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Timeline of Italian history

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History ofItaly

Early

Prehistoric Italy
Nuragic civilization (18th–3rd c. BC)
Etruscan civilization (12th–6th c. BC)
Magna Graecia (8th–3rd c. BC)

Ancient Rome

Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC)
Republic (509 BC–27 BC)
Empire (27 BC–286 AD)
Western Empire (286 AD–476 AD)
- Praetorian prefecture of Italy

Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms

Odoacer's	476–493
Ostrogothic	493–553
Vandal	435–534
Lombard	568–774
Frankish (Carolingian Empire)	774–962
Germanic (Holy Roman Empire)	962–1801

Medieval

Italy in the Middle Ages
Byzantine reconquest of Italy (6th–8th c.)
Islam andNormans in southern Italy
Maritime republics andItalian city-states
Guelphs and Ghibellines

Early modern

Italian Renaissance (14th–16th c.)
Italian Wars (1494–1559)
Catholic revival (1545–1648)
Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
Napoleonic Italy (1801–1814)

- Republic
- Kingdom

Risorgimento (1815–1871)

Young Italy

Modern

Monarchy (1861–1946)
Colonial Empire (1882–1960)
Italy in World War I (1914–1918)
Fascism (1922–1943)
Italy in World War II (1940–1945)
FascistItalian Social Republic,Partisans andItalian Civil War (1943–1945)
Republic (1946–1994)
Years of Lead (1970s–1980s)
- Maxi Trial (1986–1992)
- Mani pulite (1992–2001)

Contemporary

Second Republic (1994–2022)
- Great Recession (2007–2009)
- European migrant crisis (2014–2016)
- COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023)
- Rinnovamento (2021–present)

By topic

Timeline

Italy portal

This is atimeline of Italian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Italy and its predecessor states, includingAncient Rome andPrehistoric Italy. Date of the prehistoric era are approximate. For further background, seehistory of Italy andlist of prime ministers of Italy.

This is adynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byediting the page to add missing items, with references toreliable sources.

Millennia:1stBC · 1st–2nd · 3rd

Centuries:5thBC · 4thBC · 3rdBC · 2ndBC · 1stBC · See also · Bibliography

Centuries:1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th · 21st

Year	Date	Event
850000 BC		Oldest human habitation is discovered in Italy atMonte Poggiolo.
50000 BC		Neanderthal presence in Italy.
33000 BC		Paglicci 33 is discovered in Italy, the earliest evidence ofHaplogroup I-M170.
12000 BC		Villabruna 1 is discovered in Italy, the earliest evidence ofHaplogroup R1b.

Year	Date	Event
3000 BC		Remedello culture. This is the first evidence of copper use in Italy.
3000 BC		TheRinaldone culture appears.

Year	Date	Event
1800 BC		Nuragic civilization in Sardinia.
1700 BC		Terramare culture. Recent archeology, along with ancient Greek accounts, links this culture to theEtruscans.
1500 BC		Apennine culture.
1300 BC		Canegrate culture.
1200 BC		Proto-Villanovan culture appears in Italy. It is likely a southern extension of theUrnfield culture. This is possibly the introduction ofItalic peoples into the peninsula.
1194 BC		According to tradition, the beginning of theTrojan War.
1184 BC		According to tradition, the end of the Trojan War and the beginning of the Trojan heroAeneas's journey when he escaped the Greeks with others in search of a new land.
1181 BC		According to legend, Aeneas lands in Italy, marriesLavinia, the daughter ofLatinus, king of theLatins.
1151 BC		Alba Longa is founded. According to legend, Alba Longa was founded byAscanius, the son of Aeneas.

Year	Date	Event
800 BC		Etruscan civilization. First evidence ofOld Italic script.
753 BC	21 April	Rome was founded. According to Roman legend, Romulus was the founder and first king of Rome, beginning the Roman Kingdom.
720 BC		The first Greek colony ofMagna Graecia in mainland Italy,Kyme, is founded.^[1]
715 BC		Numa Pompilius became the secondKing of Rome.
706BC		Spartan immigrants found the colony ofTaranto inMagna Graecia,Southern Italy.

Year	Date	Event
673 BC		Tullus Hostilius became the thirdKing of Rome.
667 BC		Byzantium was founded byMegarian colonists.
642 BC		Tullus Hostilius died.
642 BC		The Curiate Assembly, one of thelegislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom, electedAncus Marcius King of Rome.
630BC		Thelyric poet Stesichorus is born inCalabria in Southern Italy.
617 BC		Ancus Marcius died.
616 BC		The Curiate Assembly electedLucius Tarquinius Priscus King of Rome.

Year	Date	Event
579 BC		Lucius Tarquinius Priscus was killed in a riot instigated by the sons ofAncus Marcius.
575 BC		TheSenate accepted theregent Servius Tullius asking of Rome.
540BC		TheAncient Greek city ofElea is founded in Southern Italy.
535 BC		Servius Tullius was murdered by his daughterTullia Minor and her husbandLucius Tarquinius Superbus, who declared himself King of Rome on the steps of theCuria Hostilia.
509 BC		Thepatrician Lucretia was raped byLucius Tarquinius Superbus's sonSextus Tarquinius.
		Overthrow of the Roman monarchy: FollowingLucretia's suicide,Lucius Junius Brutus called theCuriate Assembly, one of thelegislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom who agreed to the overthrow and expulsion ofLucius Tarquinius Superbus and to a provisional constitution.
		Battle of Silva Arsia:Tarquinian andVeientine forces loyal toLucius Tarquinius Superbus were defeated in theSilva Arsia by a Roman army.Lucius Junius Brutus was killed.Publius Valerius Publicola, returning to Rome with the spoils of war, was awarded the firstRoman Triumph on 1 March.
		Theconsul Publius Valerius Publicola promulgated a number of liberal reforms, including opening the office of consul to all Roman citizens and placing the treasury under the administration of appointedquaestors.
	13 September	TheTemple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was ceremonially dedicated to theCapitoline Triad.
508 BC		Roman–Etruscan Wars: AClusian army failed to conquerRome.
501 BC		In the face of a potentialSabine invasion, theSenate passed asenatus consultum authorizing theconsuls to appoint adictator, a magistrate who held absolute power during a national emergency. The dictator would in turn appoint theMagister equitum, the commander of thecavalry. The consulsTitus Larcius andPostumus Cominius Auruncus selected the former as dictator.

Year	Date	Event
496 BC		Battle of Lake Regillus:Latin League invasion near modernFrascati which sought to reinstallLucius Tarquinius Superbus.
494 BC		First secessio plebis: Lucius Sicinius Vellutus, theplebs abandonedRome for the nearbyMonte Sacro.
474BC		TheBattle of Cumae occurs, resulting in aSiracusani andCumaea victory against the Etruscans and ending Etruscan expansion in Southern Italy.
471 BC		After a law allowing organization of theplebstribe, thePlebeian Council was reorganized by tribes rather thancuriae.
459 BC		Under popular pressure, theSenate increased thetribunes of theplebs from two to ten.
458 BC		During the first dictatorship ofCincinnatus, theAequians staged an offensive, breaking a truce. Cincinnatus defeated the Aquians at theBattle of Mount Algidus and after a triumph, returned to his farm after sixteen days.^[2]
449 BC		Resolutions of thePlebeian Council were given the full force of law subject toSenate veto.
449 BC		The second of twodecemviri, specially-elected ten man commissions, issued the last of theTwelve Tables, the fundamental laws of the Republic.
447 BC		TheTribal Assembly was established, and granted the right to electquaestors.
445 BC		Marriage betweenpatricians andplebeians was legalized.
443 BC		The offices of theTribuni militum consulari potestate were established. Acollegium of threepatrician orplebeian tribunes, one each from specificRoman tribes (the Titienses, the Ramnenses, and the Luceres), would hold the power of theconsuls from year to year, subject to theSenate.
443 BC		The office of thecensor, apatrician magistrate responsible for conducting thecensus in years without aconsul, was established.
439 BC		Cincinnatus accepted second dictatorship to preventSpurius Maelius from seizing power; the patricians suspected Spurius of plotting to set himself up as a king.Gaius Servilius Ahala was appointedmagister equitum and slew Maelius. Cincinnatus again resigned his dictatorship and returned to his farm after 21 days.^[3]
435 BC		Fidenae, an important trade post on the Tiber, was captured from the Veii.^[4]
408 BC		TheTribuni militum consulari potestate held office.

