among his many accomplishments, he writes one of the most influential codes of law (TheMishneh Torah) in Jewish History as well as, inArabic, many philosophical works including the (Guide for the Perplexed).

1141

Yehuda Halevi issues a call to the Jews to emigrate to Palestine. He is buried in Jerusalem.

1150–1230

TheAlmohads conquer southern Spain and the Magrheb. As they do not recognise the typical dhimmi status of Jews and Christians, they often force them to choose between conversion and death. They also reintroduce theshikla and force the converted Jews to also wear differentiating clothing as they do not trust their sincerity.Maimonides leaves Cordoba around 1160.^[13][14]

1176

Maimonides completed his Introduction to theMishneh Torah.

1187

Upon the capture of Jerusalem, Saladin summons the Jews and permits them to resettle in the city.^[15] In particular, the residents of Ashkelon, a large Jewish settlement, respond to his request.^[16]

1189

Jacob of Orléans slain in antisemitic riots that swept through London during the coronation ofKing Richard I. The king later punished the perpetrators of the crime.

1190

150 Jews of York, England, killed in apogrom, known as theYork Massacre.

1240

Jews living in England, underKing Henry III, were blamed for counterfeiting the money and when the local citizens began to exact revenge on them, the king expelled his Jewish subjects in order to save them from harm.^[17]

1249–1250

TheHafsid caliph in the Magrheb and theAyyubid sultan of Egypt issue decrees that Jews and Christians to wear a dinstinguishing badge. The so-calledshikla continues to be in use forTunisian Jews into the nineteenth century.^[18]

1250–1300

The life ofMoses de Leon, of Spain. He publishes to the public theZohar the 2nd century CE esoteric interpretations of the Torah byRabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his disciples. Thus begins the evolution of modernKabbalah (esoteric Jewish mysticism).

1250–1550

Period of theRishonim, the medieval rabbinic sages. Most Jews at this time lived in lands bordering theMediterranean Sea or inWestern Europe under feudal systems. With the decline of Muslim and Jewish centers of power inIraq, there was no single place in the world which was a recognized authority for deciding matters of Jewish law and practice. Consequently, the rabbis recognized the need for writing commentaries on theTorah and Talmud and for writing law codes that would allow Jews anywhere in the world to be able to continue living in the Jewish tradition.

1267

Nachmanides (Ramban) settles in Jerusalem and builds theRamban Synagogue.

1270–1343

RabbiJacob ben Asher of Spain writes theArba'ah Turim (Four Rows of Jewish Law).

1276

Massacre inFez to kill all Jews stopped by intervention of the Emir.^[19]

1290

Jews are expelled fromEngland byEdward I after the banning ofusury in the 1275Statute of Jewry.

1300

Rabbi Levi ben Gershom, akaGersonides. A 14th-century French Jewish philosopher best known for hisSefer Milhamot Adonai ("The Book of the Wars of the Lord") as well as for his philosophical commentaries.

1304–1394

Jews are repeatedly expelled fromFrance and readmitted, for a price.

1343

Jews persecuted in Western Europe are invited toPoland byCasimir the Great.

1346–1353

Jews scapegoated as the cause of the growingBlack Death. See alsoMedieval antisemitism

1348

Pope Clement VI issued two papal bulls in 1348 (6 July and 26 September), the latter namedQuamvis Perfidiam, which condemned the violence and said those who blamed the plague on the Jews had been "seduced by that liar, the Devil."^[20] He urged clergy to take action to protect Jews as he had done.

1349

Several hundred Jews are publicly burned to death in theStrasbourg massacre.

1350s

Genetic testing conducted onAshkenazi Jews has pointed to a bottleneck in the 1300s in the Ashkenazi Jewish population where it dwindled down to as few as 250–420 people.^[21]

1369–70

Civil war in Spain, between brothersPeter of Castile (Pedro) andHenry II of Castile (Enrique), leads to the deaths of 38,000 Jews, embroiled in the conflict.^[22][23]

1428

TheMarinid sultan confines the Jewish population to themellah of Fez due to the increasing hostility of the Muslim population. Themellahs of other towns of Morocco, all of which are established later under the Saadians and the Alawids, are founded with the express intent of ostracism and isolating Jews rather than protection.^[24][13]

1465

During the1465 Moroccan revolution which overthrows theMarinid dynasty, the Jewishmellah is attacked by the population of Fez, though the extent of the massacre is debated.^[25][26]

1478

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain institute theSpanish Inquisition.

