Timarchus
"Great King"(Basileus Megas)
Coin of Timarchus. Reverse showsNike. The Greek inscription reads Basileos Megalou Timarchou (of Great King Timarchus).
UsurperKing of theSeleucid Empire (King ofSyria)
Reign	163–160 BC
Predecessor	RegentLysias
Successor	KingDemetrius I Soter
Born	PossiblyMiletus (modern-dayBalat,Didim,Aydın,Turkey)
Died	160 BC

Timarchus (Greek: Τίμαρχος,Tímarchos) also known asTimarch, was a Greek noble and asatrap of theSeleucid Empire during the reign of his ally KingAntiochus IV Epiphanes. After Antiochus IV's death, he styled himself an independent ruler in his domain in the Persian east of the Empire from around 163–160 BC, and may have even sought to entirelyusurp leadership of the entire empire. He gained an alliance with theRoman Republic, which sought to weaken the Seleucid Empire by promoting internal divisions; both Rome and Timarchus distrusted the new kingDemetrius I. Demetrius rode east and defeated Timarchus in 160 BC, ending his short reign.

A Greek nobleman, possibly fromMiletus in Asia Minor, Timarchus was a friend of theSeleucid princeAntiochus IV Epiphanes during his time as a hostage to theRoman Republic. He was appointedsatrap ofMedia in westernIran whenAntiochus IV Epiphanes became king in 175 BC, and his brother Heracleides became minister of the royal finances. ThePersian part of the empire was threatened by theParthian kingdom, and Timarchus probably spent much of his time reinforcing the defenses. The Seleucid realms probably extended as far as the area ofTeheran during this time.

In the turmoil following the death of Antiochus IV during a Persian campaign in 164 BC, Timarchus became the more or less independent ruler of Media, opposing the generalLysias who acted as steward for the infant kingAntiochus V Eupator, son of Antiochus IV.

In 162 BCDemetrius I returned from exile and became king. Demetrius's claim to the Seleucid throne was generally considered stronger than the claim of his now dead uncle Antiochus IV and by extension his young son Antiochus V. Demetrius promptly executed Lysias and Antiochus V upon taking power. This may well have been the provocation that caused Timarchus to take the final step to independence and declare himself king.

Timarchus now managed to extend his realm intoBabylonia, where records of his reign were inscribed into the astronomical calendars. His forces were however not enough to stand against the rival Seleucid king: Demetrius defeated and killed Timarchus in 160 BC, and the Seleucid empire was temporarily united again.

Timarchus was one of the last Hellenistic kings in Iran but little is known of his reign, except the short - and stereotypical - notion byAppian that Timarchus was a tyrant. Appian's brief mention is treated with skepticism by most scholars. On his coins, Timarchus introduced the epithet "Great King"(Basileus Megas) which was the traditionalAchaemenid title and may reflect an effort to gather support from the natives in a time when the Seleucid empire lost ground in Iran. He was inspired by theBactrian kingEucratides the Great, who had taken the same assuming title a few years earlier.

Timarchus was survived and avenged by his brother Heracleides, who eventually became champion ofAlexander Balas, a boy who he claimed was a natural son of Antiochus IV. Heracleides convinced theRoman Senate to support the young pretender against Demetrius, who was defeated and killed in 150 BC. The family of Timarchus thus got its revenge for him. The continued in-fighting between rival Seleucid claimants for power is referred to as theSeleucid Dynastic Wars. These civil wars fatally weakened the empire and saw it shrink and crumble over the next decades.

• Timeline of Syrian history

• Appian,Syriaka (The Syrian Wars) 8:§§ 45,47
• Biography of Parthian king Mithradates I (a contemporary of Timarchus)

Boris Chrubasik,The Men who would be King (thesis on Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire), pages 87-90

Wikimedia Commons has media related toTimarchus.

• Ancient Milesians
• 2nd-century BC Greek people
• Seleucid satraps
• 160 BC deaths
• 2nd-century BC Seleucid monarchs

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• Year of birth unknown