Year	Date	Event
396 BC		Battle of Veii: Roman forces led by thedictator Marcus Furius Camillus conqueredVeii.
396 BC		Roman soldiers first earned a salary ("salary" from Latin for "salt").
394 BC		Theconsuls held office.
391 BC		TheTribuni militum consulari potestate held office.
390 BC	18 July	Battle of the Allia: TheSenones routed a Roman force at the confluence of the riversAllia andTiber.
390 BC		TheSenones sackedRome.
367 BC		Theconsuls held office.
366 BC		Lucius Sextius was elected the firstplebeian consul.
366 BC		The office ofPraetor, which took thejudiciary responsibilities of theconsul and could be held only by apatrician, was established.
351 BC		The firstplebeian dictator was elected.
351 BC		The firstplebeian censor was elected.
343 BC		Samnite Wars: Rome marched against theSamnites, probably after an appeal from theCampanians.
343 BC		Battle of Mount Gaurus: ASamnite force was routed by a Roman army nearMount Barbaro.
342 BC		TheLeges Genuciae were passed, banning a person from holding two offices at the same time, or during any ten-year period; charging interest on loans was also banned.
341 BC		Samnite Wars: TheSenate agreed a peace, following an appeal by theSamnite to a previous treaty of friendship.
340 BC		Latin War: TheLatin League invadedSamnium.
339 BC		A law was passed which required the election of at least threeplebeian censor every five years.
338 BC		Latin War: Rome defeated theLatin League armies.
337 BC		The firstplebeianPraetor was elected.
328 BC		Samnite Wars: Rome declared war on theSamnites after their failure to prevent their subjects raidingFregellae.
321 BC		Battle of the Caudine Forks: After being trapped in a mountain pass nearCaudium without a water supply, Roman forces were allowed to retreat by aSamnite army.
315 BC		Battle of Lautulae: A decisiveSamnite victory nearTerracina split Roman territory in two.
311 BC		Samnite Wars: TheEtruscans laid siege toSutri.
310 BC		Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC): Rome inflicted a substantial military defeat on theEtruscans atLake Vadimo.
308 BC		Samnite Wars: TheUmbri,Picentes andMarsi joined theSamnites against Rome.
306 BC		TheHernici declared their independence from Rome.
305 BC		Battle of Bovianum: A Roman force destroyed the majority of theSamnite army.
304 BC		Rome conquered theAequi.
		Samnite Wars: The treaty of friendship between the Romans andSamnites was restored.
		The Greek tyrantAgathocles takes the title of king ofSicily.

Year	Date	Event
300 BC		TheLex Ogulnia was passed, allowingplebeians to become priests.
298 BC		Samnite Wars: Rome declared war on theSamnites after an appeal by theLucani.
298 BC		Samnite Wars: Rome captured theSamnite cities ofBojano andCastel di Sangro.
297 BC		Battle of Tifernum: A Roman army defeated a numerically superiorSamnite force atCittà di Castello.
295 BC		Battle of Sentinum: A Roman army decisively defeated a numerically superior force ofSamnites,Etruscans,Umbri andSenones in coalition atSentinum. Theconsul Publius Decius Mus (consul 312 BC) was killed.
294 BC		Samnite Wars: Roman andSamnite forces battled atLucera.
293 BC		Battle of Aquilonia: A Roman army destroyed the majority ofSamnite forces, probably in modernAgnone.
293 BC		A census counted about 270,000 residents of Rome.
291 BC		Samnite Wars: Rome conquered and colonized theSamnite city ofVenosa.
290 BC		Samnite Wars: The last effectiveSamnite resistance was eliminated.
289BC		Agathocles dies, and democracy is restored inSyracuse due to his wish to not have his sons succeed him as king.
287 BC		Conflict of the Orders: Asecessio plebis took place.
287 BC		Conflict of the Orders: TheLex Hortensia was passed, ending the power of theSenate to veto resolutions of thePlebeian Council.
283 BC		Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC): A Roman army defeated a combined force ofEtruscans,Boii andSenones nearLake Vadimo.
281 BC		Taranto appealed toEpirus for aid against Rome.
280 BC		Pyrrhic War: AnEpirote army of some 25,000 landed atTaranto.
280 BC	July	Battle of Heraclea: AGreek coalition force led by theEpirote kingPyrrhus of Epirus defeated a Roman army after their deployment of war elephants atHeraclea Lucania.
279 BC		Battle of Asculum: AGreek force led by theEpirote kingPyrrhus defeated a Roman army at modernAscoli Satriano, despite suffering heavy losses.
275 BC		Battle of Beneventum (275 BC): Roman andEpirote armies met in a bloody battle atBenevento.
272 BC		Pyrrhic War:Pyrrhus withdrew with his army toEpirus.
272 BC		Pyrrhic War:Taranto surrendered to Rome.
267 BC		The number ofquaestors was raised from four to ten.
264 BC		Battle of Messana: A Roman force defeated aCarthaginian andSiracusani garrison atMessina.
242 BC		The office of thepraetor qui inter peregrinos ius dicit, aPraetor with jurisdiction over foreigners, was created.
241 BC		First Punic War:Sicily was organized as theprovince ofSicilia.
238 BC		Mercenary War:Carthage surrendered its claims onSardinia andCorsica to Rome.
229 BC		Illyrian Wars: Rome invaded the territory of theArdiaei.
228 BC		Illyrian Wars: TheArdiaei surrendered some territory, including strategically significant ports, to Rome, ending the war.
225 BC		Battle of Telamon: A Roman army decisively defeated aGallic invasion near modernTalamone. Theconsul Gaius Atilius Regulus was killed.
219 BC		Illyrian Wars: Rome invadedHvar.
218 BC		Second Punic War: ACarthaginian army departedCartagena.
218 BC		Illyrian Wars:Demetrius of Pharos fled toMacedonia.
216 BC	2 August	Battle of Cannae: TheCarthaginian general Hannibal decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman force atCannae.
214 BC		First Macedonian War: AMacedonian fleet capturedOricum.
214 BC		Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC): Rome laid siege toSyracuse.
212 BC		Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC): Roman forces breached the inner citadel ofSyracuse and slaughtered its inhabitants.
205 BC		First Macedonian War: Rome andMacedonia signed theTreaty of Phoenice, according to which Macedonia renounced its alliance withCarthage in exchange for Roman recognition of its gains inIllyria.
205 BC		All the cities ofMagna Graecia lost their independence and were annexed to theRoman Republic.^[5]
204 BC		Second Punic War: Theconsul Scipio Africanus landed an invasion fleet atUtica.
202 BC	19 October	Battle of Zama: A Roman army decisively defeatedCarthage, probably near modernSakiet Sidi Youssef.
202 BC		Scipio defeats Hannibal in Africa at theBattle of Zama ending theSecond Punic War
201 BC		Second Punic War:Carthage accepted Roman conditions for peace, including disarmament, a war indemnity of ten thousand talents, and the cession ofIberia, ending the war.

Year	Date	Event
200 BC		Second Macedonian War: A Roman fleet arrived inIllyria to relieve aMacedonian siege ofAbydos.
197 BC		Theprovinces ofHispania Ulterior andHispania Citerior were organized.
		The number ofquaestors was increased to twelve.
		The number ofPraetors was increased to six.
196 BC		Second Macedonian War:Macedonia surrendered its conquests in Greece and agreed to pay a war indemnity, ending the war.
192 BC		Roman–Seleucid War: TheSeleucid Empire invaded Greece.
188 BC		Roman–Seleucid War: TheSeleucid Empire signed theTreaty of Apamea, under which it surrendered all territory west of theTaurus Mountains to the Romanclients Rhodes andPergamon and agreed to disarm its navy and pay a war indemnity of fifteen thousand talents of silver to Rome.
180 BC		TheLex Villia annalis, which established minimum ages for high office and required a minimum of two years in private life between offices, was passed.
172 BC		Third Macedonian War: Rome declared war onMacedonia.
167 BC		Third Macedonian War: TheMacedonian king Perseus of Macedon was captured. Macedonia was divided into four districts subject to Rome.
155 BC		Lusitanian War: TheLusitanians ofHispania Ulterior rebelled against Rome.
150 BC		Fourth Macedonian War: AnAndriscus rebelled against Rome, claiming to bePerseus's son and the rightfulking ofMacedonia.
149 BC		Third Punic War: Rome declared war onCarthage.
149 BC		TheLex Calpurnia was passed, establishing aPraetor-led court to hear appeals against extortionate taxes levied by governors in theprovinces.
148 BC		Fourth Macedonian War:Andriscus was surrendered to Rome to be executed.
146 BC		Third Punic War: Roman forces breached the city ofCarthage, burned it, and enslaved its surviving inhabitants.
		Battle of Corinth (146 BC): Roman forces decisively defeated the armies of theAchaean League atCorinth.
		Theprovince ofMacedonia was organized.
		Theprovince ofAfrica was organized on capturedCarthaginian territory.
139 BC		Lusitanian War: TheLusitanian leaderViriatus was assassinated by his threeambassadors to RomeAudax, Ditalcus and Minurus.
135BC		TheFirst Servile War, an unsuccessfulslave revolt against theRoman Republic, begins.
133 BC		TheTribune of the Plebs Tiberius Gracchus was beaten to death by a mob ofsenators led by thePontifex MaximusPublius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio (consul 138 BC).
121 BC		Theprovince ofGallia Narbonensis was organized.
121 BC		The firstSenatus consultum ultimum was passed, granting theconsul Lucius Opimius emergency powers to defeat the partisans ofGaius Gracchus.
112 BC		Jugurthine War: Rome declared war onNumidia.
107 BC		Gaius Marius was electedconsul.
106 BC		Marius was reelectedconsul.
106 BC		Jugurthine War: TheNumidian kingJugurtha was imprisoned in theMamertine Prison.
105 BC	6 October	Battle of Arausio: A coalition of theCimbri andTeutons inflicted a serious defeat on the Roman army at modernOrange. Some hundred thousand Roman soldiers were killed.
104 BC		Marius was electedconsul for the first of three years in a row.
104 BC		TheSecond Servile War, another failed slave rebellion against the Romans, begins.
102 BC		Battle of Aquae Sextiae: Rome decisively defeated the forces of theTeutons andAmbrones and killed some ninety thousand soldiers and civilians.
101 BC		Battle of Vercellae: An invasion of Italy by theCimbri was decisively defeated by a numerically inferior Roman force. Some hundred thousand Cimbri soldiers and civilians were killed along with their kingBoiorix.