1486

First Jewish prayer book published in Italy.

1488–1575

RabbiYosef Karo spends 20 years compiling the Beit Yosef, an enormous guide to Jewish law. He then writes a more concise guide, theShulkhan Arukh, that becomes the standard law guide for the next 400 years. Born in Spain, Yosef Karo lives and dies inSafed.

1488

Obadiah ben Abraham, commentator on theMishnah, arrives in Jerusalem and marks a new epoch for the Jewish community.

1492

TheAlhambra Decree: Approximately 200,000 Jews are expelled from Spain, The expelled Jews relocate to theNetherlands,Turkey,Arab lands, andJudea; some eventually go to South and Central America. However, most emigrate to Poland. In later centuries, more than 50% of Jewish world population lived in Poland. Many Jews remain in Spain after publicly converting to Christianity, becomingCrypto-Jews.

1492

Bayezid II of theOttoman Empire issued a formal invitation to the Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal and sent out ships to safely bring Jews to his empire.

1493

Jews expelled from Sicily. As many as 137,000 exiled.

1496

Jews expelled fromPortugal and from many German cities.

1501

KingAlexander of Poland readmits Jews toGrand Duchy of Lithuania.

1506

Lisbon massacre:Dominican friars promised absolution for sins committed over the previous 100 days to those who killed the Jews of Lisbon, and a crowd of more than 500 people (many of them sailors from thecounties of Holland andZeeland, and theKingdom of Germany) gathered, persecuted, tortured, killed, and burnt at the stake hundreds of Jews. Women and children were beaten to death. Some Portuguese families saved their jewish neighbors by hiding them.

1511

Printing of Jewish books by mechanical press began byDaniel Bomberg.^[27]

1516

Venetian Ghetto established, the first Jewish ghetto in Europe. Many others follow.

1525–1572

RabbiMoshe Isserles (The Rema) ofKraków writes an extensive commentary to theShulkhan Arukh called theMappah, extending its application toAshkenazi Jewry.

1534

KingSigismund I of Poland abolishes the law that required Jews to wearspecial clothes.

1534

FirstYiddish book published, in Poland.

1534–1572

Isaac Luria ("the Arizal") teachesKabbalah in Jerusalem and (mainly) Safed to select disciples. Some of those, such asIbn Tebul,Israel Sarug and mostlyChaim Vital, put his teachings into writing. While the Sarugian versions are published shortly afterwards in Italy and Holland, the Vitalian texts remain in manuscripti for as long as three centuries.

1547

First Hebrew Jewish printing house inLublin.

1550

Jews expelled fromGenoa, Italy.

1550

Moses ben Jacob Cordovero founds a Kabbalah academy in Safed.

1567

Firstyeshiva is founded in Poland.

1577

A Hebrew printing press is established in Safed, the first press in Palestine and the first in Asia.

1580–1764

First session of theCouncil of Four Lands (Va'ad Arba' Aratzot) in Lublin,Poland. 70 delegates from local Jewishkehillot meet to discuss taxation and other issues important to the Jewish community.

1621–1630

Shelah HaKadosh writes his most famous work after emigrating to the Land of Israel.

1623

First time separate (Va'ad) Jewish Sejm forGrand Duchy of Lithuania.

1626–1676

FalseMessiahSabbatai Zevi.

1627

Kingdom of Beta Israel in what is now modern day Ethiopia collapses and loses autonomy.

1633

Jews ofPoznań granted a privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city.

1648

Jewish population of Poland reached 450,000 (4% of the 11,000,000 population of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth being Jewish), 40,000 in Bohemia, and 25,000 in Moravia. Worldwide population of Jewry is estimated at 750,000.

1648–1655

TheUkrainianCossackBohdan Chmielnicki leads a massacre of Polish gentry and Jewry that leaves an estimated 65,000 Jews dead and a similar number of gentry. The total decrease in the number of Jews is estimated at 100,000.^[28]

1655

Jews readmitted to England byOliver Cromwell.

1660

1660 destruction of Safed.^[29]

1679

Jews of Yemen expelled toMawza

1700–1760

Israel ben Eliezer, known as theBaal Shem Tov, foundsHasidic Judaism, a way to approach God through meditation and fervent joy. He and his disciples attract many followers, and establish numerousHasidic sects. The European Jewish opponents of Hasidim (known asMisnagdim) argue that one should follow a more scholarly approach to Judaism. Some of the more well-known Hasidic sects today include Bobover, Breslover, Gerer, Lubavitch (Chabad) and Satmar Hasidim.

1700

RabbiJudah HeHasid makesaliyah toPalestine accompanied by hundreds of his followers. A few days after his arrival, Rabbi Yehuda dies suddenly.

1700

Sir Solomon de Medina is knighted by William III, making him the first Jew in England to receive that honour.

1720

Unpaid Arab creditors burn the synagogue unfinished by immigrants of Rabbi Yehuda and expel all Ashkenazi Jews from Jerusalem.See alsoHurva Synagogue

1720–1797

Rabbi Elijah ofVilna, theVilna Gaon.

1729–1786

Moses Mendelssohn and theHaskalah (Enlightenment) movement. He strove to bring an end to the isolation of the Jews so that they would be able to embrace theculture of the Western world, and in turn be embraced by gentiles as equals. The Haskalah opened the door for the development of all the modern Jewish denominations and the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language, but it also paved the way for many who, wishing to be fully accepted into Christian society, converted to Christianity or chose to assimilate to emulate it.

1740

Parliament of Great Britain passes a general act permitting Jews to be naturalized in the American colonies. Previously, several colonies had also permitted Jews to be naturalized without taking the standard oath "upon the true faith of a Christian."

1740

Ottoman authorities invite Rabbi Haim Abulafia (1660–1744), renowned Kabbalist and Rabbi of Izmir, to come to the Holy Land. Rabbi Abulafia is to rebuild the city of Tiberias, which has lain desolate for some 70 years. The city's revival is seen by many as a sign of the coming of the Messiah.^[30]

1740–1750

Thousands immigrate toPalestine under the influence of Messianic predictions. The large immigration greatly increases the size and strength of the Jewish Settlement in Palestine.^[30]

1747

RabbiAbraham Gershon of Kitov (Kuty) (1701–1761) is the first immigrant of the Hasidic Aliyah. He is a respected Talmudic scholar, mystic, and brother-in-law ofRabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov (founder of the Hasidic movement). Rabbi Abraham first settles inHebron. Later, he relocates to Jerusalem at the behest of its residents.^[31]

1759

Followers ofJacob Frank joined ranks of Polishszlachta (gentry) of Jewish origins.

1772–1795

Partitions of Poland betweenRussia, Kingdom ofPrussia andAustria. Main bulk of World Jewry lives now in those 3 countries. Old privileges of Jewish communities are denounced.

1775–1781

American Revolution; guaranteed thefreedom of religion.^[32]

1775

Mob violence against the Jews of Hebron.^[33]

1789

TheFrench Revolution. In 1791 France grants full right to Jews and allows them to become citizens, under certain conditions.^[34]

1790

In the US, PresidentGeorge Washington sends a letter to the Jewish community inRhode Island. He writes that he envisions a country "which gives bigotry no sanction...persecution no assistance". Despite the fact that the US was a predominantlyProtestant country, theoretically Jews are given full rights. In addition, the mentality of Jewish immigrants shaped by their role as merchants in Eastern Europe meant they were well-prepared to compete in American society.

1791

Russia creates thePale of Settlement that includes land acquired from Poland with a huge Jewish population and in the same yearCrimea. The Jewish population of the Pale was 750,000. 450,000 Jews lived in the Prussian and Austrian parts of Poland.^[35]

1798

RabbiNachman of Breslov travels to Palestine.

1799

While French troops were in Palestine besieging the city ofAcre, Napoleon prepared a Proclamationrequesting Asian and African Jews to help him conquer Jerusalem, but his unsuccessful attempt to capture Acre prevented it from being issued.

1799

Mob violence on Jews inSafed.^[33]

1800–1900

The Golden Age ofYiddish literature, the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language, and the revival ofHebrew literature.^[36]

1808–1840

Large-scale aliyah in hope ofHastening Redemption in anticipation of the arrival of the Messiah in 1840.^[37]

1820–1860

The development ofOrthodox Judaism, a set of traditionalist movements that resisted the influences of modernization that arose in response to the European emancipation and Enlightenment movements; characterized by continued strict adherence toHalakha.