Year	Date	Event
3345 BC		Otzi is born.
3300 BC		Otzi is killed.

Year	Date	Event
100BC		Julius Caesar is born.
100 BC		Marius was electedconsul.
100 BC	10 December	Assassin hired byLucius Appuleius Saturninus andGaius Servilius Glaucia beat to deathGaius Memmius, a candidate for theconsulship.
91BC		The assassination of atribune namedMarcus Livius Drusus helps spark theMarsic War.
91 BC		Social War (91–88 BC): The Romanclients in Italy theMarsi, thePaeligni, theVestini, theMarrucini, thePicentes, theFretani, theHirpini, theIapyges,Pompeii,Venosa,Lucania andSamnium rebelled against Rome.
88BC		The Marsic War ends in a Roman military victory, though the rest of Italians were granted rights.
88 BC		TheRoman consul Sulla led an army of his partisans across thepomerium intoRome.
88 BC		Social War (91–88 BC): The war started.
87 BC		First Mithridatic War: Roman forces landed atEpirus.
85 BC		First Mithridatic War: A peace was agreed between Rome andPontus under which the latter returned to its prewar borders.
83 BC		Sulla's civil war:Sulla landed with an army atBrindisi.
83 BC		Second Mithridatic War: The Romangeneral Lucius Licinius Murena invadedPontus.
82 BC		Sulla's civil war:Sulla was declareddictator.
81 BC		Second Mithridatic War:Murena withdrew fromPontus.
80 BC		Sertorian War:Quintus Sertorius landed on theIberian Peninsula in support of aLusitanian rebellion.
73BC		TheThird Servile War begins; one of the participants is the famousThracian gladiator known asSpartacus.^[6]
73 BC		Third Mithridatic War:Pontus invadedBithynia.
73 BC		Third Servile War: Some seventygladiators, slaves ofLentulus Batiatus inCapua, made a violent escape.
72 BC		Sertorian War:Marcus Perpenna Vento, by now the leader of the Romans in revolt inIberia, was executed by the generalPompey.
71BC		Like the otherServile Wars, the Third Servile War ends in a Roman victory against the uprising slaves.
71 BC		Third Servile War: The slaves in rebellion were decisively defeated by Roman forces nearPetelia. Their leaderSpartacus was killed.
66 BC		The last of theCilician pirates were wiped out byPompey.
63 BC		Third Mithridatic War: Defeated, thePontic king Mithridates VI of Pontus ordered his friend and bodyguard to kill him.
		Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC):Pompey conqueredJerusalem and entered theHoly of Holies of theSecond Temple.
		Cicero was electedconsul.
		Second Catilinarian conspiracy: A conspiracy led by thesenator Catiline to overthrow the Republic was exposed before the Senate. The five conspirators present were summarily executed in theMamertine Prison.
59 BC		Pompey joined a political alliance, the so-calledFirst Triumvirate, with theconsul Julius Caesar and thecensor Marcus Licinius Crassus.
58 BC		Gallic Wars: Roman forces barred the westward migration of theHelvetii across theRhône.
53 BC	6 May	Battle of Carrhae: AParthian army decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force nearHarran.Crassus was killed.
50 BC		Gallic Wars: The lastGaulish rebels were defeated.
49 BC	10 January	Caesar's Civil War:Caesar illegally crossed theRubicon into Italy with his army.
48 BC	4 January	Caesar's Civil War:Caesar landed atDurrës in pursuit ofPompey and his partisans theoptimates.
46 BC	November	Caesar left Africa forIberia in pursuit ofPompey's sonsGnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great) andSextus Pompey.
44 BC	15 March	Assassination of Julius Caesar:Caesar was assassinated in theTheatre of Pompey by a conspiracy ofsenators.
44BC	15 March,Ides of March	Julius Caesar is assassinated.
43 BC	27 November	TheLex Titia was passed, granting theSecond Triumvirate ofAugustus,Mark Antony andMarcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir) the power to make and annul laws and appoint magistrates.
42 BC		Liberators' civil war:Augustus andAntony led some thirtylegions to northern Greece in pursuit ofCaesar's assassinsMarcus Junius Brutus the Younger andGaius Cassius Longinus.
42 BC	23 October	Liberators' civil war: Brutus committed suicide after being defeated in battle.
33 BC		Antony's Parthian War: A campaign led byAntony against theParthian Empire ended in failure.
33 BC		TheSecond Triumvirate expired.

Year	Date	Event
	2 August	Lucius Caesar died of a sudden illness.
		Augustus allowedTiberius to return toRome as a private citizen.
	21 February	Gaius Caesar died inLycia from wounds suffered in battle.
		Augustus adoptedTiberius as his son and granted himtribunician power.
		Augustus deposedHerod Archelaus,ethnarch inSamaria,Judea and Idumea, and organized theprovince ofJudea on his territories.
		Bellum Batonianum: The Daesitiates, anIllyrian people, rose up against Roman authority inIllyricum.
		Bellum Batonianum: The Daesitiatechieftain Bato (Daesitiate chieftain) surrendered to Roman forces.
	September	Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: A coalition ofGermanic forces ambushed and destroyed three Romanlegions in theTeutoburg Forest.Publius Quinctilius Varus, the commander of Roman forces inGermania, committed suicide.
AD 10		Tiberius assumed command of Roman forces inGermania.
AD 10		Illyricum was divided into theprovinces ofPannonia andDalmatia.
AD 13		Tiberius was granted power equal toAugustus as co-princeps.
AD 14	19 August	Augustus died.
		Germanicus, son ofNero Claudius Drusus and adoptive son ofTiberius, was appointed commander of Roman forces inGermania.
		Germanicus andTiberius's natural sonDrusus Julius Caesar were sent to suppress mutinies inGermania andPannonia, respectively.
AD 15		Lucius Seius Strabo was appointedgovernor ofEgypt. His sonSejanus remained as the soleprefect of thePraetorian Guard.
AD 16		Battle of the Weser River: A Roman army led byGermanicus decisively defeated aGermanic force on theWeser.
AD 17		Archelaus of Cappadocia,king inCappadocia and a Romanclient, died.Tiberius annexed his territory, organizing it as theprovince ofCappadocia.
AD 17		Antiochus III of Commagene,king ofCommagene and a Romanclient, died.Tiberius annexed his territory to theprovince ofSyria.
AD 18		Tiberius grantedGermanicusimperium over the eastern half of the Empire.
AD 19	10 October	Germanicus died inAntioch, possibly after being poisoned onTiberius's orders.
AD 22		Tiberius grantedDrusus Julius Caesar tribunician power, marking him as his choice as successor.
AD 23	14 September	Drusus Julius Caesar died, possibly after being poisoned bySejanus or his wifeLivilla.
AD 26		Tiberius retired toCapri, leavingSejanus in control of Rome through his office.
AD 28		TheFrisii hanged their Roman tax collectors and expelled the governor.
AD 29		Livia,Augustus's widow andTiberius's mother, died.
AD 31	18 October	Sejanus was executed onTiberius's orders.
AD 31		Tiberius invitedGermanicus's sonCaligula to join him onCapri.
AD 37	16 March	Tiberius died. His will left his offices jointly toCaligula andDrusus Julius Caesar's son, his grandsonTiberius Gemellus.
AD 38		Tiberius Gemellus was murdered onCaligula's orders.
AD 40		Ptolemy of Mauretania,king ofMauretania and a Romanclient, was murdered onCaligula's orders during a state visit toRome. His slaveAedemon rose in revolt against Roman rule.
AD 41		Thegeneral Gaius Suetonius Paulinus was appointed to suppress the rebellion inMauretania.
	24 January	Caligula was assassinated by thecenturion Cassius Chaerea.
	24 January	ThePraetorian Guard acclaimedNero Claudius Drusus's sonClaudiusprinceps.
		Claudius restored theJudean monarchy underking Herod Agrippa.
AD 42		The territory of the formerMauretania was organized into theprovinces ofMauretania Caesariensis andMauretania Tingitana.
AD 43		Roman conquest of Britain: Thesenator Aulus Plautius led fourlegions intoGreat Britain in support ofking Verica of theAtrebates.
AD 43		Claudius annexedLycia into the Empire as aprovince.
AD 46		TheOdrysian king Rhoemetalces III, a Romanclient, was killed by anti-Roman insurgents.
AD 46		Odrysia was incorporated into the Empire as theprovince ofThracia.
AD 48		Claudius's wifeMessalina was executed for conspiracy.