1830

Greece grants citizenship to Jews.

1831

Jewish militias take part in the defense ofWarsaw against Russians.

1834–1835

Muslims,Druze attack Jews inSafed,Hebron & inJerusalem.^{[38][39][40][41][42][43]} (See related:Safed plunder).

1837

Moses Haim Montefiore is knighted byQueen Victoria

1837

Galilee earthquake of 1837 devastates Jewish communities ofSafed andTiberias.

1838–1933

RabbiYisroel Meir ha-Kohen (Chofetz Chaim) opens an important yeshiva. He writes an authoritative Halakhic work,Mishnah Berurah.

Mid-19th century

Beginning of the rise of classicalReform Judaism.

Mid-19th century

RabbiIsrael Salanter develops theMussar Movement. While teaching that Jewish law is binding, he dismisses current philosophical debate and advocates the ethical teachings as the essence of Judaism.

Mid-19th century

Positive-Historical Judaism, later known asConservative Judaism, is developed.

1841

David Levy Yulee of Florida is elected to theUnited States Senate, becoming the first Jew elected to Congress.

1851

Norway allows Jews to enter the country. They are not emancipated until 1891.

1858

Jewsemancipated in England.

1860

Alliance Israelite Universelle, an international Jewish organization is founded inParis with the goal to protect Jewish rights ascitizens.

1860–1875

Moshe Montefiori builds Jewish neighbourhoods outside theOld City of Jerusalem starting withMishkenot Sha'ananim.

1860–1864

Jews are taking part in Polish national movement, that was followed byJanuary rising.^{[citation needed]}

1860–1943

Henrietta Szold: educator, author, social worker and founder ofHadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America.

1861

The Zion Society is formed inFrankfurt am Main, Germany.

1862

Jews are given equal rights in Russian-controlledCongress Poland. The privileges of some towns regarding prohibition of Jewish settlement are revoked. In Leipzig,Moses Hess publishes the bookRome and Jerusalem, the first book to call for the establishment of a Jewish socialist commonwealth in Palestine. The book is also notable for giving the impetus for the Labor Zionist movement.

1867

Jews emancipated in Hungary.

1868

Benjamin Disraeli becomes Prime Minister of theUnited Kingdom. Though converted to Christianity as a child, he is the first person of Jewish descent to become a leader of government in Europe.

1870–1890

Russian Zionist groupHovevei Zion (Lovers of Zion) andBilu (est. 1882) set up a series of Jewish settlements in theLand of Israel, financially aided by BaronEdmond James de Rothschild. InRishon LeZionEliezer ben Yehuda revivesHebrew as spoken modern language.

1870

Jews emancipated in Italy.

1871

Jews emancipated in Germany.

1875

Reform Judaism'sHebrew Union College is founded inCincinnati. Its founder was RabbiIsaac Mayer Wise, the architect ofAmerican Reform Judaism.^[44]

1877

New Hampshire becomes the last state to give Jews equal political rights.

1878

Petah Tikva is founded by religious pioneers from Jerusalem, led byYehoshua Stampfer.

1880

World Jewish population around 7.7 million, 90% in Europe, mostly Eastern Europe; around 3.5 million in the former Polish provinces.

1881–1884, 1903–1906, 1918–1920

Three major waves ofpogroms kill tens of thousands of Jews in Russia and Ukraine. More than two million Russian Jews emigrate in the period 1881–1920.

1881

On December 30–31, theFirst Congress of all Zionist Unions for the colonization of Palestine was held at Focșani, Romania.

1882–1903

The FirstAliyah, a major wave of Jewish immigrants to build a homeland inPalestine.^[45]

1886

RabbiSabato Morais andAlexander Kohut begin to champion theConservative Jewish reaction to American Reform, and establish TheJewish Theological Seminary of America as a school of 'enlightened Orthodoxy'.

1890

The term "Zionism" is coined by anAustrian Jewish publicistNathan Birnbaum in his journalSelf Emancipation and was defined as the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel.

1895

First published book bySigmund Freud.

1897

In response to theDreyfus affair,Theodor Herzl writesDer Judenstaat (The Jewish State), advocating the creation of a free and independent Jewish state in Israel.

1897

The Bund (General Jewish Labour Bund) is formed in Russia.

1897

FirstRussian Empire Census: 5,200,000 of Jews, 4,900,000 in the Pale. The lands of formerPoland^{[clarification needed]} have 1,300,000 Jews or 14% of population.

1897

TheFirst Zionist Congress was held atBasel, which brought theWorld Zionist Organization (WZO) into being.

1902

Rabbi Dr.Solomon Schechter reorganizes theJewish Theological Seminary of America and makes it into the flagship institution ofConservative Judaism.

1903

St. Petersburg'sZnamya newspaper publishes a literaryhoaxThe Protocols of the Elders of Zion.Kishinev Pogrom caused by accusations that Jews practice cannibalism.

1905

1905 Russian Revolution accompanied by pogroms.

1912-1914

S. An-sky'sJewish Ethnographic Expedition to the Pale of Settlement visited around 70 shtetls in Volyn, Podolia, and Galicia to collect folklore and artifacts, record music, and take photos of vanishing Ashkenazi culture

1915

Yeshiva College (later University) and its Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Rabbinical Seminary is established inNew York City for training in a Modern Orthodox milieu.

1916

Louis Brandeis, on the first of June, is confirmed as theUnited States' first JewishSupreme Court justice. Brandeis was nominated by American PresidentWoodrow Wilson.

1917

The British defeat the Turks and gain control of Palestine. The British issue theBalfour Declaration which gives official British support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people ... it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". Many Jews interpret this to mean that all of Palestine was to become aJewish state.^[46]

1917 February

The Pale of Settlement is abolished, and Jews get equal rights. TheRussian Civil War leads to over 2,000 pogroms with tens of thousands murdered and hundreds of thousand made homeless.

1918–1939

The period between the two World Wars is often referred to as the "golden age" ofhazzanut (cantors). Some of the great Jewish cantors of this era includeAbraham Davis,Moshe Koussevitzky,Zavel Kwartin (1874–1953),Jan Peerce,Josef "Yossele" Rosenblatt (1882–1933),Gershon Sirota (1874–1943), andLaibale Waldman.

1919

February 15: Over 1,200 Jews killed inKhmelnitsky pogrom.

March 25: Around 4,000 Jews killed by Cossack troops inTetiev.

June 17: 800 Jews decapitated in assembly-line fashion inDubova [uk].^[47]

1920

At theSan Remo conferenceBritain receives theLeague of Nations'British Mandate of Palestine.

April 4–7: Five Jews killed and 216 wounded in theJerusalem riots

1920s–present

A variety of Jewish authors, includingGertrude Stein,Allen Ginsberg,Saul Bellow,Adrienne Rich andPhilip Roth, sometimes drawing on Jewish culture and history, flourish and become highly influential on theAnglophone literary scene.

1921

British military administration of the Mandate is replaced by civilian rule.

1921

Britain proclaims that all of Palestine east of theJordan River is forever closed to Jewish settlement, but not to Arab settlement.

1921

Polish–Soviet peace treaty inRiga. Citizens of both sides are given rights to choose the country. Hundred thousands of Jews, especially small businesses forbidden in the Soviets, move to Poland.

1922

Reform RabbiStephen S. Wise established theJewish Institute of Religion in New York. (It merged withHebrew Union College in 1950.)

1923

Britain gives theGolan Heights to theFrench Mandate of Syria. Arab immigration is allowed; Jewish immigration is not.

TheFirst World Congress of Jewish Women is held 6–11 May in Vienna.

1924

2,989,000 Jews according to religion poll in Poland (10.5% of total). Jewish youth consisted 23% of students of high schools and 26% of students of universities.

1926

Prior to World War I, there were fewHasidic yeshivas in Europe. OnLag BaOmer 1926, RabbiShlomo Chanoch Hacohen Rabinowicz, the fourthRadomskerRebbe, declared, "The time has come to found yeshivas where the younger generation will be able to learn and toil in Torah", leading to the founding of theKeser Torah network of 36 yeshivas in pre-war Poland.^[48]

1929

A long-running dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem escalates into the1929 Palestine riots. The riots included attacks by Arabs on Jews, resulting in massacres inHebron andSafed, and violence against Jews in Jerusalem.

1930

World Jewry: 15,000,000. Main countries USA (4,000,000), Poland (3,500,000 11% of total), Soviet Union (2,700,000 2% of total), Romania (1,000,000 6% of total). Palestine 175,000 or 17% of total 1,036,000.