Year	Date	Event
101		First Dacian War: Rome invaded Dacia.
101	September	Second Battle of Tapae:Dacian forces retreated from contact with the Romans atTapae.
102		First Dacian War: TheDacian king Decebalus reaffirmed his loyalty to Rome, ending the war.
105		Second Dacian War:Trajan responded to the resumption of raids on Roman settlements inMoesia by invadingDacia.
106		Battle of Sarmisegetusa: Roman forces breached theDacian capitalSarmizegetusa Regia. The Dacianking Decebalus escaped to the east.
		TheNabatean king Rabbel II Soter died.
	22 March	Nabatea was annexed to the Roman empire as theprovince ofArabia Petraea.
		Second Dacian War: TheDacian king Decebalus committed suicide in his fortification atRanisstorum to avoid capture.
107		Theprovince ofDacia was organized.
112		Trajan's Forum was inaugurated.
113		Roman–Parthian Wars:Trajan launched an expedition againstParthia.
113		Trajan's Column was erected inTrajan's Forum to commemorate the victory overDacia.
114		Trajan deposed theArmenian king Parthamasiris of Armenia, a Romanclient, and organized theprovince ofArmenia on his territory.
115		Kitos War: TheJews inCyrene rose up against Roman authority.
116		Theprovinces ofMesopotamia andAssyria were organized on territory conquered fromParthia.
116		Trajan captured theParthian capitalCtesiphon and deposed itsshah Osroes I in favor of his sonParthamaspates of Parthia.
117		Kitos War: Roman forces captured the rebel stronghold ofLod and executed many of its inhabitants.
	8 August	Trajan died.
	10 August	TheSenate accepted thegeneral Hadrian as ruler of Rome, following the appearance of documents indicating he had been adopted byTrajan.
		Osroes I deposed his sonParthamaspates of Parthia and replaced him asshah ofParthia.
118		Hadrian withdrew from the territories ofArmenia,Assyria andMesopotamia, allowing the return of their respectiveclient monarchies.
119		A rebellion took place inBritain.
122		The construction ofHadrian's Wall at the northern border ofBritain began.
123		Hadrian arrived inMauretania to suppress a local revolt.
124		Hadrian travelled toGreece.
126		Hadrian returned toRome.
126		The rebuiltPantheon was dedicated toAgrippa, its original builder.
132		Bar Kokhba revolt:Simon bar Kokhba, believed by his followers to be theMessiah, launched a revolt against Roman authority inJudea.
135		Bar Kokhba revolt: The revolt ended at a cost of tens of thousands of Roman soldiers and some six hundred thousandJewish rebels and civilians, includingbar Kokhba, killed.Judea andSyria were combined into the singleprovince ofSyria Palaestina.
136		Hadrian adoptedLucius Aelius as his son and successor.
138	1 January	Lucius Aelius died.
	25 February	Hadrian adoptedAntoninus Pius as his son and successor and granted himtribunician power andimperium, on the condition that he in turn adoptMarcus Aurelius andLucius Verus as his sons.
	10 July	Hadrian died, probably from heart failure.
	11 July	Antoninus succeededHadrian.
141		Roman conquest of Britain: Roman forces invaded modernScotland under the command of theBritish governor Quintus Lollius Urbicus.
142		The construction of theAntonine Wall at the northern border ofBritain began.
161	7 March	Antoninus died. He was succeeded byMarcus andLucius Verus.
161		Roman–Parthian War of 161–166: TheParthian Empire deposed theArmenian king Sohaemus of Armenia, a Roman client, and installedBakur.
165		Antonine Plague: A pandemic, probably of smallpox or measles, began which would kill some five million people throughout the Roman Empire.
166		Roman–Parthian War of 161–166: Roman forces sacked theParthian capitalCtesiphon.

Year	Date	Event
208		Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210:Septimius Severus invaded modernScotland.
209		Septimius Severus named his youngest natural sonPublius Septimius Geta co-ruler with himself andCaracalla.
211	4 February	Septimius Severus died.
		Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210:Caracalla ended the campaign.
	26 December	Geta was murdered in his mother's arms by members of thePraetorian Guard loyal toCaracalla.
217	8 April	Caracalla was assassinated by a member of his bodyguard.
217	8 April	ThePraetorian Guard acclaimed theirprefect Macrinus ruler of Rome.
218	8 June	Macrinus was captured and executed by an army loyal toElagabalus, supposedly the illegitimate son ofCaracalla.
222	11 March	Elagabalus was assassinated by thePraetorian Guard, which installed his young cousinSeverus Alexander as ruler of Rome.
230		Roman–Persian Wars: TheSasanian shah Ardashir I invadedMesopotamia and Syria.
232		Roman–Persian Wars:Alexander repelled theSasanian invasion.
235	19 March	Alexander was killed in a mutiny of theLegio XXII Primigenia atMainz.
	20 March	The army electedMaximinus Thrax, commander of theLegio IV Italica, ruler of Rome.
		In 235 AD, Maximinus Thrax leads a rebellion against 26-year-old Emperor Alexander Severus. Thrax's men approached Alexander who pleads with his soldiers to take up arms, but instead abandon a weeping Severus to the Imperial tent and his mother's arms there to await capture and execution. Civil wars would follow with the first breaking out in 238, another in 249 followed by a third in 253. From 235 through 284 the average reign of a Roman Emperor was just 18 months, down from average just over 9 years during the first centuries of the Empire.
238	22 March	Gordian I,governor ofAfrica, accepted the rule of Rome at the urging of rebels in hisprovince. He appointed his sonGordian II to rule jointly with him.
	2 April	TheSenate acceptedGordian I andGordian II as rulers of Rome.
		Battle of Carthage (238): Forces loyal toGordian I andGordian II were defeated by the army ofCapelianus, thegovernor ofNumidia, who claimed fealty toMaximinus. Gordian II was killed. Gordian I committed suicide.
	22 April	TheSenate elected two senators,Pupienus andBalbinus, as joint rulers of the Empire.
	22 April	Facing popular opposition toPupienus andBalbinus, theSenate gaveGordian I's young grandsonGordian III the titleCaesar.
	May	Maximinus was murdered with his son during a mutiny of theLegio II Parthica atAquileia.
	29 July	Pupienus andBalbinus were tortured and murdered by thePraetorian Guard in their barracks.
243		Battle of Resaena: Roman forces defeated theSasanian Empire atResaena.
244		Battle of Misiche: TheSasanian Empire decisively defeated a Roman force at Misiche, near modernFallujah.Gordian III was killed, probably by a fellow Roman. He was succeeded byPhilip the Arab, theprefect of thePraetorian Guard, who was forced to cedeMesopotamia andArmenia to the Sasanian Empire.
249		Philip was killed atVerona in battle withDecius, commander of Roman forces in Pannonia andMoesia.
251		Decius appointed his natural sonHerennius Etruscus co-ruler of Rome jointly with himself.
		Battle of Abritus: Roman forces were dealt a bloody defeat by theGoths near modernRazgrad.Decius andHerennius were killed.
		The armies of theDanube region acclaimed their commanderTrebonianus Gallus ruler of Rome.
		TheSenate recognizedDecius's sonHostilian as ruler of Rome.Gallus adoptedHostilian as his son.
		Plague of Cyprian:Hostilian died, probably of plague.
		Gallus appointed his natural sonVolusianus co-ruler jointly with himself.
253		Battle of Barbalissos: ASasanian force destroyed a Roman army atBarbalissos.
	August	Gallus andVolusianus were killed in a mutiny atTerni. The army acclaimedAemilianus,governor of Pannonia andMoesia, ruler of Rome.
		Aemilianus was killed by his own soldiers in the face of the army of thegeneral Valerian (emperor).
	22 October	Valerian gave his sonGallienus the titleCaesar.
256		TheSasanian Empire conquered and sackedAntioch.
257		Valerian reconqueredAntioch.
258		TheGoths invadedAsia Minor.
260		Death ofDacian kingRegalianus that became Roman emperor for a brief period.
260		Valerian was taken prisoner by theSasanian Empire during truce negotiations.
260	September	Thegeneral Postumus was declared ruler of Rome in theGallic Empire.
264		Valerian died in captivity.
267		Odaenathus, theking ofPalmyra and a Romanclient, was assassinated. His widowZenobia took power asregent for their sonVaballathus.
268		Gallienus was murdered by his soldiers during a siege ofPontirolo Nuovo.
268	September	Thegeneral Claudius Gothicus was declared ruler of Rome by his soldiers.
269		Postumus was killed by his soldiers, who in turn acclaimed one of their own,Marcus Aurelius Marius,emperor of theGallic Empire.
		Marius was murdered byVictorinus, formerlyprefect ofPostumus's Praetorian Guard, who replaced him asemperor of theGallic Empire.
		Zenobia conqueredEgypt.
		Battle of Naissus: Roman forces decisively defeated theGoths at modernNiš, stalling an invasion of theBalkans.
270	January	Claudius Gothicus died. He was succeeded by his brotherQuintillus.
	April	Quintillus died atAquileia.
	September	Aurelian became ruler of Rome.
271		Battle of Fano: A Roman force defeated theJuthungi on theMetauro.
		Victorinus was murdered by an officer he had cuckolded.
		Tetricus I,praeses ofGallia Aquitania was acclaimedemperor of theGallic Empire. He appointed his natural sonTetricus II to rule jointly with him.
272		Zenobia was arresteden route to refuge in theSasanian Empire.
273		Palmyra rebelled against Roman authority and was destroyed.
274		Battle of Châlons (274):Aurelian defeated the forces ofTetricus I andTetricus II at modernChâlons-en-Champagne.
275	September	Aurelian was murdered by thePraetorian Guard.
275	25 September	TheSenate electedTacitus (emperor) ruler of Rome.
276	June	Tacitus died.
		Marcus Aurelius Probus, commander of Roman forces in the east andTacitus's half-brother, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his troops.
		Florianus,prefect of thePraetorian Guard and commander of Roman forces in the west, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his troops.
	September	Florianus was assassinated nearTarsus by his troops following a defeat at the hands ofProbus.
279		Probus launched a campaign against theVandals inIllyricum.
282		ThePraetorian Guard elected theirprefect Carus ruler of Rome.
		Probus was assassinated.
		Carus gave his sonsCarinus andNumerian the titleCaesar.
283		Carus died.
284		Numerian died.
284	20 November	Roman forces in the east elected theconsul Diocletian their ruler and proclaimed himaugustus.
285	July	Battle of the Margus: Forces loyal toDiocletian defeatedCarinus in battle on theMorava. Carinus was killed.
285	July	Diocletian gaveMaximian the titleCaesar.
286		Carausian Revolt: The naval commanderCarausius declared himselfemperor inBritain and northernGaul.
286	2 April	Diocletian proclaimedMaximianaugustus of thewest, ruling himself asaugustus of the east.
293		Diocletian established theTetrarchy, appointingConstantius Chlorus to hold the office ofCaesar underMaximian in thewest andGalerius to hold the title under himself in the east.
		Carausian Revolt:Constantius Chlorus conqueredCarausius's Gallic territories.
		Carausius was murdered by his finance ministerAllectus, who replaced him asemperor inBritain.
296		Carausian Revolt:Allectus was defeated in battle and killed atCalleva Atrebatum.