1933

Hitler takes overGermany; his anti-Semitic sentiments are well-known, prompting numerous Jews to emigrate.

1935

Regina Jonas became the first woman to be ordained as a rabbi.^[49]

1937

Adin Steinsaltz born, author of the first comprehensive Babylonian Talmud commentary sinceRashi in the 11th century.

1939

The British government issues the 'White Paper'. The paper proposed a limit of 10,000 Jewish immigrants for each year between 1940 and 1944, plus 25,000 refugees for any emergency arising during that period.

1938–1945

The Holocaust (Ha Shoah), resulting in the methodical extermination of nearly 6 million Jews across Europe.

1940s–present

Various Jewish filmmakers, includingBilly Wilder,Woody Allen,Mel Brooks and theCoen Brothers, frequently draw on Jewish philosophy and humor, and become some of the most artistically and popularly successful in the history of the medium.

1941

The Muslim residents of Baghdad carried out a savage pogrom against their Jewish compatriots. In this pogrom, known by its Arabic nameal-Farhud, about 200 Jews were murdered and thousands wounded, on June 1–2. Jewish property was plundered and many homes set ablaze.

1941

The Lubavitcher Rebbe, RabbiMenachem Schneerson, arrives in New York after escaping Nazi Europe. Along with his father-in-law, the previous Rebbe, he builds one of the largest worldwide movements (Chabad-Lubavitch) aimed at inspiring Jews to return to their heritage and Torah observance.

1945–1948

Post-Holocaust refugee crisis.British attempts to detain Jews attempting to enter Palestine illegally.

1946–1948

The violent struggle for the creation of a Jewish state in theBritish mandate of Palestine is intensified by Jewish defense groups:Haganah,Irgun, andLehi (group).

November 29, 1947

TheUnited Nations approves the creation of a Jewish State and an Arab State in the British mandate of Palestine.

May 14, 1948

The State ofIsrael declares itself as an independent Jewish state hours before the British Mandate is due to expire. Within eleven minutes, it is de facto recognized by theUnited States.Andrei Gromyko, theSoviet Union's UN ambassador, calls for theUnited Nations to accept Israel as a member state. The UN approves.

May 15, 1948

1948 Arab–Israeli War:Syria, Iraq,Transjordan,Lebanon andEgypt invade Israel hours after its creation. The attack is repulsed, and Israel conquers more territory. AJewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands results, as up to a million Jews flee or are expelled from Arab and Muslim nations. Most settle in Israel. See also1949 Armistice Agreements.

1948–1949

Almost 250,000 Holocaust survivors make their way to Israel. "Operation Magic Carpet" brings thousands ofYemenite Jews to Israel.

1956

The1956 Suez War Egypt blockades the Gulf of Aqaba, and closes the Suez canal to Israeli shipping. Egypt's PresidentGamal Abdel Nasser calls for the destruction of Israel. Israel, England, and France go to war and force Egypt to end the blockade of Aqaba, and open the canal to all nations.

1964

Jewish-Christian relations are revolutionized by theRoman Catholic Church'sVatican II.

1965

Los Angeles Dodgers pitcherSandy Koufax refuses to pitch Game 1 of the1965 World Series because it fell onYom Kippur.^[50][51]

1966

Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888–1970) becomes the first Hebrew writer to win theNobel Prize in literature.

May 16, 1967

Egyptian President Nasser demands that the UN dismantle theUN Emergency Force I (UNEF I) between Israel and Egypt. The UN complies and the last UN peacekeeper is out of Sinai and Gaza by May 19.

1967 May

Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nassercloses the strategic Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. Egyptian troops replace the United Nations in theSinai Peninsula.

June 5–10, 1967

TheSix-Day War. Israel launches a pre-emptive strike againstEgypt,Jordan, andSyria. Israeli aircraft destroy the bulk of the Arab air forces on the ground in asurprise attack, followed by Israeli ground offensives which see Israel decisively defeat the Arab forces and capture the Sinai Peninsula, theWest Bank, and theGolan Heights.

September 1, 1967

The Arab Leaders meet inKhartoum,Sudan. The Three No's of Khartoum: No recognition of Israel. No negotiations with Israel. No peace with Israel.

1968

Rabbi Mordechai Kaplan formally creates a separateReconstructionist Judaism movement by setting up the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Philadelphia.^[52][53]

1969

First group of African Hebrew Israelites begin to migrate to Israel under the leadership of Ben Ammi Ben Israel.

Mid-1970s to present

Growing revival ofKlezmer music (The folk music of European Jews).,^[54][1]

1972

Sally Priesand became the first female rabbi ordained in the US, and is believed to be only the second woman ever to be formally ordained in the history of Judaism.^[55]

1972

Mark Spitz sets the record for most gold medals won in a singleOlympic Games (seven) in the1972 Summer Olympics. TheMunich massacre occurs when Israeli athletes are taken hostage byBlack September terrorists. The hostages are killed during a failed rescue attempt.

October 6–24, 1973

TheYom Kippur War.Egypt andSyria, backed up by expeditionary forces from other Arab nations, launch a surprise attack against Israel onYom Kippur. After absorbing the initial attacks, Israel recaptures lost ground and then pushes into Egypt and Syria. Subsequently,OPEC reduces oil production, driving up oil prices and triggering a global economic crisis.

1975

PresidentGerald Ford signs legislation including theJackson–Vanik amendment, which ties US trade benefits to the Soviet Union to freedom of emigration for Jews.

1975

United Nations adopts resolution equating Zionism with racism. Rescinded in 1991.

1976

Israel rescues hostages taken toEntebbe, Uganda.

September 18, 1978

AtCamp David, nearWashington D.C., Israel and Egypt sign a comprehensive peace treaty, TheCamp David Accord, which included the withdrawal of Israel from theSinai.

1978

Yiddish writerIsaac Bashevis Singer receives Nobel Prize

1979

Prime MinisterMenachem Begin and PresidentAnwar Sadat are awardedNobel Peace Prize.

1979–1983

Operation Elijah: Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry.

1982 June–December

TheLebanon War. Israel invades SouthernLebanon to drive out the PLO.

1983

AmericanReform Jews formally accept patrilineal descent, creating a new definition of who is a Jew.

1984–1985

Operations Moses, Joshua: Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry by Israel.^[56]

1986

Elie Wiesel wins theNobel Peace Prize

1986

Nathan Sharansky, Soviet Jewish dissident, is freed from prison.

1987

Beginning of theFirst Intifada against Israel.

1989

Fall of theBerlin Wall between East and West Germany, collapse of the communist East German government, and the beginning ofGermany's reunification (which formally began in October 1990).

1990

The Soviet Union opens its borders for the three million Soviet Jews who had been held as virtual prisoners within their own country. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet Jews choose to leave the Soviet Union and move to Israel.

1990–1991

Iraq invadesKuwait, triggering a war between Iraq and Allied United Nations forces. Israel is hit by 39Scud missiles from Iraq.

1991

Operation Solomon: Rescue of the remainder ofEthiopian Jewry in a twenty-four-hour airlift.

October 30, 1991

TheMadrid Peace Conference opens inSpain, sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union.

April 22, 1993

TheUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum dedicated.

September 13, 1993

Israel andPLO sign theOslo Accords.

1994

The Lubavitcher (Chabad) Rebbe,Menachem Mendel Schneerson, dies.

October 26, 1994

Israel and Jordan sign an official peace treaty. Israel cedes a small amount of contested land to Jordan, and the countries open official diplomatic relations, with open borders and free trade.

December 10, 1994

Arafat, Rabin and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres share theNobel Peace Prize.^[57]

November 4, 1995

Israeli Prime MinisterYitzhak Rabin is assassinated.

1996

Peres loses election to Benyamin (Bibi) Netanyahu (Likud party).

1999

Ehud Barak elected Prime Minister of Israel.

May 24, 2000

Israel unilaterally withdraws its remaining forces from its security zone in southern Lebanon to the international border, fully complying with the UN Security Council Res. 425.

2000 July

Camp David Summit.^[58]

2000, Summer

SenatorJoseph Lieberman becomes the first Jewish-American to be nominated for a national office (Vice President of the United States) by a major political party (theDemocratic Party).

September 29, 2000

Theal-Aqsa Intifada begins.

2001

Election ofAriel Sharon as Israel's Prime Minister.