Year	Date	Event
301		Diocletian issued theEdict on Maximum Prices, reforming the currency and setting price ceilings on a number of goods.
303	24 February	Diocletianic Persecution:Diocletian issued his first edict againstChristians, calling for the destruction of Christian holy books and places of worship and stripping Christians of their government positions and political rights.
305	1 May	Diocletian andMaximian abdicated.Constantius andGalerius were elevated toaugusti in thewest and east. Galerius appointedFlavius Valerius Severus Caesar in the west andMaximinus II Caesar in the east.
306	25 July	Constantius died atEboracum. By his dying wish, his troops acclaimed his sonConstantine the Greataugustus.
		Galerius recognizedFlavius Valerius Severus asaugustus in thewest and grantedConstantine the Great the lesser title ofCaesar, which he accepted.
		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy: Rioters inRome acclaimedMaximian's sonMaxentius ruler of Rome. He took the titleprinceps invictus, undefeated prince.
		Maxentius invitedMaximian to reclaim the titleaugustus.
307		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy:Flavius Valerius Severus surrendered toMaximian atRavenna.
307		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy:Galerius laid siege toRome. Many of his soldiers defected toMaxentius and he was forced to flee.
308		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy: After a failedcoup against his sonMaxentius,Maximian was forced to flee toConstantine's court.
308	11 November	Maximian resigned asaugustus.Galerius appointedLiciniusaugustus of thewest and confirmed his recognition ofConstantine the Great asCaesar of the west.
310	July	Civil wars of the Tetrarchy:Maximian was forced to commit suicide following a failedcoup againstConstantine the Great.
311	May	Galerius died.Licinius andMaximinus agreed to divide the eastern Empire between themselves.
		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy:Constantine the Great concluded an alliance withLicinius, offering his half-sisterFlavia Julia Constantia to him in marriage.
		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy:Maximinus entered a secret alliance withMaxentius.
	3 December	Diocletian died, possibly from suicide.
312	28 October	Battle of the Milvian Bridge:Constantine the Great had a vision of thecross appearing over the sun at thePonte Milvio with the words "in this sign, conquer." His forces defeated and killedMaxentius.
313	February	Constantine the Great andLicinius issued theEdict of Milan, providing for restitution toChristians injured during the persecutions.
	March	Licinius marriedConstantia.
	30 April	Battle of Tzirallum:Licinius defeated a vastly numerically superior force loyal toMaximinus at modernÇorlu. Maximinus fled toNicomedia.
	August	Maximinus died atTarsus.
314	8 October	Battle of Cibalae:Constantine the Great dealt a bloody defeat toLicinius's forces at modernVinkovci.
317		Battle of Mardia: After a bloody battle, probably at modernHarmanli,Licinius retreated from contact withConstantine the Great.
317	1 March	Licinius recognizedConstantine the Great as his superior, ceded all his territories outside ofThrace, and agreed to depose and executeValerius Valens, whom he had raised toaugustus.
324	3 July	Battle of Adrianople (324):Licinius suffered a bloody defeat at the hands ofConstantine the Great on theMaritsa.
324	18 September	Battle of Chrysopolis:Constantine the Great dealt a decisive defeat to the remnants ofLicinius's army. Licinius surrendered.
325	20 May	First Council of Nicaea: Anecumenical council called byConstantine the Great atNicaea opened which would establish theNicene Creed, assertingJesus to be equal to and of the same substance asGod the Father.
325		Licinius was executed.
326		Constantine the Great ordered the death of his oldest sonCrispus.
330	11 May	Constantine the Great moved his capital toByzantium and renamed the cityConstantinople, city of Constantine.
332		Constantine the Great campaigned against theGoths.
334		Constantine the Great campaigned against theSarmatians.
337		Roman–Persian Wars: TheSasanian shah Shapur II invadedArmenia andMesopotamia.
	22 May	Constantine the Great died.
	9 September	Constantine the Great's three sons declared themselvesaugusti and divided their father's empire into three parts, withConstantine II (emperor) receivingBritain,Iberia,Gaul andIllyria,Constantius II Asia,Syria Palaestina andEgypt, andConstans Italy andAfrica. The young Constans was placed under Constantine II's guardianship.
338		Constantine II campaigned against theAlemanni.
338		Constantine II grantedIllyria to his brotherConstans.
340		Constantine II invadedItaly. He was ambushed and slain atAquileia byConstans, who inherited his territory.
341		Constans andConstantius II issued a ban against pagan sacrifice.
344		Siege of Singara:Sasanian forces failed to capture the Roman fortress ofSingara.
350	18 January	Magnentius, commander of theJovians and Herculians, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by hislegions.
		Constans was killed inElne by followers ofMagnentius.
	3 June	Constantius Chlorus's grandsonNepotianus enteredRome with a band ofgladiators and there declared himselfimperator.
	30 June	Marcellinus (magister officiorum), one ofMagnentius's generals, enteredRome and executedNepotianus.
351	15 March	Constantius II granted his cousinConstantius Gallus the titleCaesar.
351	28 September	Battle of Mursa Major:Constantius II defeatedMagnentius in a bloody battle in the valley of theDrava.
353		Battle of Mons Seleucus:Constantius II dealtMagnentius a decisive defeat at modernLa Bâtie-Montsaléon. Magnentius committed suicide.
354		Gallus was put to death.
355	6 November	Constantius II declaredJulian (emperor)Caesar and granted him command inGaul.
357		Battle of Strasbourg:Julian defeated a vastly superiorAlemanni force nearArgentoratum, solidifying Roman control west of theRhine.
360	February	ThePetulantes, ordered east fromParis in preparation for a war with theSasanian Empire, instead mutinied and proclaimedJulianaugustus.
361	3 November	Constantius II namedJulian as his successor before dying of fever.
363	5 March	Julian's Persian War: Roman forces embarked fromAntioch on a punitive expedition against theSasanian Empire.
	26 June	Battle of Samarra:Sasanian forces harassed a Roman army in retreat atSamarra from a failed siege of their capitalCtesiphon.Julian was killed.
	27 June	Julian's army declared one of their generals,Jovian (emperor),augustus.
	July	Julian's Persian War:Jovian agreed to cede the fiveprovinces east of theTigris to theSasanian Empire, ending the war.
364	17 February	Jovian died.
	26 February	The army acclaimed thegeneral Valentinian I the Greataugustus.
	28 March	Valentinian the Great appointed his younger brotherValensaugustus with rule over the eastern Empire, and continued asaugustus in thewest.
365	21 July	Anearthquake nearCrete with amagnitude of at least eight affects the EasternMediterranean. Combined with a subsequent tsunami, residents of Sicily are among the casualties.
375	17 November	Valentinian the Great died of a stroke. His sonGratian, then junioraugustus in thewest, succeeded him as senioraugustus.
375	22 November	The army acclaimedValentinian the Great's young sonValentinian IIaugustus of thewest.
376		FleeingHunnic aggression, theGoths, under the leadership of theThervingi chieftain Fritigern, crossed theDanube and entered the eastern Empire as political refugees.
376		Gothic War (376–382): Following the deaths of several Roman soldiers during civil unrest inThrace, the officerLupicinus arrestedFritigern and theGreuthungi chieftain Alatheus.
378	9 August	Battle of Adrianople: A combinedGothic-Alanic force decisively defeated the Roman army nearEdirne.Valens was killed.
379	19 January	Gratian named thegeneral Theodosius I the Greataugustus in the east.
380	27 February	Theodosius the Great issued theEdict of Thessalonica, makingChristianity thestate church of the Roman Empire.
382	3 October	Gothic War (376–382): TheGoths were madefoederati of Rome and granted land and autonomy inThrace, ending the war.
383	25 August	Gratian was delivered by mutineers to theMagister equitumAndragathius and executed.
392	15 May	Valentinian II was found hanged in his residence. He may have been murdered by his guardian, theFrankish general Arbogast (magister militum).
392	22 August	Arbogast declaredEugeniusaugustus and ruler in thewest.
393	23 January	Theodosius the Great appointed his younger sonHonorius (emperor)augustus in thewest.
394	6 September	Battle of the Frigidus: Forces loyal toTheodosius the Great defeated and killedArbogast andEugenius, probably near theVipava.
395	17 January	Theodosius the Great died. His elder sonArcadius succeeded him asaugustus in the easternByzantine Empire. The youngHonorius became soleaugustus in theWestern Roman Empire under the regency ofMagister militumStilicho.
398		Gildonic War:Gildo,comes ofAfrica, was killed following a failed rebellion against theWestern Roman Empire.