2001

Jewish Museum of Turkey is founded byTurkish Jewry

2004

Avram Hershko andAaron Ciechanover of theTechnion win theNobel Prize in Chemistry. TheJewish Autonomous Oblast builds its first synagogue,Birobidzhan Synagogue, in accordance with halakha.^[59] Uriyahu Butler became the first member of the African Hebrew Israelite community to enlist in theIsrael Defense Forces (IDF)

March 31, 2005

The Government of Israel officially recognizes theBnei Menashe people ofNortheast India as one of theTen Lost Tribes of Israel, opening the door for thousands of people to immigrate to Israel.

2005 August

The Government of Israelwithdraws its military forces and settlers from theGaza Strip.

2005 December

Prime Minister Ariel Sharon falls into a coma; Deputy PremierEhud Olmert takes over as Acting Prime Minister

2006 March

Ehud Olmert leads the Kadima party to victory in Israeli elections, becomes Prime Minister of Israel.

2006 July–August

Amilitary conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel started on July 12, after aHezbollahcross-border raid into Israel. The war ended with the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 after 34 days of fighting. About 2,000 Lebanese and 159 Israelis were killed, and civilian infrastructure on both sides heavily damaged.

2008 December

TheIsrael Defense Forces (IDF) launchesOperation Cast Lead (מבצע עופרת יצוקה) againstHamas in theGaza Strip.

2009 March

Benjamin Netanyahu becomesPrime Minister of Israel (also, continues as the Chairman of theLikud Party).

2014 January

Ariel Sharon dies, after undergoing a sudden decline in health, having suffered renal failure and other complications, after spending 8 years in a deep coma due to his January 2006 stroke, on January 11, 2014.

2016 March

The Jewish Agency declares an end to immigration from Yemen, following the successful conclusion of a covert operation that brought 19 people to Israel over several days. The last 50 Yemenite Jews refuse to leave Yemen.

2017 December

The United States extendsformal recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.

2019 March

The United States became the first country to recognize Israeli sovereignty over theGolan heights territory which it held since 1967.^[60]

2020 August

Israel and the United Arab Emirates signa peace treaty.^[61]

30 April 2021

45 people are killed in the2021 Meron stampede duringLag BaOmer.^[62]

7 October 2023

In the day considered the deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust, as well as deadliest day in Israel's history, 1,390 people are killed in theOctober 7 attacks.^[63]

This is a timeline of events in theState of Israel since 1948.

• 1940s:1948 –1949
• 1950s:1950 –1951 –1952 –1953 –1954 –1955 –1956 –1957 –1958 –1959
• 1960s:1960 –1961 –1962 –1963 –1964 –1965 –1966 –1967 –1968 –1969
• 1970s:1970 –1971 –1972 –1973 –1974 –1975 –1976 –1977 –1978 –1979
• 1980s:1980 –1981 –1982 –1983 –1984 –1985 –1986 –1987 –1988 –1989
• 1990s:1990 –1991 –1992 –1993 –1994 –1995 –1996 –1997 –1998 –1999
• 2000s:2000 –2001 –2002 –2003 –2004 –2005 –2006 –2007 –2008 –2009
• 2010s:2010 –2011 –2012 –2013 –2014 –2015 –2016 –2017 –2018 –2019
• 2020s:2020 –2021 –2022 –2023 –2024 –

• List of artifacts in biblical archaeology
• Timeline of antisemitism
• Timeline of Jerusalem
• Timeline of Israeli history
• Timeline of Zionism
• Traditional Jewish chronology

• Timelines for Jewish History. The Dinur Center & The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Interactive, searchable, filterable Jewish history timeline from the Gannopedia
• – Timeline from Abraham to the end of the Talmud i.e. 500 CE.
• Timeline for the History of Judaism
• The History of the Jewish People The Jewish Agency
• The Avalon Project at Yale Law School The Middle East 1916–2001: A Documentary Record
• Historical Maps and Atlases at Dinur Center
• Crash Course in Jewish History (Aish)
• The Year by Year History of the Jewish People – by Eli Birnbaum
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs. History page
• Jewish History Timeline. The Dept. of Jewish Zionist Education
• The History Channel
• The Time Machine at World Zionist Organization
• Jewish Intellectual Timeline, a parallel history of intellectual contributions and advances by Jewish and non-Jewish thinkers
• Patheos Interactive Tree Lens – Judaism
• The Historyscoper

• Jewish history timelines

• Webarchive template wayback links
• Articles with short description
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• All articles needing additional references
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