Year	Date	Event
402		The capital of theWestern Roman Empire was moved toRavenna.
405		War of Radagaisus: Invasion ofRadagaisus in the Northern part ofItaly.
406	31 December	Crossing of the Rhine: A coalition of foreign tribes including the GermanicVandals,Suebi and IranianAlans invaded theWestern Roman Empire across theRhine.
408	1 May	Arcadius died.
410	24 August	Sack of Rome (410):Rome was sacked by theVisigoths under theirking Alaric I.
410		End of Roman rule in Britain: The last Roman forces leftBritain.
421	8 February	Honorius appointed his brother-in-law andMagister militumConstantius III co-ruler of theWestern Roman Empire with himself.
421	2 September	Constantius III died.
423	15 August	Honorius died.
423		TheWestern Roman patrician Castinus declared theprimiceriusJoannesaugustus.
424	23 October	TheByzantineaugustusTheodosius II the Younger, the Calligrapher named the youngValentinian III, his cousin andConstantius III's son,Caesar with rule over thewest. His motherGalla Placidia was appointed regent.
425		Joannes was executed inAquileia.
427		Roman civil war of 427–429
432		Roman civil war of 432
447		Battle of the Utus: TheHuns underAttila defeated aByzantine army in a bloody battle near the riverUtus.
450	28 July	Theodosius the Younger died in a riding accident.
452		Attila abandoned his invasion ofItaly following a meeting at theMincio with thepope Pope Leo I.
455	16 March	Valentinian III was assassinated on orders of thesenator Petronius Maximus.
	17 March	TheSenate acclaimedMaximusaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
	31 May	Maximus was killed by a mob as he attempted to fleeRome in the face of aVandal advance.
	2 June	Sack of Rome (455): TheVandals entered and began to sackRome.
	9 July	TheMagister militumAvitus was pronouncedaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire atToulouse by theVisigothic king Theodoric II.
456	17 October	Avitus was forced to fleeRome following a militarycoup by thegeneral Ricimer and thedomesticusMajorian.
457		Avitus died.
	27 January	TheByzantineaugustusMarcian died.
	28 February	TheByzantineaugustusLeo I the Thracian appointedMajorianMagister militum in thewest.
	1 April	The army acclaimedMajorianaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
461	7 August	Majorian was killed after torture near theStaffora onRicimer's orders, followed by acivil war.
461	19 November	TheSenate electedLibius Severus from among their number asaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
465	15 August	Severus died.
467	12 April	Leo the Thracian elevated thecomesAnthemius toCaesar with rule over theWestern Roman Empire.
468		Battle of Cap Bon (468): TheVandal Kingdom destroyed a combinedWestern Roman andByzantine invasion fleet atCap Bon.
472	11 July	Anthemius was killed in flight followingRicimer's conquest ofRome.Maximus's sonOlybrius was acclaimedaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
	18 August	Ricimer died.
		Ricimer's nephewGundobad succeeded him asMagister militum and took the titlePatrician.
		Olybrius died.
473	3 March	TheGermanic elements of the army elected thedomesticusGlyceriusaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
473		Gundobad relinquished hisWestern Roman titles to succeed his father asking ofBurgundy.
474		Leo the Thracian appointedJulius Nepos, his nephew andgovernor ofDalmatia, ruler of theWestern Roman Empire in opposition toGlycerius.
	18 January	Leo the Thracian died. He was succeeded by his grandsonLeo II (emperor).
	9 February	Zeno (emperor) became co-augustus of theByzantine Empire with his young sonLeo II.
	July	Nepos deposedGlycerius.
	17 November	Leo II died, possibly after being poisoned by his motherAriadne (empress).
475	January	Zeno was forced to fleeConstantinople for his homelandIsauria in the face of a popular revolt.
	9 January	Basiliscus, brother ofLeo the Thracian's widowVerina, was acclaimedaugustus of theByzantine Empire by theByzantine Senate.
		Nepos appointedOrestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)Magister militum andcommander-in-chief of theWestern Roman military.
	28 August	Orestes took control of theWestern Roman capitalRavenna, forcingNepos to flee toDalmatia.
	31 October	Orestes declared his young sonRomulus Augustulusaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
476	August	Zeno recapturedConstantinople and acceptedBasiliscus's surrender.
	23 August	Germanicfoederati under the command of thegeneral Odoacer renouncedWestern Roman authority and declared Odoacer theirking.
	28 August	Odoacer captured and executedOrestes atPiacenza.
	4 September	Odoacer conquered theWestern Roman capitalRavenna, forcedRomulus to abdicate and declared himselfking of Italy, the firstKing of Italy
		TheSenate sentZeno the imperial regalia of theWestern Roman Empire.
480	25 April	Nepos was murdered in his residence inSplit.
491	9 April	Zeno died.
493		AnOstrogoth known asTheoderic the Great succeeds Odoacer as King of Italy.

Year	Date	Event
518	9 July	AugustusAnastasius I Dicorus died.
527	1 April	AugustusJustin I appointed his older sonJustinian I the Great co-augustus with himself.
527	1 August	Justin I died.
529	7 April	TheCodex Justinianus, which attempted to consolidate and reconcile contradictions in Roman law, was promulgated.
529		St. Benedict of Nursia establishes his firstmonastery at the hill ofMonte Cassino.
532		Justinian the Great ordered the construction of theHagia Sophia inConstantinople.
533	21 June	Vandalic War: A Byzantine force under thegeneral Belisarius departed for theVandal Kingdom.
	13 Sept	Battle of Ad Decimum: A Byzantine army defeated aVandal force nearCarthage.
	15 Dec	Battle of Tricamarum: The Byzantines defeated aVandal army and forced theirking Gelimer into flight.
534	March	Vandalic War:Gelimer surrendered toBelisarius and accepted his offer of a peaceful retirement inGalatia, ending the war. The territory of theVandal Kingdom was reorganized as thepraetorian prefecture ofAfrica.
535		Gothic War (535–554): Byzantine forces crossing fromAfrica invadedSicily, then anOstrogothic possession.
536	December	Gothic War (535–554): Byzantium tookRome with littleOstrogothic resistance.
537	27 Dec	TheHagia Sophia was completed.
552	July	Battle of Taginae: A Byzantine army dealt a decisive defeat to theOstrogoths atGualdo Tadino. The Ostrogothking Totila was killed.
553		Battle of Mons Lactarius: AnOstrogothic force was ambushed and destroyed atMonti Lattari on its way to relieve a Byzantine siege ofCumae. The Ostrogothking Teia was killed.
565	March	Belisarius died.
565	14 Nov	Justinian the Great died.
568		TheLombards invade the Italian Peninsula and establish theKingdom of the Lombards.
573		Thegeneral Narses died.
574		AugustusJustin II began to suffer from fits of insanity.
577		TheDuchy of Benevento is established.
578	5 October	Justin II died.
582	14 August	AugustusTiberius II Constantine died.

Year	Date	Event
602		Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628: TheSasanian Empire declared war on Byzantium.
607	1 August	AugustusPhocas dedicated theColumn of Phocas in theRoman Forum.
626	June	Siege of Constantinople (626):Sasanian andAvar forces laid siege toConstantinople.
634	April	Muslim conquest of the Levant: ARashidun army departedMedina for theLevant.
640	January	Muslim conquest of Egypt: ARashidun force laid siege toPelusium.
640		Thelegions of theEast Roman army were reorganized intothemes.
641	8 Nov	Siege of Alexandria (641): Byzantine authorities in theEgyptian capitalAlexandria surrendered to the besiegingRashidun army.
661		BrothersPerctarit andGodepert share the ruling power ofKing of the Lombards.
661		TheDuchy of Naples is established as a Byzantine province in the coastal territory that the Lombards had not conquered during their invasion in the sixth century.
662		Grimoald, King of the Lombards.
663		BasileusConstans II visitedRome.
698		Battle of Carthage (698): AnUmayyad siege and blockade ofCarthage forced the retreat of Byzantine forces. The city was conquered and destroyed.

Year	Date	Event
730		BasileusLeo III the Isaurian promulgated an edict forbidding the veneration of religious images, beginning the firstByzantine Iconoclasm.
774	10 July	Charlemagne is crowned inPavia and becomes King of the Lombards.
787	23 October	Second Council of Nicaea: Anecumenical council inNicaea ended which endorsed the veneration of images, ending the firstByzantine Iconoclasm.

Year	Date	Event
813		Charlemagne crowns his sonLouis the Pious ofAquitaine as co-emperor.
814	28 January	Charlemagne dies inAachen ofpleurisy.
851		ThePrincipality of Salerno is established.
861		ThePrincipality of Capua is established.

Year	Date	Event
961	25 Dec	Otto I becomes King of Italy.
965		TheByzantine Empire establishes theCatepanate of Italy.
973	7 May	Otto I succumbs to a fever and dies.
980	25 Dec	Otto II becomes the King of Italy.
983	7 Dec	Otto II dies due to an outbreak ofmalaria.
996	12 April	Otto III becomes King of Italy.
999		TheNormans begin migrating to Italy where they primarily work as mercenaries serving the Byzantines and Lombard nobles.

Year	Date	Event
1002	23 Jan	Otto III dies of a sudden fever in a castle nearCivita Castellana.
1030		Aversa is established, marking the start of permanentNorman settlements in Italy.
1043		William of Hauteville and the Normans found theCounty of Apulia and Calabria composed of the territories of Gargano, Capitanata, Apulia, Vulture, and most of Campania.
1046		Italianfeudal ruler and militant noblewomanMatilda of Tuscany is born.
1053	18 June	The Normans, led by the Count of Apulia,Humphrey of Hauteville defeat a Swabian-Italian-Lombard army organized byPope Leo IX and led on the battlefield byGerard, Duke of Lorraine andRudolf, Prince of Benevento at theBattle of Civitate. The Norman victory marked the climax of the conflict between the Normans who began to migrate to southern Italy at the end of the tenth century and the local Lombard princes.
1053		TheDuchy of Benevento ends.
1059	23 Aug	TheTreaty of Melfi is signed betweenPope Nicholas II and the Norman princesRobert Guiscard andRichard I of Capua. Per the accord, Pope Nicholas recognizes the Norman conquest of Southern Italy and Robert Guiscard as theDuke of Apulia and Calabria, and theCount of Sicily.
1061		Robert Guiscard and the Normans first invadeSicily.
1063	June	Roger I of Sicily and the Normans defeat a Muslim alliance of Sicilian and Zirid troops at theBattle of Cerami, the most significant battle of the Norman conquest of Sicily.
1071		The ByzantineCatepanate of Italy ends.
1077		ThePrincipality of Salerno ends.
1087		In theMahdia campaign of 1087, seafaring vessels from the Italianmaritime republics ofGenoa andPisa attack the North African town ofMahdia, burning Mahdia's Muslim fleet in the harbour.
1091	Feb	The Norman conquest of Sicily is complete.

Year	Date	Event
1115	24 July	Matilda of Tuscany dies ofgout.
1130	25 Dec	Roger II of Sicily, the Norman, founds theKingdom of Sicily which includes the island of Sicily, the southern portion of the Italian Peninsula, and for a time, territory in Northern Africa.
1137		TheDuchy of Naples ends when DukeSergius VII is forced to surrender toRoger II of Sicily and the Normans.
1139		ThePrincipality of Capua ends.
1170		Leonardo of Pisa, an Italian mathematician more famously known asFibonacci, is born.
1176	29 May	Battle of Legnano: the troops of theLombard League defeated forces of theHoly Roman Empire. The battle is alluded to in theCanto degli Italiani byGoffredo Mameli andMichele Novaro, which reads: «From theAlps toSicily,Legnano is everywhere» in memory of the victory of Italian populations over foreign ones.^[8] Thanks to this battle, Legnano is the only city, besidesRome, to be mentioned in the Italiannational anthem.^[8]
1194		Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor conquers theKingdom of Sicily.

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See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Year	Date	Event
1202		Fibonacci'sLiber Abaci, a book onarithmetic, helps to popularise theHindu–Arabic numeral system and brings the idea of theinteger sequence known as theFibonacci number to locations outsideIndia.
1254		Marco Polo is born in theRepublic of Venice.
1265		Dante Alighieri is born. He is considered the father of the Italian language for writing works in his dialect, which would become standardized into Modern Italian.
1282	30 March	TheWar of the Sicilian Vespers begins.

Year	Date	Event
1302	31 August	TheWar of the Sicilian Vespers ends.
1302		Sicily is given to Frederick III of the House of Barcelona.
1308		Dante Alighieri begins writing theDivine Comedy.
1320		Dante Alighieri finished writing his Divine Comedy.
1323		Alfonso IV of Aragon begins theconquest of Sardinia.
1377		Filippo Brunelleschi, a famous Italian architect, is born inFlorence, Italy.

Year	Date	Event
1451	October	Christopher Columbus is born.
1452	15 April	Leonardo da Vinci is born
1475	6 March	Michelangelo is born
1494		TheItalian War of 1494–1498, or First Italian War, begins, marking the first major battle in theItalian Wars.
1498		The First Italian War ends in a victory for the League of Venice.
1499		TheItalian War of 1499-1504, or Second Italian War, begins.

Year	Date	Event
1501-1504		Michelangelo creates theDavid
1503-1513		Reign of pope Julius II
1525	6 May	TheSack of Rome (1527) by mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac. It's considered one of the causes of the decline of theHigh Renaissance.
1551		TheItalian War of 1551-1559, or Last Italian War begins.
1545-1563		Council of Trent
1559	3 April	The Last Italian War ends with a peace treaty signed betweenHenry II of France,Elizabeth I of England,Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, andPhilip II of Spain atLe Cateau-Cambrésis.
1564	15 February	Galileo is born inPisa.

Year	Date	Event
1633		ThePalio di Siena is held for the first time.
1678	4 March	Antonio Vivaldi, a famous ItalianBaroque composer, is born inVenice.

Year	Date	Event
1725		Antonio Vivaldi publishes a now-famous set ofconcertos entitledThe Four Seasons as part of a set of twelve concerti calledIl cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione.
1741	28 July	Without a sustainable source of income or royal protection, the impoverished Antonio Vivaldi dies of infection during the night.
1768		Corsica passes from theRepublic of Genoa toFrance after theTreaty of Versailles.
1789	21 August	Thenational colours of Italy first appear ona tricolour cockade.
1796		Napoleon Bonaparte and hisFrench Army of Italy invade Italy.
1796	17 November	Napoleon defeatsJózsef Alvinczi at theBattle of Arcole.^[9]
1797	7 January	TheItalian tricolour is adopted for the first time as official flag, by the government of theCispadane Republic.
1797	12 May	Fall of the Republic of Venice.

Year	Date	Event
1809		Napoleon Bonaparte occupies Rome, exilesPope Pius VII toSavona and then to France, and takes thePapal States' art collections to theLouvre.
1813	10 October	Giuseppe Verdi is born
1821		A revolt inPiedmont, led byAnnibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, takes place in an attempt to remove theAustrians from Italy and unify the Italian territories under theHouse of Savoy.
1830		A series of uprisings along theItalian Peninsula occur, calling out for the merging of the different territories in the peninsula into one unified nation.
1831	Spring	Austrian troops gradually crush political resistance along the Italian peninsula.
1831	July	The political movementYoung Italy is formed by activistGiuseppe Mazzini, promoting insurrection in Italian states and Austrian lands to help unify Italy.^[10]
1834	28 May	Mazzini is arrested inSolothurn and exiled fromSwitzerland.
1846		Pope Pius IX is elected, and his support of the unification of Italy helps to further popularise the movement.^[11]
1847	29 November	Charles Albert of Sardinia implements thePerfect Fusion of the Savoyard state extending the reforms carried out on the mainland to the island of Sardinia
1847	10 December	Il Canto degli Italiani, the Italian national anthem since 1946, makes its public debut.
1848		Fuelled by the revolutionary republican ideology of Mazzini, uprisings lead to revolutionary governments being briefly installed in Rome,Milan (seeCinque giornate di Milano), andVenice, and the establishment of constitutions in theKingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Papal States, andTuscany. Takeover by reactionary forces and the defeat ofPiedmont-Sardinia by Austria lead to a failure in theFirst Italian War of Independence.
1849	9 February	ARoman Republic is declared following an election.
1849	March	Mazzini arrives in Rome and is appointed Chief Minister of the Roman Republic.
1856		The Congress of Paris, a peace conference held between Austria, France,Prussia, theKingdom of Great Britain, theOttoman Empire, theRussian Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, is held to make peace after theCrimean War.
1856		Italian statesmanCamillo Benso of Cavour disparages Austria's intrusive presence in the Italian Peninsula.
1858		Napoleon III and Cavour meet secretly in France, inPlombières-les-Bains, where they make thePlombières Agreement. They decide that Cavour will provoke rebellion in Austrian territories in Northern Italy so as to tempt Austria into making a military decision.
1859		After having allied with France, under the lead of Cavour, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia provokes Austria to war and secure the takeover of Milan and Lombardy (Second Italian War of Independence). Plebiscites subsequently guarantee the annexation of Tuscany, Emilian dukedoms, and Papal-controlled central Italy.Savoy andNice are ceded to France in exchange for recognition. (to 1860) The annexation of Nice to France caused theNiçard exodus, or the emigration of a quarter of theNiçard Italians to Italy,^[12] and theNiçard Vespers.
1860		TheExpedition of the Thousand takes place, in which volunteers led byGiuseppe Garibaldi set out to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which collapses. The Papal States are reduced toLatium.
1861	17 March	Most of the states of the Italian Peninsula are united underKing Victor Emmanuel II of theSavoy dynasty,proclamated King of Italy.
1865		The capital of Italy is moved fromTurin toFlorence, in order to approach it to Rome, considered the natural capital, but still underPapal rule and French protection.
1866	20 June – 12 August	TheThird Italian War of Independence, between theKingdom of Italy andAustrian Empire, occurs, resulting in no true victory by either side.
1866	3 October	After some heavy losses, likeCustoza andLissa, and few wins (most of them byGiuseppe Garibaldi), thanks to Prussian victories the Kingdom of Italy gainsVeneto and westernFriuli by theTreaty of Vienna.Trento andTrieste remains "irredeemed".
1870	20 September	Following the defeat ofNapoleon III in theFrench-Prussian War, Italian forces occupy Rome. The Italian Army breaks into the walls of Rome by the breach ofPorta Pia.
	2 October	Rome replacesFlorence as the capital city of Italy.
	2 October	Italian Prime Minister Lanza holds a plebiscite in Rome and the citizens overwhelming vote in favor of union with Italy.
	9 October	A royal decree confirms the incorporation of Rome and surrounding Lazio into the Kingdom of Italy.
1878	3 January	King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy dies.
1878	9 January	Victor Emmanuel II's son,Umberto I, takes the throne.
1882	5 July	The bay ofAssab (Eritrea) becomes the first officialItalian colonial possession in Africa.
1889		Somalia is established as the second Italian colony in Africa.
1895		21-year-oldGuglielmo Marconi invents theradio telegraph.
1896		The FrenchLumière brothers publicly screen some of the earliest films in thehistory of cinema in various locations in Italy. The first Italian director is considered to beVittorio Calcina, a collaborator of the Lumière Brothers, who filmedPope Leo XIII in 1896, giving birth to thecinema of Italy.^[13]
1900		the population is about 32.4 million
1900	29 July	King Umberto I is assassinated. Umberto I's son,Victor Emmanuel III, takes the throne

Year	Date	Event
2001	11 June	Berlusconi's second term as prime minister begins.
	20 July	Violence erupts at theG8 demonstrations in Genoa. The police are accused of severe abuses; one demonstrator is shot dead.
	October	Italy takes part in theAfghanistan War.
	November	Former PresidentGiovanni Leone dies.^[26]
2002	1 January	Theeuro begins circulating as new official currency of Italy.
2003	March	Italy takes part in theIraq War, although populations show disapproval throughpeace flags.
2004	30 March	It is established theNational Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe.
2005	4 March	Nicola Calipari, Italian secret agent, is shot dead by friendly fire from a US patrol during the rescue of journalistGiuliana Sgrena from kidnappers inBaghdad. US later refused the extradition of the identified shooter,Mario Lozano.
2006	10 February	The2006 Winter Olympics are held inTurin (to 26 February).^[27]
	17 May	Prodi's second term as prime minister begins.
	9 July	The Italy national football team wins its fourthFIFA World Cup in Germany.
	September	Italy's engagement is pivotal in the deployment of theUNIFIL peace force after the2006 Lebanon War.
	December	Italian government withdraws its troops fromIraq, ending theOperation Ancient Babylon.
2008		Berlusconi's third term as prime minister begins.
2009	6 April	An earthquake strikes L'Aquila, causing the death of 307 people and making about 65,000 homeless.
2010	August	Former PresidentFrancesco Cossiga dies.^[28]
2012	January	Former presidentOscar Luigi Scalfaro dies.
2013	6 May	Former prime ministerGiulio Andreotti dies at 94 years old inRome.
2015	January	PresidentGiorgio Napolitano resigns.
2015	31 January	Sergio Mattarella is the new President of the Italian Republic.
2016	September	Former PresidentCarlo Azeglio Ciampi died inRome.^[29]^[30]
2018	4 March	Italian general election, 2018^[31]
2020	February	COVID-19 pandemic hits Italy among the first countries inEurope.COVID-19 virus originated inChina, spreads in Italy without being clearly detected in the winter of2019.
2020	March	In March 2020, the government imposed anational quarantine as a measure to limit the spread of thecoronavirus pandemic in the country.^[32]^[33] Later that month, Italy became the country with the highest total number of deaths in theworldwide coronavirus pandemic.^[34]
2020	December	On 27 December 2020, theCOVID-19 vaccination campaign in Italy starts. The firstPfizer - BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines are sent to Italy.
2021	February	Mario Draghi appointedPrime Minister.
2022	July	2022 Italian government crisis.
	25 September	Italian general election, 2022
	22 October	Giorgia Meloni appointedPrime Minister, thefirst woman to hold this position.

v t e Years inItaly (1861–present)
19th century	Pre-1861 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900
20th century	1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
21st century	2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

v t e Timelines ofcities in Italy
Northwest	Bergamo Brescia Cremona Genoa Mantua Milan Novara Pavia Turin
Northeast	Bologna Bolzano Ferrara Forlì Modena Padua Parma Piacenza Ravenna Reggio Emilia Rimini Trento Treviso Trieste Udine (it) Venice Verona Vicenza
Centre	Ancona Arezzo Florence Grosseto Livorno Lucca Perugia Pisa Pistoia Prato Rome Siena
South	Bari Brindisi L'Aquila Naples Reggio Calabria Salerno Taranto
Islands	Cagliari Catania Messina Palermo Syracuse Trapani